Cree syllabics
An unpointed inscription in Plains Cree, using the conventions of Western Cree syllabics. The text transliterates to
Êwako oma asiniwi mênikan kiminawak
ininiwak manitopa kaayacik. Êwakwanik oki
kanocihtacik asiniwiatoskiininiw kakiminihcik
omêniw. Akwani mitahtomitanaw askiy asay
êatoskêcik ota manitopa.
Script type
Time period
1840s–present
LanguagesCree, Naskapi, Ojibwe/Chippewa[1]
Related scripts
Parent systems
Unicode
U+1400–U+167F Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics,
U+18B0–U+18FF Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
A proof from freshly made Cree typeface

Cree syllabics are the versions of Canadian Aboriginal syllabics used to write Cree dialects, including the original syllabics system created for Cree and Ojibwe. There are two main varieties of syllabics for Cree: Western Cree syllabics and Eastern Cree syllabics. Syllabics were later adapted to several other languages.[2] It is estimated that over 70,000 Algonquian-speaking people use the script, from Saskatchewan in the west to Hudson Bay in the east, the US border to Mackenzie and Kewatin (the Northwest Territories and Nunavut) in the north.[3]

History

Cree syllabics were developed for Ojibwe by James Evans, a missionary in what is now Manitoba in the 1830s. Evans had originally adapted the Latin script to Ojibwe (see Evans system), but after learning of the success of the Cherokee syllabary, he experimented with invented scripts based on his familiarity with shorthand and Devanagari.[4]

When Evans later worked with the closely related Cree and ran into trouble with the Latin alphabet, he turned to his Ojibwe project and in 1840 adapted it to Cree.[3] The result contained just nine glyph shapes, each of which stood for a syllable with the vowels determined by the shapes' orientation. After the 1841 publication of a syllabics hymn book, the new script spread quickly. The Cree valued it because it could be learned in just a few hours and because it was visually distinctive from the Latin script of the colonial languages.[2] Virtually all Cree became literate in the new syllabary within a few years. Evans taught by writing on birchbark with soot, and he became known as "the man who made birchbark talk."[5]

Structure

Canadian Aboriginal syllabics are unique among abugida scripts in that the orientation of a symbol, rather than modifications of its shape or diacritic marks, determines the vowel of a syllable. Each basic shape corresponds to a specific consonant sound; this is flipped or rotated to denote the accompanying vowel.[6]

Like the Latin alphabet, syllabics are written from left to right, with each new line of writing directly under the previous one.

Vowel
Cons.
 a e i o
- ᐊ ᐁ ᐃ ᐅ
p ᐸ ᐯ ᐱ ᐳ
t ᑕ ᑌ ᑎ ᑐ
k ᑲ ᑫ ᑭ ᑯ
ch ᒐ ᒉ ᒋ ᒍ
m ᒪ ᒣ ᒥ ᒧ
n ᓇ ᓀ ᓂ ᓄ
s ᓴ ᓭ ᓯ ᓱ
y ᔭ ᔦ ᔨ ᔪ

Variants

The syllabary continues in use for dialects of Cree west of the Manitoba–Ontario border as Western Cree syllabics. John Horden introduced modifications in the 1850s in the James Bay area.[3] These were standardized in 1865 to form Eastern Cree syllabics, used today for many eastern dialects of Cree, Naskapi, and Ojibwe, though Cree dialects of eastern Quebec use the Latin alphabet. The two versions differ primarily in the way they indicate syllable-final consonants, in how they mark the semi-vowel /w/, and in how they reflect the phonological differences between Cree dialects.[2] There are more minor local differences in orthography, shapes of the characters, writing styles, and punctuation, with some writers using dots or spaces between words, and others not indicating word separation.[2]

Cree numerals

The syllabics have been recorded to have been used as numerals with individual fixed integer values in certain combinations akin to that of the Roman system:[7]

  • a vertical bar represents 1,
  • ᐅ o represents 3 (Iᐅ equals 4),
  • ᐊ a represents numerals more than 6 (ᐅᐊ equals 6, ᐊ equals 7, ᐊII equals 9),
  • ᒥ mi represents 10,
  • looped syllables (ᓀᓂᓄᓇᑯᑲᑫᑭ) represent 20-90.

The zero is represented as an eight pointed star.[7]

Modern usage

Though used for manuscripts, letters, and personal records since the 19th century, the need for special type long restricted printed syllabics to missionary publications. However, with the development of syllabic typewriters and, later, word processors, control of the script passed to native speakers, and it is now used for schoolbooks, periodicals, and official documents.[2]

See also

Cree books written in syllabics

  • Hundreds of Eastern James Bay Cree books were published by the Cree School Board of Quebec, Canada. See the catalogue Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Swampy Cree Hymn Book = ᓇᑲᒧᐏᓇ ᐅᒪᐢᑮᑯᐘ ᐅᑎᑘᐏᓂᐘᐤ. (By James Evans) Norway House, 1841. (Peel 209)
  • The Psalter, or Psalms of David = ᑌᕕᑦ ᐅ ᓂᑲᒧᐎᓇᕽ. (By John Horden) London, 1875. (Peel 738)
  • The New Testament, translated into the Cree language = ᐅᔅᑭ ᑎᔅᑌᒥᓐᑦ ᑭ ᑎᐯᓕᒋᑫᒥᓇᐤ ᓀᔥᑕ ᑭ ᐱᒪᒋᐃᐌᒥᓇᐤ ᒋᓴᔅ ᒃᣅᔅᑦ. (By John Horden) London, 1876. (Peel 782)
  • Catechism. (Transl. James Evans) Rossville, É.N.
  • The Holy Bible. (Transl. John Sinclair, Henry Steinhauer) London, 1861.
  • Bunyan: Pilgrim´S Progress. (Transl. John Sinclair) Toronto, 1900.
  • Cree Hymn Book. (By John Mcdougall) Toronto, 1888.
  • Cree Hymn Book. (By Robert Steinauer, Egerton Steinauer) Toronto, 1920.
  • The Epistle of Paul The Apostle To The Galatians. (Transl. Joseph Reader) Oonikup (Northwest Territory), S.A.
  • The Acts of The Apostles And The Epistles. London, 1891.
  • The Books of The New Testament. London, 1859.
  • The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians; the Epistle of Jacob; the First Epistle General of John. (Transl. Thomas Hullburt) Rossville, 1857.
  • The Travellers´ Spiritual Provision (Calendar) S.L., S. A.
  • The Handbook to Scripture Truth: Words of Admonition, Counsel and Comfort. Toronto, 1893.
  • Prières, cantiques, catéchisme, etc. en langue crise. Montréal, 1886.
  • The Book of Common Prayer, (Transl. John Horden) London, 1889 (Addl. Printings Through 1970).
In: Paleográfiai kalandozások. Szentendre, 1995. ISBN 963-450-922-3

References

  1. ↑ ScriptSource.org
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Nichols, John (1996). "The Cree Syllabary". In Peter Daniels (ed.). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 599–611.
  3. 1 2 3 Campbell, George (1991). Compendium of the World's Languages, 2nd ed. pp. 422–428.
  4. ↑ ["Plains Cree History". Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
  5. ↑ Mona Baker, Kirsten Malmkjær (2001:364) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
  6. ↑ "Online Cree Dictionary, Cree Language Resource Project, Maskwacis Plains Cree, Saskatchewan Cree, Woods Cree". www.creedictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
  7. 1 2 "Interview with Jon Corbett". Esoteric.Codes. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

Further reading

  • Barber, F. Luis: James Evans and the Cree Syllabic. In: Victoria Library Bulletin Toronto. July 1940. vol. 2. No. 2. 16 p.
  • Burwash, Nathaniel: The Gift to a Nation of Written Language. S.l., 1911. 21 p.
  • Evans, James: Cree Syllabic Hymn Book. Norway House, 1841. In: Bibliographical Society of Canada; Facsim. Series 4. Toronto, 1954. 23 p.
  • Ray, Margaret: The James Evans Collection. In: Victoria Library Bulletin Toronto. July 1940. vol. 2. No. 2. 16 p.
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