Intense Tropical Cyclone Dumazile
Dumazile at peak intensity east of Madagascar on 5 March
Meteorological history
Formed2 March 2018
Extratropical6 March 2018
Dissipated10 March 2018
Intense tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (MFR)
Highest winds165 km/h (105 mph)
Highest gusts230 km/h (145 mph)
Lowest pressure945 hPa (mbar); 27.91 inHg
Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds205 km/h (125 mph)
Lowest pressure941 hPa (mbar); 27.79 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities2 total
Damage$3.73 million (2018 USD)
Areas affected
IBTrACS
Part of the 2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Intense Tropical Cyclone Dumazile was a strong tropical cyclone that brought flooding to Madagascar and Réunion in early March 2018. Dumazile originated from an area of low pressure that formed in the South-West Indian Ocean near Agaléga on 27 February. The system concentrated into a tropical disturbance on 2 March and was named the next day, as it intensified into a tropical storm. Amid conditions conducive for intensification, Dumazile strengthened over the next two days and reached peak intensity on 5 March as an intense tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph), and a central pressure of 945 hPa (27.91 inHg). The system weakened steadily over the next couple days because of increasing wind shear as it tracked to the southeast. Dumazile became post-tropical on 7 March and eventually dissipated completely on 10 March near the Kerguelen Islands.

Cyclone Dumazile affected Réunion less than two months after Cyclone Berguitta, halting ongoing repairs to bridges and reconstruction efforts. Torrential rainfall, reaching 1,600 mm (63 in) in Salazie, caused significant flooding across the island. Floodwaters, landslides, and downed trees caused significant damage and disruption to the road network on Réunion, particularly in coastal and mountainous areas. Repairs to the highway between Îlet Furçy and Cilaos were set back significantly. Large waves along the coast caused erosion, leading to collapses of beachfront infrastructure and beach closures. Ports were also damaged by the waves, and the Port of Saint-Gilles was clogged by debris. The agricultural sector incurred about €3 million (US$3.73 million; equivalent to $4.35 million in 2022) of damage, as crops were destroyed by floods and gusty winds. Recovery in Réunion was later hampered further by Cyclone Fakir in April.

The northern and eastern coasts of Madagascar experienced about 210 mm (8.3 in) of rain. Flooding occurred in Toamasina as a result of malfunctioning drainage systems which had been damaged by Cyclone Ava in January. Parts of the city lost power during the storm. Severe flooding in the Diana Region blocked roadways, inundated homes, and damaged crops. The RN6 highway in particular experienced several accidents and breakdowns, and a 18 m (59 ft) section of the road collapsed. Strong winds in coastal towns resulted in fallen trees, beach erosion, and damage to property and infrastructure. The Ambalavola District was left underwater, with sewage flowing through neighborhoods. Two people died in Madagascar during the storm: one in Ankorondrano and the other in Ambatoroka.

Meteorological history

A large region of unsettled weather along the Intertropical Convergence Zone spawned a broad area of low pressure in the South-West Indian Ocean near Agaléga on 27 February 2018.[1][2] The system became more concentrated and well-defined as it drifted between Agaléga and Tromelin Island,[3] leading Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) to classify it as a Zone of Disturbed Weather at 00:00 UTC on 1 March.[4][nb 1] That night increased thunderstorm activity in conjunction with an easterly wind burst furthered development,[6] and the MFR reported that the system became Tropical Disturbance 06 at 06:00 UTC on 2 March.[4] At the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified the system as a tropical depression.[7][nb 2] The incipient disturbance underwent a small clockwise loop over the rest of 2 March, amid opposing steering flows from the north and south.[9] During that time the disturbance's organisation increased, with the development of a curved rainband. The MFR noted the surrounding atmospheric environment to be quite conducive to strengthening, with low wind shear, high relative humidity values, and pronounced outflow channels.[10] The JTWC stated that the system had become a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on 2 March, as it began producing 1-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph).[7] The MFR also upgraded the system to a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on 3 March, based on scatterometer data, upon which it received the name Dumazile.[11]

refer to adjacent text
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Modest strengthening ensued on 3 March as Dumazile began to move southwestward, in response to a developing ridge to its east. A pocket of dry air to Dumazile's west briefly weakened the thunderstorms covering the cyclone's low-level circulation center, but low wind shear allowed thunderstorms to quickly redevelop over the center.[12] Faster intensification began on 4 March, as the inner core began to tighten up and the radius of maximum wind decreased,[13] with the MFR upgrading Dumazile to a severe tropical storm by 06:00 UTC.[4] Microwave satellite imagery displayed a nascent eyewall on the evening of 4 March,[14] leading the MFR to assess that Dumazile had reached tropical cyclone strength by 18:00 UTC.[4] An eye became increasingly apparent as Dumazile turned south-southeastward, while rounding the periphery of the ridge to its east, coinciding with significant strengthening through the morning of 5 March.[15][16] By 12:00 UTC, Dumazile reached its peak intensity as an intense tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), gusts up to 230 km/h (145 mph), and a minimum pressure of 945 hPa (27.91 inHg), as estimated by the MFR;[4] the JTWC concurrently estimated 1-minute sustained winds to have reached 205 km/h (125 mph).[7] Despite the cyclone's intensity, its eye remained somewhat oval in shape, likely due to interaction of the northwestern part of the circulation with the mountainous terrain of Madagascar.[16] Dumazile also made its closest approach to Réunion during 5 March, passing some 385 km (240 mi) from the island.[17]

Dumazile's peak was short-lived, as weakening began almost immediately, with an increase in northwesterly wind shear over the system associated with an upper-level trough.[18] The eye collapsed entirely on 6 March as Dumazile began interacting with the upper-level trough,[19] and the system fell back to severe tropical storm status by 18:00 UTC.[4] Thunderstorm activity quickly became confined to Dumazile's southeastern quadrant as a result of dry air and shear,[20] leading the MFR to declare that Dumazile had become post-tropical by 00:00 UTC on 7 March.[4] The JTWC classified Dumazile as a subtropical storm at 12:00 UTC.[7] Extratropical transition began later on 7 March, while Dumazile accelerated southeastward into the midlatitude westerlies.[21] The JTWC ceased tracking Dumazile at 18:00 UTC on 8 March;[7] the MFR continued to monitor Dumazile as it became fully extratropical at 06:00 UTC on 9 March. The remnant system was last noted by the MFR just north of the Kerguelen Islands a day later.[4]

Tropical cyclones passing close to Réunion in 2018, including Ava, Berguitta, Dumazile, and Fakir, caused a large reduction in the amount of mid- to upper-level clouds over the island.[22] A combination of the Madden–Julian oscillation and tropical cyclones Dumazile, Eliakim, and Fakir resulted in a westward flow of moisture, causing severe rainfall over Kenya during March and April 2018.[23][24][25]

Preparations, impact, and aftermath

Réunion

A cyclone pre-warning was issued for the island of Réunion on 4 March.[17] The cyclone pre-warning ended at 6:00 p.m. Réunion Time (14:00 UTC) on 5 March, as Dumazile veered away from the island. Schools and businesses remained closed through 6 March.[26][27][28] All schools reopened on 7 March, with the exception of several in Saint-Paul and Saint-Leu, where roadways were still blocked.[29] Torrential rainfall affected the island, a 24-hour total of 990 mm (39 in) occurring at Grand Îlet. The Volcanic Highway, La Plaine-des-Palmistes, and Cilaos all experienced significant rainfall during the same period.[17][30] Severe damage was inflicted to the road system on Réunion. Roads across the island experienced landslides, flooding, and downed trees.[31] East and westbound traffic traveling across the island was restricted to the Plaines highway, due to other roads flooding.[32]

The coastal and mountain highways were closed immediately following the storm.[28] A section of the mountain road was covered in debris after a landslide occurred and strong waves submerged four lanes of the coastal highway with seawater.[17] Approximately 150 mm (5.9 in) of rain fell on a cliff overlooking the coastal road, prompting an inspection before the road was able to reopen.[33] A large lake developed on the Plaine des Cafres, due to heavy rainfall.[32] Several bridges were either swept away or submerged by floodwaters, and several roads were flooded across Cilaos and Salazie.[34] The ReNovRisk project utilized three seismic stations in the Salazie Basin to measure microseismic data and determine the level of sediment transport down a river.[35] Landslides occurred in two neighborhoods of Brittany, and a wall collapsed in the mountainous region.[36] A landslide in the Piton Cailloux District, Sainte-Marie, isolated around 10 families.[37]

High waves along the shore decimated boats in the port of Sainte-Marie. The Roches Noires beach was completely submerged in water.[17] A fence and the northern access to an esplanade at the beach collapsed.[38] Significant portions of sand were washed away from the beach, exposing the foundations of the esplanade.[39] The MNS beach surveillance station and three masts used for signalling sustained damage. As a result, the lifeguard station was closed and rescues were no longer possible.[40][41] Tarpaulins covering crops on the Cisaille Plateau were ripped off. All the crops near Salazie were destroyed after 1,600 mm (63 in) of rain fell.[42] New crops planted after Cyclone Berguitta were destroyed, leading to shortages of fruits and vegetables.[43] Agricultural damage on Réunion was €3 million (US$3.73 million; equivalent to $4.35 million in 2022[44]).[45] Trees fell at two nursery schools in Saint-Denis.[36] A boil-water advisory was issued for Saint-Joseph. Portions of Salazie were left without potable water. In the municipality of Saint Benoit, interruptions in the water supply were expected by authorities following a power outage.[46] Low-lying areas in the Chaudron neighborhood, Sainte-Clotilde, flooded during the storm.[47] Temporary barriers in Tampon were stolen during the storm; the barriers were found in a ditch.[48]

The Saint-Gilles port had to be unblocked as a result of debris and damage left behind.[17][30] Repair work on the Cilaos bridge was halted, due to severe conditions during the storm. Residents erected a temporary bridge using ladders to rescue 400 marooned people elsewhere in Cilaos and another 100 on a beach near Îlet Furçy.[49] A trail from Bois Court and Grand Bassin was closed as a result of damage inflicted by cyclones Berguitta and Dumazile. Cliff repair work was scheduled for March, with a planned reopening date in April.[50] The Dos d'Ane–Deux Bras hiking trail reopened on 17 July, after suffering damage during cyclones Berguitta, Dumazile, and Fakir.[51] The RN5 highway was impassable for months at Îlet Furçy, after cyclones Ava, Berguitta, and Dumazile caused several landslides. Work to rebuild two bridges damaged during the storm, a project costing around €100 million (US$121.1 million; equivalent to $141.13 million in 2022[44]), was halted after a prosecutor threatened criminal charges against officials for violating laws prohibiting circulating machinery from being in the Saint-Etienne river. Around 1,500 people protested the halt of the construction project.[52][53] The RN5 highway later reopened; multiple projects were proposed in December 2020 to further safeguard the highway from the effects of weather events. These proposals occurred as a result of the 2018 shutdown's long duration.[54] Authorities in Saint-Paul municipality worked to create a barrier made of boulders,[38] repair an observation deck, and repair ramps leading to the Roches Noires beach. The project was estimated to cost about €46,000 (US$56,000; equivalent to $65,000 in 2022[44]).[39] Access to the beach was prohibited from 19 March to 6 April, as a precautionary measure to prevent injuries.[55] Approximately €2.3 million in aid (US$2.8 million; equivalent to $3.26 million in 2022[44]) was released to farmers who suffered losses during cyclones Berguitta, Dumazile, and Fakir.[56]

Madagascar

Due to the threat of severe weather in Madagascar, a yellow alert was issued for the regions of Analanjirofo, Atsinanana, Diana, Sava, and Sofia, as well as the Farafangana, Nosy Varika, Manakara, Mananjary, Vohipeno,[57][58] and Mahajanga districts.[59] Heavy rain and red alerts were later issued for the regions of Diana, Bealanana, Antalaha, Antsohihy, and Mahajanga I and II.[60][61][62] A blue alert was issued for the Analanjirofo, Atsinanana, and Sava regions as Dumazile moved away from Madagascar.[61][63] Approximately 210 mm (8.3 in) of rain accumulated across the northeastern coast of Madagascar. NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement satellite recorded rainfall rates of 160 mm (6.3 in) per hour in the region with its Dual Frequency Precipitation Radar. Rates of 216 mm (8.5 in) per hour were recorded in a rainband located off the coast.[64] One-day rainfall amounts of 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) and 250 mm (9.8 in) occurred across the northern and eastern coasts, respectively. A peak 48-hour rainfall total of 356 mm (14.0 in) was recorded at the Plaine des Palmistes.[65] Yellow alerts were issued for the Manampatrana and Matitanana rivers as water levels neared critical levels.[66]

Portions of Toamasina flooded during the storm, as a result of malfunctioning drainage systems that were damaged during Cyclone Ava.[57] Knee-deep flooding was reported in multiple areas.[67] The Mangarano, Andranomadio, Tanambao II, and Ankirihiry districts of the city were submerged by floodwaters.[68] Dumazile caused power outages in Toamasina on 4 March, sparking an incident in which University of Toamasina students burned tires and damaged three passing cars were with rocks.[69][70] Homes, an internet café, and vendors were looted and vandalized. At least 19 students were detained by authorities;[69][71] four of the students were later expelled from the university.[72] The city's port suffered delays during the passage of the storm.[73] Strong winds and heavy rains damaged homes, light poles, and metal sheeting from Toamasina to Ste Marie.[74]

The Diana Region experienced torrential rainfall, inundating the lower regions of Nosy Be island with floodwaters and rendering some areas inaccessible.[75][60] The Nosy Be police department halted maritime travel between Île aux Parfums and the Ankify port.[75] Officials called for the evacuation of areas that normally flood or had already flooded.[60] Two shelters were established in Ampasindava and Dzamandzar for victims of the storm.[76] Rivers spilled their banks in Ambanja and Ambilobe, flooding homes and fields. The swollen streams overtook bridges and made roadways impassable.[75] Embankments were at risk of failure.[60] Excessive rainfall resulted in accidents and vehicle breakdowns on the RN6 highway, including a truck that blocked the road near Isesy, preventing the passage of 20 other trucks. Strong winds felled trees, damaged crops, eroded beaches, and damaged homes and public infrastructure in coastal towns. The Ambalavola District was left underwater, with solid and liquid waste from septic tanks flowing through neighborhoods.[75] A man died after falling into the Andriantany Canal in Ankorondrano. In Ambatoroka, a man slipped and hit his head on a rock during the storm, later dying from his injuries.[77] The CISCO[nb 3] schools in Ambanja, Ambilobe, Nosy-Be, and Toamasina II, and the ZAP[nb 4] schools in Mananjary and Nosy Varika were suspended as a result of high water.[60] As Dumazile tracked away from Madagascar, maritime traffic along the eastern coastline was prohibited by authorities.[79]

Residents in Toamasina chose to remain in their homes instead of evacuating to shelters in an effort to protect their property. The local government was criticised for its slow response in providing aid to victims of the storm.[68] The Ambilobe-Antsiranana road (RN6) reopened on 13 March, after suffering flood damage during the storm. A temporary, 20 m (66 ft) Bailey bridge was installed in Isesy to reopen the road to traffic after an 18 m (59 ft) section of the road slumped. The closure of the RN6 highway cut off gasoline shipments to Antsiranana. Long lines persisted for days outside gas stations as fuel became scarce; gasoline was rationed for safety reasons, to prevent storage in inappropriate containers. Electrical grids in the area experienced shortages, and basic supplies ran low.[80]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Météo-France La Réunion is the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre for the South-West Indian Ocean.[5]
  2. ↑ Although not designated by the World Meteorological Organization as a Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre, the JTWC issues warnings on tropical cyclones in all the major tropical cyclone basins to supplement the activities of United States government agencies.[8]
  3. ↑ CISCO is an abbreviation for Circonscription Scolaire, which includes school buildings under the direction of Madagascan districts.[78]
  4. ↑ ZAP is an abbreviation for Zone Administrative, which includes school buildings under the direction of Madagascan communes.[78]
  1. ↑ "Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/02/26 at 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 26 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  2. ↑ "Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/02/27 at 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 27 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  3. ↑ "Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/03/01 at 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 1 March 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Dumazile: 2018-03-01 to 2018-03-10". Météo-France La Réunion. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  5. ↑ "Qu'est-ce qu'un CMRS/cyclones tropicaux?" [What is a RSMC / tropical cyclones?] (in French). Météo-France La Réunion. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  6. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 1/6/20172018 Tropical Disturbance 6" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 2 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "2018 Intense Tropical Cyclone Dumazile (2018060S13057)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. University of North Carolina Asheville. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  8. ↑ "Products and Services Notice". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  9. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 2/6/20172018 Tropical Disturbance 6" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 2 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  10. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 3/6/20172018 Tropical Depression 6" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 2 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  11. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 4/6/20172018 Moderate Tropical Storm 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 3 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  12. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 6/6/20172018 Moderate Tropical Storm 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 3 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  13. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 9/6/20172018 Severe Tropical Storm 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 4 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  14. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 11/6/20172018 Tropical Cyclone 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 4 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  15. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 12/6/20172018 Tropical Cyclone 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 5 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  16. 1 2 "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 13/6/20172018 Tropical Cyclone 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 5 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Dumazile tire sa révérence ... et laisse des traces" [Dumazile bows out ... and leaves traces]. Imaz Press Réunion (in French). 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  18. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 15/6/20172018 Tropical Cyclone 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 5 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  19. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 17/6/20172018 Tropical Cyclone 6 (Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 6 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  20. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 20/6/20172018 Post-Tropical Depression 6 (Ex-Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 7 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  21. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 23/6/20172018 Post-Tropical Depression 6 (Ex-Dumazile)" (PDF). Météo-France La Réunion. 7 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  22. ↑ Durand, Jonathan; Lees, Edouard; Bousquet, Olivier; Delanoë, Julien; Bonnardot, François (3 July 2021). "Cloud Radar Observations of Diurnal and Seasonal Cloudiness over Reunion Island". Atmosphere. MDPI. 12 (7): 868. Bibcode:2021Atmos..12..868D. doi:10.3390/atmos12070868.
  23. ↑ Kilavi, Mary; MacLeod, Dave; Ambani, Maurine; Robbins, Joanne; Dankers, Rutger; Graham, Richard; Titley, Helen; Salih, Abubakr; Todd, Martin (30 November 2018). "Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions". Atmosphere. MDPI. 9 (12): 472. Bibcode:2018Atmos...9..472K. doi:10.3390/atmos9120472.
  24. ↑ Wainwright, Caroline; Finney, Declan; Kilavi, Mary; Black, Emily; Marsham, John (16 August 2020). "Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019 – January 2020 and context under future climate change". Weather. Royal Meteorological Society. 76 (1): 26–31. doi:10.1002/wea.3824. S2CID 225359280.
  25. ↑ Finney, Declan; Marsham, John; Walker, Dean; Birch, Cathryn; Woodhams, Beth; Jackson, Lawrence; Hardy, Sam (8 November 2019). "The effect of westerlies on East African rainfall and the associated role of tropical cyclones and the Madden–Julian Oscillation". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. Royal Meteorological Society. 146 (727): 647–664. doi:10.1002/qj.3698. S2CID 209910278.
  26. ↑ "Dumazile : La préfecture lève la pré-alerte cyclonique, les établissements scolaires restent fermés" [Dumazile: The prefecture lifts the cyclone pre-warning, schools remain closed]. Zinfos 974 (in French). 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  27. ↑ Touzé, Lucie (6 March 2018). "Cyclone Dumazile : le préfet fait le point, tous les établissements scolaires fermés demain" [Cyclone Dumazile: the prefect takes stock, all schools closed tomorrow]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  28. 1 2 Borella, Jean-Clément (6 March 2018). "La Réunion encore frappée par des pluies torrentielles" [Reunion still hit by torrential rains]. Le Parisien (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  29. ↑ Touzé, Lucie (7 March 2018). "Transports scolaires : perturbations dans plusieurs secteurs de St-Paul et St-Leu" [School transport: disruptions in several sectors of St-Paul and St-Leu]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  30. 1 2 "Dumazile laisse beaucoup d'eau dans son sillage" [Dumazile leaves a lot of water in its wake]. Imaz Press Réunion (in French). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  31. ↑ Hoair, Gilbert (5 March 2018). "Dumazile : un point sur le réseau routier ce lundi soir" [Dumazile: a point on the road network this Monday night] (in French). Réunion la 1ère. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  32. 1 2 Magnien, Marine (6 March 2018). "Il se baigne dans le lac éphémère de la Plaine des Cafres" [He bathes in the ephemeral lake of the Plaine des Cafres]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  33. ↑ "L'île toujours coupée en deux" [The island always cut in two]. Clicanoo (in French). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  34. ↑ "Fragile réseau routier, trois jours de mauvais temps, que d'eau, que d'eau, expression, météo" [Fragile road network, three days of bad weather, so much water, so much water, expression, weather]. Imaz Press Réunion (in French). 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  35. ↑ Gonzalez, Alicia; Fontaine, Fabrice; Barruol, Guilhem; Burtin, Arnaud; Recking, Alain; Join, Jean-Lambert; Delcher, Eric; Rindraharisaona, Elisa (April 2019). Seismic signature of a Réunion Island river flooding during the tropical cyclone Dumazile (March 2018) (Report). SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. Bibcode:2019EGUGA..2115370G. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  36. 1 2 Touzé, Lucie (5 March 2018). "Dumazile : éboulis, inondations et arbres couchés à Saint-Denis" [Dumazile: scree, floods and fallen trees in Saint-Denis]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  37. ↑ Touzé, Lucie (7 March 2018). "Ste-Marie : la colère des habitants de Piton Cailloux suite à un glissement de terrain" [Ste-Marie: the anger of the inhabitants of Piton Cailloux following a landslide]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  38. 1 2 Touzé, Lucie (13 March 2018). "La plage des Roches Noires méconnaissable, des travaux annoncés" [The unrecognizable Roches Noires beach, work announced]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  39. 1 2 Boyer, Annabelle (4 April 2018). "Plage des Roches Noires : début des travaux de protection" [Roches Noires beach: start of protection works] (in French). Réunion la 1ère. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  40. ↑ "La plage des Roches Noires ne peut plus être surveillée" [Roches Noires beach can no longer be supervised]. Zinfos 974 (in French). 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  41. ↑ "Roches-Noires: La baignade et les activités nautiques ne sont plus surveillées jusqu'à nouvel ordre" [Roches-Noires: Swimming and water activities are no longer supervised until further notice]. Clicanoo (in French). 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  42. ↑ Touzé, Lucie (7 March 2018). "Salazie : le désespoir des agriculteurs sinistrés" [Salazie: the despair of the affected farmers]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  43. ↑ Valmont, Sébastien (10 March 2018). "Les fruits et légumes péi bientôt en rupture de stock" [Fruits and vegetables will soon be out of stock]. Clicanoo (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  44. 1 2 3 4 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  45. ↑ Madubost, Philippe (13 March 2018). "Dumazile : les pertes chiffrées à 3 millions d'euros" [Dumazile: losses amounted to 3 million euros]. Clicanoo (in French). Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  46. ↑ "Coupures et eau dégradée sur plusieurs communes" [Cuts and degraded water in several municipalities]. Imaz Press Réunion (in French). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  47. ↑ "Dumazile: Dégâts recensés sur le chef-lieu et mesures prises par la ville" [Dumazile: Damage recorded in the capital and measures taken by the city]. Zinfos 974 (in French). 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  48. ↑ Labrousse, Regis (9 March 2018). "[Vidéo] Le Tampon: A-t-il retrouvé les barrières volées pendant Dumazile?" [[Video] Le Tampon: Did he find the barriers stolen during Dumazile?]. Zinfos 974 (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  49. ↑ "Route de Cilaos : les habitants créent un pont de fortune" [Route de Cilaos: the inhabitants create a makeshift bridge]. Linfo.re (in French). 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  50. ↑ Touzé, Lucie (9 March 2018). "Réouverture partielle du sentier de Grand Bassin à Bois Court début avril" [Partial reopening of the Grand Bassin trail in Bois Court in early April]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  51. ↑ "Réouverture de deux sentiers à Mafate" [Reopening of two trails in Mafate]. Imaz Press Réunion (in French). 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  52. ↑ Dupuy, Pierrot (8 March 2018). "Route de Cilaos : Quand la préfecture et le procureur jouent les faux cul" [Route de Cilaos: When the prefecture and the prosecutor play fake ass]. Zinfos 974 (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  53. ↑ Patel, Yacoub (8 March 2018). "'Nous, yabs, ne sommes pas moins que des poissons'" [We, yabs, are no less than fish]. Clicanoo (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  54. ↑ Magnien, Marine (16 December 2020). "Sécurisation de la route de Cilaos : Fin de la concertation publique" [Securing the Cilaos road: End of public consultation]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  55. ↑ Boyer, Annabelle (20 March 2018). "La plage des Roches Noires interdite d'accès jusqu'au 6 avril" [Access to Roches Noires beach is prohibited until April 6] (in French). Réunion la 1ère. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  56. ↑ Magnien, Marine (2 May 2018). "Le Département débloque 2,3 millions d'euros pour les agriculteurs" [The Department releases 2.3 million euros for farmers]. Linfo.re (in French). Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  57. 1 2 Rahaga, Ny Aina (5 March 2018). "Toamasina de nouveau inondé suite aux intempéries" [Toamasina flooded again following bad weather]. Madagascar Tribune (in French). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  58. ↑ Belalahy, José (5 March 2018). "Dumazile : Devenu cyclone tropical avec des rafales de vents de 170km/h" [Dumazile: Became a tropical cyclone with gusty winds of 170km / h]. Midi Madagasikara (in French). Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  59. ↑ Nandrianina (5 March 2018). "Météorologie: Dumazile s'est intensifié en Cyclone Tropical" [Meteorology: Dumazile intensified to Tropical Cyclone]. La Gazette de la Grande Ile (in French). Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 Rahaga, Ny Aina (6 March 2018). "Le cyclone Dumazile provoque une alerte rouge dans le Nord" [Cyclone Dumazile causes a red alert in the North]. Madagascar Tribune (in French). Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  61. 1 2 Belalahy, José (6 March 2018). "Cyclone Dumazile : La catastrophe s'éloigne des côtes malgaches" [Cyclone Dumazile: The catastrophe is moving away from the Malagasy coast]. Midi Madagasikara (in French). Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  62. ↑ Fahranarison (6 March 2018). "Météo – canal de Mozambique ;: le nord-ouest du pays en alerte rouge" [Weather – Mozambique Channel: the north-west of the country on red alert]. News Mada (in French). Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  63. ↑ "Météo: Dumazile se trouvait il y a quelques heures à 305 km au large de Mananjary, drainent des ventes moyens de 155 km/h et des rafales de 220 km/h. L'avis d'alerte bleue reste en vigueur pour les régions Sava, Analanjirofo et Atsinanana" [Weather forecast: Dumazile was a few hours ago 305 km off Mananjary, with winds of 155 km / h and gusts of 220 km / h. The blue alert notice remains in effect for the Sava, Analanjirofo, and Atsinanana regions.]. News Mada (in French). 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  64. ↑ Gutro, Rob; Pierce, Harold (6 March 2018). "NASA Examines Tropical Cyclone Dumazile's Flooding Rainfall". NASA. Dumazile (was 11S – Southern Indian Ocean). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  65. ↑ "Dumazile – Grosses precipitations en perspective" [Dumazile – heavy precipitation in perspective]. L'Express de Madagascar (in French). 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  66. ↑ A., Vonjy (6 March 2018). "Manalavitra ny Nosy i Dumazile : distrika maro nahazo filazana mena ho an'ny rotsak'orana" [Dumazile is far from the island: many districts have received red alerts for rain]. News Mada (in Malagasy). Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  67. ↑ Ralitera, Miangaly (5 March 2018). "Saison cyclonique – Toamasina de nouveau sous les eaux" [Hurricane season – Toamasina again underwater]. L'Express de Madagascar (in French). Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  68. 1 2 Fahranarison (5 March 2018). "Tempete tropicale 'Dumazile': la ville de Toamasina totalement inondée" [Tropical storm 'Dumazile': the city of Toamasina totally flooded]. News Mada (in French). Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  69. 1 2 Didier, Malala (8 March 2018). "ATSINANANA : Raharaha oniversiten'i Toamasina Barikadimy : Mpianatra efatra niakatra fitsarana noho ny fandrobana fananan'olona" [EAST: University of Toamasina Barikadimy case: Four students go on trial for looting]. Midi Madagasikara (in Malagasy). Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  70. ↑ A., Sajo; A., Njaka (8 March 2018). "Toamasina : fanapahan-jiro vokatry ny rivodoza Dumazile ny natao" [Toamasina: Power outages caused by Cyclone Dumazile]. News Mada (in Malagasy). Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  71. ↑ Didier, Malala (6 March 2018). "Fitokonan'ny mpianatra tao barikadimy : Mpianatra 19 voasambotra, fiara 03 vaky fitaratra, 'cyber-café' iray potika" [Student strike in Barricade: 19 students arrested, 3 cars with broken windows, and a cyber-cafe was destroyed]. Midi Madagasikara (in Malagasy). Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  72. ↑ Ralitera, Miangaly (24 March 2018). "Enseignement superieur – Quatre étudiants de Toamasina remis à leur famille" [Higher education – Four students from Toamasina handed over to their families]. L'Express de Madagascar (in French). Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  73. ↑ Ihariliva, Mirana (17 March 2018). "Engorgement au Port de Toamasina – Des mesures d'urgence prises" [Congestion at the Port of Toamasina – Emergency measures taken]. L'Express de Madagascar (in French). Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  74. ↑ A., Tatiana (5 March 2018). "Rivodoza Dumazile : dibo-drano anaty haizina i Toamasina sy i Ste Marie" [Cyclone Dumazile: Toamasina and Ste Marie are flooded in darkness]. News Mada (in Malagasy). Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  75. 1 2 3 4 "Diana – De fortes précipitations après le cyclone Dumazile" [Diana – Heavy rainfall after Cyclone Dumazile]. L'Express de Madagascar (in French). 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  76. ↑ Manou (6 March 2018). "Diana: Réduction des risques aux cataclysmes" [Diana: Disaster Risk Reduction]. News Mada (in French). Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  77. ↑ D. R. (7 March 2018). "Fiakaran'ny rano : Lehilahy iray maty tao amin'ny lakan-dranon'Andriantany" [Rising waters: A man dies in the Royal Canal]. Midi Madagasikara (in Malagasy). Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  78. 1 2 Mattingly, Jacqui; Ratsifandrihamanana, Lila (March 2016). A study on children with disabilities and their right to education: Madagascar (PDF). UNICEF. pp. 6, 19. ISBN 978-1-909437-78-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  79. ↑ Nandrianina (7 March 2018). "Météo : Dumazile s'éloigne progressivement des côtes" [Weather forecast: Dumazile is gradually moving away from the coast]. La Gazette de la Grande Ile (in French). Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  80. ↑ Manou (14 March 2018). "Diana: l'axe Ambilobe-Antsiranana rétabli" [Diana: the Ambilobe-Antsiranana axis restored]. News Mada (in French). Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
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