David Koch
Koch in 2015
Born
David Hamilton Koch

(1940-05-03)May 3, 1940
Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
DiedAugust 23, 2019(2019-08-23) (aged 79)
Southampton, New York, U.S.
EducationMassachusetts Institute of Technology (BS, MS)
OccupationVice president of Koch Industries
Known forSupport of libertarian and conservative causes
Philanthropy to cultural and medical institutions[1][2]
Political partyLibertarian (before 1984)
Republican (1984–2019)
Board member ofAspen Institute, Cato Institute, Reason Foundation, Americans for Prosperity Foundation, WGBH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Ballet Theatre, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Deerfield Academy, New York–Presbyterian Hospital, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, American Museum of Natural History
Spouse
​
(m. 1996)​
Children3
Parent(s)Fred C. Koch
Mary Robinson
RelativesFrederick R. Koch (brother)
Charles Koch (brother)
Bill Koch (twin brother)

David Hamilton Koch (/koʊk/ KOHK; May 3, 1940 – August 23, 2019) was an American businessman, political activist, philanthropist, and chemical engineer. In 1970, he joined the family business: Koch Industries, the second largest privately held company in the United States. He became president of the subsidiary Koch Engineering in 1979 and became a co-owner of Koch Industries (along with elder brother Charles) in 1983. Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until he retired due to health issues in 2018.

Koch was a libertarian. He was the 1980 Libertarian candidate for Vice President of the United States and helped finance the campaign. He founded Citizens for a Sound Economy and donated to advocacy groups and political campaigns, most of which were Republican. Koch became a Republican in 1984; in 2012, he spent over $100 million in a failed bid to oppose the re-election of President Barack Obama.

Koch was the fourth-richest person in the United States in 2012 and was the wealthiest resident of New York City in 2013. As of June 2019, Koch was ranked as the 11th-richest person in the world (tied with his brother Charles), with a fortune of $50.5 billion. Koch contributed to the Lincoln Center, Sloan Kettering, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, and the Dinosaur Wing at the American Museum of Natural History. The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, home of the New York City Ballet, was renamed the David H. Koch Theater in 2008 following Koch's gift of $100 million for the renovation of the theater.

Early life and education

Koch was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Mary Clementine (née Robinson) and Fred Chase Koch, a chemical engineer. David's paternal grandfather, Harry Koch, was a Dutch immigrant who founded the Quanah Tribune-Chief newspaper and was a founding shareholder of the Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway.[3] David was the third of four sons, with elder brothers Frederick, Charles, and nineteen-minute-younger twin[4] Bill. His maternal ancestors included William Ingraham Kip, an Episcopal bishop; and Elizabeth Clementine Stedman, a writer.[5]

Koch attended the Deerfield Academy prep school in Massachusetts, graduating in 1959. He attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), earning both a bachelor's (1962) and a master's degree (1963) in chemical engineering. He was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Koch played basketball at MIT, averaging 21 points per game at MIT over three years, a school record. He also held the single-game scoring record of 41 points from 1962 until 2009, when it was eclipsed by Jimmy Bartolotta.[4]

Role at Koch Industries

In 1970, Koch joined Koch Industries under his brother Charles, to work as a technical-services manager. He founded the company's New York City office and in 1979 he became the president of his own division, Koch Engineering, renamed Chemical Technology Group. David's brothers Frederick and Bill had inherited stock in Koch Industries. In June 1983, after a bitter legal and boardroom battle, the stakes of Frederick and Bill were bought out for $1.1 billion and Charles Koch and David Koch became majority owners in the company.[6][7] Legal disputes against Charles and David lasted roughly two decades. Frederick and Bill sided with J. Howard Marshall III, J. Howard Marshall II's eldest son, against Charles and David at one point, in order to take over the company. In 2001, Bill reached a settlement in a lawsuit where he had charged the company was taking oil from federal and Indian land; that settlement ended all litigation between the brothers.[8] CBS News reported that Koch Industries settled for $25 million.[9]

As of 2010, David Koch owned 42 percent of Koch Industries, as did his brother Charles.[2] He held four U.S. patents.[10] Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until retiring due to health issues in 2018.[11] His retirement was announced on June 5, 2018.[12]

Political involvement

Campaigns

Koch in 1980

Koch was the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential candidate in the 1980 presidential election,[13] sharing the party ticket with presidential candidate Ed Clark.[14] The Clark–Koch ticket proposed to abolish Social Security, the Federal Reserve Board, welfare, minimum-wage laws, corporate taxes, all price supports and subsidies for agriculture and business, and U.S. Federal agencies including the SEC, EPA, ICC, FTC, OSHA, FBI, CIA, and DOE.[1][15] Their platform proposed privatizing all transportation and inland waterways. The ticket received 921,128 votes, 1% of the total nationwide vote,[16] the Libertarian Party national ticket's best showing until 2016 in terms of percentage and its best showing in terms of raw votes until the 2012 presidential election, although that number was surpassed again in 2016.[17][18] "Compared to what [the Libertarians had] gotten before," Charles said, "and where we were as a movement or as a political/ideological point of view, that was pretty remarkable, to get 1 percent of the vote."[19]

After the bid, according to journalist Brian Doherty's Radicals for Capitalism, Koch viewed politicians as "actors playing out a script".[1][20]

Koch credited the 1976 presidential campaign of Roger MacBride as his inspiration for getting involved in politics:

Here was a great guy, advocating all the things I believed in. He wanted less government and taxes, and was talking about repealing all these victimless crime laws that accumulated on the books. I have friends who smoke pot. I know many homosexuals. It's ridiculous to treat them as criminals — and here was someone running for president, saying just that.[15]

Koch gave his own vice presidential campaign $100,000 a month after being chosen as Ed Clark's running mate. "We'd like to abolish the Federal Elections Commission and all the limits on campaign spending anyway," Koch said in 1980. When asked why he ran, he replied: "Lord knows I didn't need a job, but I believe in what the Libertarians are saying. I suppose if they hadn't come along, I could have been a big Republican from Wichita. But hell — everybody from Kansas is a Republican."[15]

In 1984, Koch broke with the Libertarian Party when it supported eliminating all taxes; in a letter to David Bergland, the Libertarian candidate for the 1984 presidential election, Koch referred to Bergland's platform as "extreme", predicting that the country would be thrown into "utter chaos" if it was implemented. Subsequently, Koch shifted the bulk of his financial support to the Republican Party, though he continued to contribute to several Libertarian campaigns in local races.[2]: 4  Koch donated to various political campaigns, most of which were Republican.[21][22] In February 2012, during the Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election, Koch said of Wisconsin governor Scott Walker, "We're helping him, as we should. We've gotten pretty good at this over the years. We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more," and said that by "we" he meant Americans for Prosperity.[23][24][25]

In 2012, Koch spent over $100 million in a failed bid to oppose the re-election of President Barack Obama.[26][27]

Views

Koch supported policies that promoted smaller government and lower taxes.[28][29] He was against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.[2][28] Koch said he wasn't sure if global warming was anthropogenic, and thought a warmer planet would be "good", with lengthened growing seasons mitigating problems caused by disappearing coastlines and mass migrations. "Earth will be able to support enormously more people, because a far greater land area will be available to produce food".[2][28] Koch opposed the Iraq War, saying that the war has "cost a lot of money and it's taken so many American lives", and "I question whether that was the right thing to do. In hindsight that looks like it was not a good policy."[19] In an impromptu interview with the blog ThinkProgress, he was quoted as saying he would like the new, 2011 Republican Congress to "cut the hell out of spending, balance the budget, reduce regulations, and support business".[30] Koch considered himself a social liberal[31] who supported women's right to choose,[32] gay rights, same-sex marriage and stem-cell research.[2][33] He opposed the war on drugs.[34]

Koch opposed several of President Barack Obama's policies. An article from the Weekly Standard, detailing the "left's obsession" with the Koch brothers, quotes Koch stating that Obama is "the most radical president we've ever had as a nation ... and has done more damage to the free enterprise system and long-term prosperity than any president we've ever had".[35] Koch said that Obama's father's economic socialism, practiced in Kenya, explains why Obama has "sort of antibusiness and anti-free enterprise" influences.[19] Koch said that Obama is "scary", a "hardcore socialist" who is "marvelous at pretending to be something other than that".[36] Koch contributed almost entirely to Republican candidates in 2012.[37]

Advocacy

Koch donated funds to various advocacy groups.[2] In 1984, he founded Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE).[38] He served as its chairman of the board of directors and donated funds to it. Richard H. Fink served as its first president.[19] Koch was the chairman of the board and gave initial funding to the Americans for Prosperity Foundation and to a related advocacy organization, Americans for Prosperity. A Koch Industries spokesperson issued a press release stating "No funding has been provided by Koch companies, the Koch foundations, or Charles Koch or David Koch specifically to support the tea parties."[39][40] Koch was the top initial funder of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation at $850,000.[41][42] Koch said that he sympathized with the Tea Party movement, but denied directly supporting it, having stated that: "I've never been to a tea party event. No one representing the tea party has ever even approached me."[2]

Koch sat on the board of the libertarian Cato Institute and Reason Foundation and donated to both organizations.[1][2][43] The Koch brothers have been involved in blocking regulations and legislation to confront climate change since 1991, when the Cato Institute held the "Global Environmental Crisis: Science or Politics?"[44]

In August 2010, Jane Mayer wrote an article in The New Yorker on the political spending of David and Charles Koch. It stated: "As their fortunes grew, Charles and David Koch became the primary underwriters of hard-line libertarian politics in America."[1] An opinion piece by journalist Yasha Levine in The New York Observer said Mayer's article had failed to mention that the Kochs' "free market philanthropy belies the immense profit they have made from corporate welfare".[45]

In 2011, 2014, and 2015 Time magazine included Charles and David Koch among the Time 100 of the year, for their involvement in supporting the Tea Party movement and the criticism they received.[46][47]

Prison reform

In July 2015, David and Charles Koch were commended by both President Obama and activist Anthony Van Jones for their bipartisan efforts to reform the prison system in the United States.[48][49] For nearly 10 years, the Kochs advocated for several reforms within the criminal justice system which include reducing recidivism rates, simplifying the employment process for the rehabilitated, and defending private property from government seizures through asset forfeiture.[49][50] Allying with groups such as the ACLU, the Center for American Progress, Families Against Mandatory Minimums, the Coalition for Public Safety, and the MacArthur Foundation, the Kochs maintained that current prison system unfairly targeted low-income and minority communities at the expense of the public budget.[49]

The Koch brothers' advocacy has also attracted scrutiny and criticism. Michelle Chen, writing in The Nation, and William C. Anderson, writing in The Guardian, caution that the Kochs' efforts reflect broader interests in further privatizing the criminal justice system.[51][52] In 2015, The Intercept reported that the Kochs' philanthropic efforts exist alongside continued funding of "tough-on-crime" political candidates and committees pushing for harsher sentencing.[53] Writing in Political Research Associates, Kay Whitlock argues that the Kochs' avid support for measures such as mens rea or "criminal intent" reform exemplify "an agenda of deregulation and relief for 'overcriminalized' corporations and executives" rather than concern for individual rights of the accused.[54]

Philanthropy

Koch established the David H. Koch Charitable Foundation.[55][56] Beginning in 2006, the Chronicle of Philanthropy listed Koch as one of the world's top 50 philanthropists.[57] He sat on the Board of Trustees of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital from 1988 until his death in 2019.[58]

Overall, Koch has donated more than $1.3 billion to philanthropic causes.[59]

Arts

Koch had a lifelong interest in the arts, which he attributed to his mother's role in introducing him to opera and ballet during his childhood.[60] In July 2008, Koch pledged $100 million over 10 years to renovate the New York State Theater in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts; the Theater is the home of the New York City Ballet.[61] According to The New York Times, Koch's gift was "transformative, enabling a full-scale renovation of the stage" that included "an enlarged orchestra pit that mechanically rises". The theater was renamed the David H. Koch Theater.[60] Koch also pledged $10 million to renovate fountains outside the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[62] He was elected to the Board of Trustees of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2008.[63]

Koch was the longest-serving trustee of the American Ballet Theatre,[60] serving on its board for 25 years[64] and contributing more than $6 million to the theater.[65] He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of WGBH-TV.[66][67]

Education

From 1982 to 2013, Koch contributed $18.6 million to WGBH Educational Foundation, including $10 million to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) show Nova.[68][69] Koch was a contributor to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., including a $20 million gift to the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), creating the David H. Koch Dinosaur Wing and a contribution of $15 million to the National Museum of Natural History to create the new David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins, which opened on the museum's 100th anniversary of its location on the National Mall on March 17, 2010.[70] Koch served on the advisory council for the Smithsonian[60] and the board of the AMNH.[71] He also served on the executive board of the Institute of Human Origins.[72] In 2012, Koch contributed US$35 million to the Smithsonian to build a new dinosaur exhibition hall at the National Museum of Natural History.[73][74]

Koch was also a benefactor of the Deerfield Academy, his alma mater. The academy's natatorium, science center, and field house are named after him.[75] Koch was named the academy's first Lifetime Trustee.[76]

Medical research

Koch said his biggest contributions go toward a "moon shot" campaign to finding the cure for cancer, according to his profile on Forbes.[77] Between 1998 and 2012, Koch contributed at least $395 million to medical research causes and institutions.[78]

Koch has sat on the Board of Trustees of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital since 1987.[79] In 2007 he donated $15 million to NewYork–Presbyterian.[80] In 2013, he gave $100 million to NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, the then-largest philanthropic donation in its history, beginning a $2 billion campaign, to conclude in 2019, for a new ambulatory care center and renovation of the infrastructure of the hospital's five sites.[81]

Koch was a member of the board of directors of the Prostate Cancer Foundation and contributed $41 million to the foundation, including $5 million to a collaborative project in the field of nanotechnology.[82][83] An eponym of the David H. Koch Chair of the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the position is held by Dr. Jonathan Simons.[84]

In 2006, Koch gave $20 million to Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore for cancer research. The building he financed was named the David H. Koch Cancer Research Building.[85]

In 2007, he contributed $100 million to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the construction of a new 350,000-square-foot (33,000 m2) research and technology facility to serve as the home of the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.[86] From the time he joined the MIT Corporation in 1988, Koch has given at least $185 million to MIT,[78] and $30 million to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.[80] The same year, he donated $25 million to the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston to establish the David Koch Center for Applied Research in Genitourinary Cancers.[87]

In 2011 Koch gave $5 million to the House Ear Institute, in Los Angeles, to create a center for hearing restoration,[57] and $25 million to the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City[88][89]

In 2015, he committed $150 million to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City to build the David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care,[90] which will be housed in a 23-story building in development between East 73rd and 74th Streets overlooking the FDR Drive. The center will combine state-of-the-art cancer treatment in an environment that supports patients, families, and caregivers. The building will include flexible personal and community spaces, educational offerings, and opportunities for physical exercise.[91] Koch also donated $10 million to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory for biomathematics research.[92][93]

Wealth

Koch was the fourth-richest person in the United States in 2012 and was the wealthiest resident of New York City in 2013.[77] As of June 2019, Koch was ranked as the 11th-richest person in the world (tied with his brother Charles), with a fortune of $50.5 billion.[94]

Personal life

Fred Thompson poses with David Koch and his wife Julia Koch.

In February 1991, Koch was seriously injured as a passenger on board USAir Flight 1493 when it collided with another aircraft on a runway at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 35 people.[95] Koch survived and said in an interview in 2014 that it helped change his life and prompted him to become "tremendously philanthropic".[96]

In 1992, Koch was diagnosed with prostate cancer. He underwent radiation, surgery, and hormone therapy, but the cancer repeatedly returned. Koch said he believed his experience with cancer encouraged him to fund medical research.[97]

Following Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis' death in 1994, Koch purchased her 15-room apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue. In 1996 he married Julia Flesher.[98][99] The apartment "wasn't roomy enough" after the birth of their third child, so Koch sold it to billionaire Glenn Dubin in 2006 and moved with his family to 740 Park Avenue.[100][101] They had three children together; David Jr., Mary Julia, and John.[102] Mary Julia is a staff reporter for The New York Sun,[103] and was editor-in-chief of The Harvard Independent.[104]

Death

Koch died at his home in Southampton, New York, on August 23, 2019, at the age of 79.[105] Koch's wife, Julia Koch, and their three children inherited a 42% stake in Koch Industries from Koch upon his death.[106]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Mayer, Jane (August 30, 2010). "Covert Operations: The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Goldman, Andrew (July 25, 2010). "The Billionaire's Party: David Koch is New York's second-richest man, a celebrated patron of the arts, and the tea party's wallet". New York. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Koch, David Hamilton (1940)". New Netherland Project. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  4. 1 2 "David and William Koch as MIT Basketball Players". The New Republic. August 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  5. ↑ Donnelly, Shannon. "Palm Beach obituary: Bill Koch remembers brother David as 'outstanding human, best friend'". Palm Beach Daily News. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  6. ↑ Wayne, Leslie (April 28, 1998). "Brother Versus Brother; Koch Family's Long Legal Feud Is Headed for a Jury". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  7. ↑ "Koch's wife granted order of restraint". Pittsburg (KS) Morning Sun, July 21, 2000.
  8. ↑ "Judge Clears Koch Brothers' Settlement Pact". Wall Street Journal, May 29, 2001.
  9. ↑ "Blood And Oil". CBS News. November 27, 2000. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  10. ↑ Elliott, Philip (August 23, 2019). "David Koch's Millions Remade the Republican Party. He Didn't Like the Results". Time. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  11. ↑ "Advocates for Self-Government - Libertarian Education". www.theadvocates.org. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007.
  12. ↑ Hohmann, James (June 5, 2018). "David Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  13. ↑ Curtis, Charlotte (October 16, 1984). "Man Without a Candidate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  14. ↑ Bennett, James T. (October 3, 2009). Not Invited to the Party: How the Demopublicans Have Rigged the System and Left Independents Out in the Cold. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4419-0365-5.
  15. 1 2 3 Rinker Buck, "How Those Libertarians Pay the Bills" Archived June 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, New York magazine, November 3, 1980
  16. ↑ Leip, David. "1980 Presidential General Election Results". uselectionatlas.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  17. ↑ James T. Bennett, Not Invited to the Party: How the Demopublicans Have Rigged the System and Left Independents Out in the Cold Archived June 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Springer, 2009, p. 167, ISBN 1-4419-0365-8.
  18. ↑ Confessore, Nicholas (May 17, 2014). "Quixotic '80 Campaign Gave Birth to Kochs' Powerful Network". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Continetti, Matthew (April 4, 2011). "The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018.
  20. ↑ Doherty, Brian (May 26, 2008). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. Perseus Books Group. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-58648-572-6. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Koch Industries: Summary". OpenSecrets.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  22. ↑ "1983-1984 David Koch: The "Most Radical and Extreme Positions" Viable Are from the Clark/Koch 1980 Platform". June 7, 2019. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  23. ↑ Singer, Stacey (February 20, 2012). "David Koch intends to cure cancer in his lifetime and remake American politics". The Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  24. ↑ Kertscher, Tom (June 20, 2012). "Billionaire Koch brothers gave $8 million to Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker recall campaign, Dem chair says". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  25. ↑ Spicuzza, Mary (February 20, 2012). "On Politics: David Koch: 'We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more.'". Wisconsin State Journal. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  26. ↑ Confessore, Nicholas (November 14, 2013). "$122 Million in 2012 Spending by Koch Group". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Billionaire David Koch, Who Shaped Modern Conservative Politics, Has Died". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  28. 1 2 3 Cooper, Michael (March 5, 2011). "Cancer Research Before Activism, Billionaire Conservative Donor Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  29. ↑ The Koch Brothers December 24, 2012 p. 96 Forbes
  30. ↑ Fang, Lee (January 6, 2011). "Exclusive: Polluter Billionaire David Koch Says Tea Party 'Rank And File Are Just Normal People Like Us'". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013.
  31. ↑ Bell, Benjamin (December 14, 2014). "Billionaire David Koch Says He's a Social Liberal". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  32. ↑ Fischer, Sara (December 15, 2014). "David Koch is pro-choice, supports gay rights; just not Democrats". CNN. Archived from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  33. ↑ Joseph Patrick McCormick, Billionaire GOP supporter disagrees with platform, says he supports gay marriage Archived November 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, PinkNews, September 2, 2012
  34. ↑ Coaston, Jane (August 23, 2019). ""David Koch walked the walk": a libertarian on the Koch brother's legacy". Vox. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  35. ↑ "The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on April 15, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  36. ↑ Owen, Sarah (May 5, 2011). "David Koch Gives President Obama Zero Credit for Bin Laden's Death". New York. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Charts: How Much Have the Kochs Spent on the 2012 Election?". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  38. ↑ Suzan Mazur, "The Altenberg 16: An Exposé of the Evolution Industry" Archived June 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, North Atlantic Books, 2010, 343 pages
  39. ↑ Mayer, Jane (August 30, 2010). "Covert Operations". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  40. ↑ Weigel, David (April 15, 2010). "Dick Armey: Please, Koch, keep distancing yourself from me". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  41. ↑ Seitz-Wald, Alex (September 24, 2013). "David Koch Seeded Major Tea-Party Group, Private Donor List Reveals". National Journal. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015. But a donor list filed with the IRS labeled "not open for public inspection" from 2003, the year of AFP's first filing, lists David Koch as by far the single largest contributor to its foundation, donating $850,000.
  42. ↑ Levy, Pema (September 24, 2013). "Money in Politics: The Companies Behind David Koch's Americans For Prosperity". International Business Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015. David Koch was the top contributor, providing $850,000.
  43. ↑ Sherman, Jake (August 20, 2009). "Conservatives Take a Page From Left's Online Playbook". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  44. ↑ Mayer, Jane (August 13, 2019). ""Kochland" Examines the Koch Brothers' Early, Crucial Role in Climate-Change Denial". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  45. ↑ Levine, Yasha (September 1, 2010). "7 Ways the Koch Bros. Benefit from Corporate Welfare". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  46. ↑ Ferguson, Andrew (April 21, 2011). "The 2011 TIME 100". Time. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  47. ↑ "'Their own media megaphone': what do the Koch brothers want from Time?". The Guardian. November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  48. ↑ Nelson, Colleen Mccain; Fields, Gary (July 16, 2015). "Obama, Koch Brothers in Unlikely Alliance to Overhaul Criminal Justice". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. 1 2 3 Horwitz, Sari (August 15, 2015). "Unlikely Allies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  50. ↑ Hudetz, Mary (October 15, 2015). "Forfeiture reform aligns likes of billionaire Charles Koch, ACLU". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  51. ↑ https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/beware-of-big-philanthropys-new-enthusiasm-for-criminal-justice-reform/%7C
  52. ↑ Anderson, William C. (July 17, 2015). "Big business built the prison state. Why should we trust them to tear it down?". The Guardian.
  53. ↑ "Koch Brothers Talk Criminal Justice Reform, but Pay for "Tough on Crime" Political Ads". November 3, 2015.
  54. ↑ Whitlock, Kay (June 6, 2017). "Endgame". Political Research Associates.
  55. ↑ "David H. Koch Charitable Foundation and Personal Philanthropy". Koch Family Foundations. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  56. ↑ Levinthal, Dan (October 30, 2015). "The Koch brothers' foundation network explained". The Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  57. 1 2 "No. 45: David H. Koch". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
  58. ↑ "Hospital Leadership - Board of Trustees". New York Presbyterian. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  59. ↑ Block, Fang. "David Koch's Philanthropic Legacy". Barron's. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Harris, Elizabeth A.; Pogrebin, Robin (August 23, 2019). "David Koch, Embraced as an Arts Patron, Even as Criticism Grew". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  61. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (July 10, 2008). "David H. Koch to Give 100 Million to Theater". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  62. ↑ Souccar, Miriam Kreinin (June 27, 2010). "It's a Philanthropy Thing". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  63. ↑ "David H. Koch Elected a Trustee at The Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
  64. ↑ Donnelly, Shannon (June 2, 2010). "American Ballet Theatre Celebrates 70th Season, David Koch's Birthday". Palm Beach Daily News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  65. ↑ Cole, Patrick (May 17, 2010). "David Koch Toasted by Caroline Kennedy, Robert DeNiro". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  66. ↑ "Board of Trustees". WGBH. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
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