Jordi Cuixart
Born
Jordi Cuixart i Navarro

(1975-04-22) 22 April 1975
Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Catalonia, Spain
NationalitySpanish
OccupationBusinessperson & activist
Known forFormer president of Òmnium Cultural (December 2015 - February 2022)
Signature

Jordi Cuixart i Navarro (born 22 April 1975) is a Spanish businessman and cultural activist from Catalonia. He was the president of Òmnium Cultural,[1] a non-profit cultural organisation founded in 1961 with more than 190,000 members and 52 local branches in Catalonia,[2] from December 2015 to February 2022.[3]

As part of his role in the pro-independence demonstrations prior to the Catalan independence referendum of 2017, he was imprisoned from October 2017 until June 2021 under charge of sedition brought by the Spanish prosecutor's office. In October 2019, after two years of pre-trial detention, Cuixart was sentenced to nine years of prison for sedition.[4] Amnesty International believes his detention and sentence constituted a disproportionate restriction on his rights to free speech and peaceful assembly, and urged Spain to free him.[5][6] The NGO Front Line Defenders [7] and the Council of Europe[8] consider Jordi Cuixart a human rights defender. He repeatedly said that “as a political prisoner my priority is not getting out of prison, but the solution of the political situation and struggle for democracy and human rights [9] ”. He was freed in June 2021 following a government pardon.[10][11]

Biography

Cuixart was born in 1975 in Santa Perpètua de Mogoda. His mother hailed from Murcia and his father from Badalona. He lived in Santa Perpètua de Mogoda for 30 years before moving to Sabadell, where he remained until his imprisonment in 2017.

As a teenager, he studied mechanics in the vocational education centre Institut Escola Industrial i d'Arts i Oficis in Sabadell. He joined Òmnium Cultural in 1996. In addition, he is a member of different social organisations, such as Can Capablanca, a pro-Catalan independence social centre in Sabadell, the cooperative financial institution Coop 57, and Amnesty International. He was an objector to Spanish military service.

As a businessman, Cuixart is the founder and president of Aranow,[12] a company that exports packaging machinery. He is co-founder and chairman of FemCAT, a private foundation of Catalan businesspeople.

Activism in Òmnium Cultural

He became the treasurer and later vice-president of Òmnium Cultural as an associate to Muriel Casals, who first became Òmnium's president in 2010 and was re-elected to the post in 2014. Under Casals' leadership, Òmnium Cultural's original focus in Catalan culture broadened to include the promotion of self-determination and Catalan independence. Jordi Cuixart succeeded Muriel Casals as president of Òmnium in December 2015, after she stepped down in July of that year to stand in the forthcoming Catalan election (in the meantime, the organisation was headed by Quim Torra as interim president).

As president of Òmnium Cultural, he focused on widening the sovereignist social majority, while maintaining a program where the Catalan language and culture vertebrate social cohesion. He promoted, among others, the Lluites compartides (Shared fights) campaign, with which he wanted to promote the shared historical memory of social mobilization processes that, in different areas and moments of time, have been decisive in shaping what is today Catalonia.[13] Cuixart also continued the organisation's involvement in the political developments leading to the Catalan independence referendum of 2017. During this period, Spanish police searched Òmnium's main headquarters twice, and shut down websites promoting mobilization.[14][15]

Imprisonment

On 16 October 2017, Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of sedition, a felony regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish Criminal Code.[16][17][18]

This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during Operation Anubis police raids to dismantle the framework of the 1 October Catalan independence referendum performed by the Spanish Civil Guard.[19][20][21][22] They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by Òmnium Cultural and ANC.[16] The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", which physically blocked the Guardia Civil from leaving the building for the entire day. The court clerk remained trapped until midnight inside the building and had to flee by the roof terrace, while several agents were trapped throughout the night as demonstrators shouted outside "You won't get out!" and "They shall not pass".[23][24][25][26][27][28] Cuixart and Sànchez argue that they made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening.[29][30][31][32] According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a vandalized police vehicle.[33][34][35] But footage from that night also show Cuixart and Sànchez calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering".[34][36][37][38][30] After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remained. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, Mossos d'Esquadra.[30] Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard did not notify them in advance of the searches, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.[39][35][40]

In July 2018, Cuixart was transferred to a prison in Catalonia.[41] On 1 February 2019 he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial that started on 12 February[42] and was remitted to decision on 12 June 2019.[43]

In February 2019 he published the book Tres dies a la presó: un diàleg sense murs (literally, "Three days at jail: a dialogue without walls"), a talk with the journalist Gemma Nierga.[44] In July 2019 he published his second book "Ho tornarem a fer" (We'll do it again),[45] a manifesto to defend the struggle for the fundamental rights, and in November 2021 his last book appeared, “Aprenentatges i una proposta” (literally, “Learnings/Lessons and a proposal”).[46] He has also written two books for children, “Un bosc ple d’amor” and “El polsim màgic”, the latter dedicate to “the children of all political prisoners around the world”.

On 14 October 2019 Cuixart was found guilty of sedition and given a nine-year sentence.[47][48][49]

Reactions

In Catalonia and Spain

Exiled Catalan former President Carles Puigdemont and the European Free Alliance referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners".[50][51] The Spanish Justice Minister Rafael Catalá argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".[52]

Since then, there have been several demonstrations and concentrations asking for their release. On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in Avinguda Diagonal, Barcelona and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in Passeig de Gràcia to protest against their imprisonment.[53][54] Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and 750,000 people congregated according to Barcelona city police.[55][56][57]

After his detention, activists launched a “yellow-ribbon” campaign in support of Jordi Cuixart and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.[58]

International

Amnesty International issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release.[59][60]

Amnesty International calls on Spanish authorities to drop the charges of sedition and to put an immediate end to their pre-trial detention.

— Amnesty International

On 7 March 2018 the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights reminded Spanish authorities that "pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.[61] On 8 August 2018, PEN International made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be "an excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly".[62][63] Also, public figures such as Jody Williams, Noam Chomsky, Pep Guardiola, Angela Davis and Ben Emmerson demanded his freedom.[64]

The World Organisation Against Torture sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain Pedro Sánchez as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the "arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez" and concluded "OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped".[65] The day after, the NGO Front Line Defenders also issued a statement calling for the release of Cuixart.[66][67] In December 2018, the International Association of Democratic Lawyers issued a statement requesting the release of Catalan political prisoners.[68]

The day before the beginning of the trial, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization expressed their support to "those Catalan activists being trialled" and added "perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia".[69] On the same day, the European Democratic Lawyers association requested the immediate release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their concern because of the "lack of procedural guarantees during the trial".[70]

On 29 May 2019, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention urged Spain to release Cuixart, Sànchez and Junqueras and to investigate their "arbitrary" detention and the violation of theirs rights, as well as compensating them for the time spent in jail. The Spanish government criticised the report, arguing that the reasoning for their opinion did not take into account some of the alleged crimes. Spain's government issued a statement that raised doubts about the group's "independence and impartiality" and called on the U.N. to make sure that its semi-independent working groups are not used "for spurious purposes".[71][72]

After Cuixart was sentenced to a nine-year sentence, Amnesty International reiterated its petition to immediately release Cuixart and Sànchez and denounced that the "vague" and "overly broad" interpretation of sedition done by the Spanish Supreme Court could have negative effects on the freedom of protest in Spain.[6] Amnesty International has since demanded the freedom of Cuixart and Sànchez on two other occasions.[73]

The OMCT also condemned the "disproportionate conviction of Catalan leaders",[74] as did world politicians such as Nicola Sturgeon, Yanis Varoufakis, the EFA and the EELV.[75] Other international organizations also criticized the harsh sentence, such as Front Line Defenders, Liberties,[76] ELDH - European Lawyers for Democracy and Human Rights,[77] and AED (Avocats Européens Démocrates).[78]

The UN[79][80] and the Council of Europe[81] both included him in their 2019 yearly report on the situation of Human Rights Defenders in member states.

In October 2019, thousands of people protested his conviction, and those of eight other Catalan leaders. During the protests, that lasted almost two weeks, 639 people were injured and 214 arrested.[82]

In January 2021, 50 human rights defenders such as Yoko Ono, Irvin Welsh or Dilma Rousseff, and Nobel Prize winners such as Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Jody Williams, Mairead Corrigan or Elfriede Jelinek, joined the Dialogue for Catalonia manifesto, calling for a dialogue between Catalonia and Spain to end the repression and advance towards a political solution.

On 8 June 2021, Spain's Constitutional Court rejected Jordi Cuixart's appeal against his sentence. On 9 June, the day after, Jordi Cuixart's lawyer presented his appeal to the European Courts of Human Rights (ECHR), in Strasbourg,[83] denouncing the "abusive limitation" of fundamental human rights that he suffered.[84] On 20 December 2021, the ECHR informed Cuixart that it had already received the appeal.

In June 2021, Cuixart was freed together with other eight politicians imprisoned in connection with the Catalan independence referendum following a government pardon.[10][11] Before that, in May 2021, the Supreme Court had asked him for a position on the pardon to prepare the report on the pardons for the Spanish government. He replied that he had not asked for any measure of pardon because everything he had done, he "would do it again", and he demanded an amnesty.[85]

References

  1. ↑ Gabarró, Jordi (2015-12-19). "Jordi Cuixart és proclamat nou president d'Òmnium". Òmnium Cultural (in Catalan). Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  2. ↑ "About us". Òmnium Cultural. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  3. ↑ ACN (2022-02-26). "El filósofo Xavier Antich, elegido nuevo presidente de Òmnium en sustitución de Jordi Cuixart". eldiario.es. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  4. ↑ 324cat (2019-10-15). "Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez sentenced to 9 years' prison for sedition". CCMA (in Catalan). Retrieved 2019-10-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ "Spain: leading Catalan figures Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart should be freed". www.amnesty.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  6. 1 2 "Amnesty International Calls on Spain to Release Two of the Jailed Catalan Leaders". The New York Times. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  7. ↑ "Spain: Public Prosecutor opposes release of Jordi Cuixart from prison". Front Line Defenders. 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  8. ↑ "Extract of Minutes of the hearing on "The situation of human rights defenders in Council of Europe member States" held in Strasbourg on 1 October 2019 PÀGINA 7" (PDF). The situation of human rights defenders in Council of Europe member States
  9. ↑ "Behind bars with Catalonia's separatists". POLITICO. 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  10. 1 2 "Freed Catalan leader calls on Spain to 'think about future generations'". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  11. 1 2 "Freed Catalan Leader Junqueras Vows to Continue Working for Independence". US News. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  12. ↑ "Més idiomes, més negoci! | ACCIÓ". accio.gencat.cat (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  13. ↑ Muñoz, Jordi. "Jordi Muñoz - Una tardor de lluites compartides | NacióDigital". www.naciodigital.cat (in Catalan). Retrieved 2019-02-02.
  14. ↑ 20Minutos (2018-03-15). "La Guardia Civil detiene a un cargo del Govern y registra Òmnium por la financiación del 1-O". 20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-06-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ RTVE.es/AGENCIAS (2018-01-24). "La Guardia Civil registra sedes de ANC, Òmnium y el Centro de Telecomunicaciones". RTVE.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  16. 1 2 "The "Jordis" are not political prisoners – here's why". El País. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  17. ↑ "¿Qué es el delito de sedición? Así lo regula el Código Penal" (in Spanish). El Periódico. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  18. ↑ "Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2017. Article 544. Seditionists are those who, without being included in the crime of rebellion, rise publicly and tumultually to prevent, by force or outside legal channels, the application of the Laws or any authority, official corporation or public official, the legitimate exercise of their functions or compliance with their agreements, or administrative or judicial decisions. Article 545. 1. Those who have induced, sustained or directed the sedition or appear in it as its principal authors, shall be punished with imprisonment from eight to ten years, and from ten to fifteen years, if they were persons constituted in authority. In both cases, absolute disqualification will also be imposed for the same time.
  19. ↑ Fotheringham, Alasdair (16 October 2017). "Catalonia: Spanish judge jails two independence leaders for possible sedition". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. An ongoing legal investigation claims Jordi Sanchez and Jordi Cuixart, the leader of the ANC movement, and Mr Cuixart, who heads the Omnium Cultural association, were heavily involved in organising a massive protest aimed at hindering a Guardia Civil investigation in Barcelona into the build-up for the 1 October illegal referendum.
  20. ↑ "La Guardia Civil cercena el 1-O" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  21. ↑ "Spain High Court jails Catalan separatist leaders pending investigation". TheGuardian.com. 17 October 2017.
  22. ↑ "European Commission - Press release - Statement on the events in Catalonia". europa.eu. 2 October 2017.
  23. ↑ Hannah, Strange (16 October 2017). "Two Catalan independence leaders taken into custody by Spanish national court". The Telegraph. Barcelona.
  24. ↑ Badcock, James (4 October 2017). "Catalonia's police chief faces sedition charge for 'allegedly failing to follow orders' ahead of referendum". The Telegraph. Madrid.
  25. ↑ Pinheiro, Marcos (17 October 2017). "Las claves del auto de Sànchez y Cuixart: actuaron contra la Guardia Civil para "proteger" a altos cargos". eldiario.es (in Spanish).
  26. ↑ "La Fiscalía denuncia por sedición en la Audiencia Nacional los incidentes de Barcelona tras las detenciones". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 22 September 2017.
  27. ↑ "El testimonio que puede llevar a prisión a Trapero: "Sentí terror y humillación"" (in Spanish). El Español. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  28. ↑ Sànchez, Guillem (20 September 2017). "Els manifestants, a la Guàrdia Civil: "Aquesta nit la passareu aquí"". El Periódico (in Catalan). Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  29. ↑ Stone, Jon (20 September 2017). "Spanish police storm Catalan government buildings to stop independence referendum". Independent. Europe correspondent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  30. 1 2 3 Orriols, Núria (19 October 2017). "The bias of the interlocutory decree that sent Sànchez and Cuixart to prison". Ara. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  31. ↑ Orriols, Núria; Pruna, Gerard (20 September 2017). "Les entitats criden a mobilitzar-se a Gran Via amb rambla de Catalunya en defensa de l'autogovern". Ara (in Catalan). Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  32. ↑ "VÍDEO "Són l'enemic del poble": així va cridar Cuixart a aïllar els violents el 20-S". Nació Digital (in Catalan). 26 February 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  33. ↑ "Los 'Jordis' a prisión por "alentar a la masa" contra la Guardia Civil el 20-S" (in Spanish). El Español. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  34. 1 2 "Un vídeo muestra cómo Cuixart y Sànchez intentaron disolver la manifestación de Economia". La Vanguardia. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  35. 1 2 Roures, Jaume (11 July 2018). 20-S (Television production). Mediapro. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  36. ↑ Campbell, Matthew (21 October 2018). "I'll serve life in jail if I must, vows Catalan 'martyr', Jordi Cuixart". The Times. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  37. ↑ "Els vídeos de Sànchez i Cuixart el 20-S contra els arguments per empresonar-los". 3/24 (in Catalan). 17 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  38. ↑ Puig, Xavier (21 September 2017). "L'independentisme planta cara a l'Estat en defensa de l'1-O". El Temps (in Catalan). Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  39. ↑ "Mossos reconocen que el 20-S hubo riesgo y por ello la secretaria judicial salió por azotea". Europa Press (in Spanish). 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  40. ↑ "Transcripció de la declaració de Josep Lluís Trapero a l'Audiència Nacional". Diari Ara (in Catalan). 18 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  41. ↑ "Seis de los presos catalanes ingresan en las cárceles de Lledoners y Puig de les Basses". La Vanguardia. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  42. ↑ Congostrina, Alfonso L. (2019-02-01). "Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
  43. ↑ "Trial of Catalan Independence Leaders Ends in Spain (Published 2019)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-04-29.
  44. ↑ "'Tres dies a la presó', una conversa entre Jordi Cuixart i Gemma Nierga". Òmnium Cultural (in Catalan). Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  45. ↑ ""We'll do it again"". Òmnium Cultural. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  46. ↑ Bassas, Antoni (2021-11-14). "Jordi Cuixart: "Out of responsibility, we must put pressure on politicians again"". Ara. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  47. ↑ "Violent clashes over Catalan separatist leaders' prison terms". The Guardian. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  48. ↑ Catalan separatist leaders handed jail terms for independence bid
  49. ↑ Sentencia del ‘procés’: penas de 9 a 13 años para Junqueras y los otros líderes por sedición y malversación (in Spanish)
  50. ↑ ""We have political prisoners again," says Catalan president". CatalanNews. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  51. ↑ "EU's latest political prisoners". European Free Alliance. Archived from the original on 2017-10-21. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  52. ↑ "Political Prisoner or Jailed Politician? It's Catalans' Spin Battle With Spain". Bloomberg News. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  53. ↑ "200.000 persones, segons la Guàrdia Urbana, omplen d'espelmes la Diagonal contra l'empresonament de Sànchez i Cuixart". VilaWeb (in Catalan). 2017-10-24. Archived from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  54. ↑ "Barcelona crida per la llibertat dels presos i de les institucions". Ara.cat (in Catalan). Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  55. ↑ "Unos 750.000 manifestantes en Barcelona según la Guardia Urbana". eldia.es (in Spanish). 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  56. ↑ "Mass protest in Barcelona demands freedom for Catalan leaders". geo.tv. 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  57. ↑ "Spain Catalonia: Barcelona rally urges prisoners' release". BBC. 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  58. ↑ Editorial (2017-12-03). "The Guardian view on the Catalonia election: the challenge of compromise | Editorial". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  59. ↑ "Spain: charges for sedition and pre-trial detention against Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez are excessive". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  60. ↑ "Actualización de la situación en Cataluña". Amnesty International (in Spanish). 1 October 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  61. ↑ "High Commissioner's global update of human rights concerns". OHCHR. 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  62. ↑ "Statement following PEN International's visit to imprisoned Catalan civil society leaders". PEN International. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  63. ↑ "El PEN Internacional diu que l'empresonament de Cuixart i Sánchez és "excessiu"". El Món (in Catalan). 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  64. ↑ Jordan, Guifré. "Noam Chomsky, Angela Davis among figures demanding release of 'political prisoners'". Catalan News. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  65. ↑ "Spain: Open Letter: End the arbitrary pre-trial detention of social leader Mr. Jordi Cuixart". World Organisation Against Torture. Geneva. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  66. ↑ "Human rights defender in pre-trial detention for over a year". Front Line Defenders. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  67. ↑ "Spain: Human rights defender in pre-trial detention for over a year" (PDF). Front Line Defenders. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  68. ↑ "IADL calls for release of Catalan political prisoners". International Association of Democratic Lawyers. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  69. ↑ "UNPO Celebrates its 28th Anniversary". UNPO. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  70. ↑ "L'associació Advocats Europeus Demòcrates demana l'alliberament immediat dels presos polítics". Diari Ara (in Catalan). 11 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  71. ↑ "UN Working Group Asks for Release of 3 Jailed Catalans". The New York Times. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  72. ↑ "Spain told by U.N. body to free jailed Catalan separatists". Reuters. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  73. ↑ España, Amnistía Internacional. "España: Los tres poderes del Estado tienen la oportunidad de corregir la injusta situación que sufren Jordi Sànchez y Jordi Cuixart, en prisión desde hace tres años". es.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  74. ↑ "Open Letter: The case of Jordi Cuixart through the lens of…". OMCT. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  75. ↑ "Lo que dicen los políticos extranjeros de la sentencia del 'procés'". El HuffPost (in Spanish). 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  76. ↑ Platform, European Liberties. "Sentences for Catalan Leaders Disproportionate, Argue Italian Organisations". Liberties.eu. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  77. ↑ "Statements against the conviction of Catalan politicians and civil society activists – ELDH". Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  78. ↑ "Statement on the Judgement of the Spanish Supreme Court on the Catalan Referendum Case – Avocats Européens Démocrates". Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  79. ↑ "World Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders" (PDF).
  80. ↑ "Submission To The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders". Human Rights Documents Online. doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9211-20180856. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  81. ↑ "Extract of Minutes of the hearing on "The situation of human rights defenders in Council of Europe member States" held in Strasbourg on 1 October 2019 PÀGINA 7" (PDF). Council of Europe
  82. ↑ "Balanç de les protestes a Catalunya | Diari ARA". Ara.cat (in Catalan). Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  83. ↑ "Cuixart presents the first appeal to Europe against the Supreme Court sentence". Diari Ara. 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  84. ↑ Toro, Marc (2021-06-16). "The Cuixart case in Strasbourg: a European case against the "abusive limitation" of fundamental human rights". Diari Ara. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  85. ↑ Faus, Joan (2021-06-25). "No regrets, no fear, says freed Catalan separatist Cuixart". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
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