Since 1870, there have been several formal attempts to restrict the copper output and raise, in this form, its price.
This is a list of copper cartels in the 20th century:
- Copper Export Association, CEA, 1918–1923
- Copper Exporters, Inc., CEI, 1926–1932
- International Copper Cartel, ICC, 1935–1939 (created by the World Copper Agreement)
- Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries, CIPEC, 1967–1988
Further reading
- Herfindahl, O. (1959) Copper costs and prices: 1870–1957, RFF, Baltimore.
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