Midtown Manhattan at afternoon
Midtown Manhattan at sunset
Midtown Manhattan at evening
A quarter-day cycle at Midtown Manhattan, from afternoon to dusk

A day is the time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours (86,400 seconds). As a day passes at a given location it experiences morning, noon, afternoon, evening, and night. This daily cycle drives circadian rhythms in many organisms, which are vital to many life processes.

A collection of sequential days is organized into calendars as dates, almost always into weeks, months and years. A solar calendar organizes dates based on the Sun's annual cycle, giving consistent start dates for the four seasons from year to year. A lunar calendar organizes dates based on the Moon's lunar phase.

In common usage, a day starts at midnight, written as 00:00 or 12:00 am in 24- or 12-hour clocks, respectively. Because the time of midnight varies between locations, time zones are set up to facilitate the use of a uniform standard time. Other conventions are sometimes used, for example the Jewish religious calendar counts days from sunset to sunset, so the Jewish Sabbath begins at sundown on Friday. In astronomy, a day begins at noon so that observations throughout a single night are recorded as happening on the same day.

In specific applications, the definition of a day is slightly modified, such as in the SI day (exactly 86,400 seconds) used for computers and standards keeping, local mean time accounting of the Earth's natural fluctuation of a solar day, and stellar day and sidereal day (using the celestial sphere) used for astronomy. In most countries outside of the tropics, daylight saving time is practiced, and each year there will be one 23-hour civil day and one 25-hour civil day. Due to slight variations in the rotation of the Earth, there are rare times when a leap second will get inserted at the end of a UTC day, and so while almost all days have a duration of 86,400 seconds, there are these exceptional cases of a day with 86,401 seconds (in the half-century spanning 1972 through 2022, there have been a total of 27 leap seconds that have been inserted, so roughly once every other year).

Etymology

The term comes from the Old English term dæġ (/dæj/), with its cognates such as dagur in Icelandic, Tag in German, and dag in Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Dutch – all stemming from a Proto-Germanic root *dagaz.[1] As of October 17, 2015, day is the 205th most common word in US English,[2] and the 210th most common in UK English.[2]

Definitions

Apparent and mean solar day

Earth's rotation imaged by Deep Space Climate Observatory, showing axis tilt

Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context, need, and convenience. Besides the day of 24 hours (86,400 seconds), the word day is used for several different spans of time based on the rotation of the Earth around its axis. An important one is the solar day, the time it takes for the Sun to return to its culmination point (its highest point in the sky). Due to an orbit's eccentricity, the Sun resides in one of the orbit's foci instead of the middle. Consequently, due to Kepler's second law, the planet travels at different speeds at various positions in its orbit, and thus a solar day is not the same length of time throughout the orbital year. Because the Earth moves along an eccentric orbit around the Sun while the Earth spins on an inclined axis, this period can be up to 7.9 seconds more than (or less than) 24 hours. In recent decades, the average length of a solar day on Earth has been about 86,400.002 seconds[3] (24.000 000 6 hours). There are currently about 365.2421875 solar days in one mean tropical year.

Ancient custom has a new day starting at either the rising or setting of the Sun on the local horizon (Italian reckoning, for example, being 24 hours from sunset, old style).[4] The exact moment of, and the interval between, two sunrises or sunsets depends on the geographical position (longitude and latitude, as well as altitude), and the time of year (as indicated by ancient hemispherical sundials).

A more constant day can be defined by the Sun passing through the local meridian, which happens at local noon (upper culmination) or midnight (lower culmination). The exact moment is dependent on the geographical longitude, and to a lesser extent on the time of the year. The length of such a day is nearly constant (24 hours ± 30 seconds). This is the time as indicated by modern sundials.

A further improvement defines a fictitious mean Sun that moves with constant speed along the celestial equator; the speed is the same as the average speed of the real Sun, but this removes the variation over a year as the Earth moves along its orbit around the Sun (due to both its velocity and its axial tilt).

In terms of Earth's rotation, the average day length is about 360.9856°. A day lasts for more than 360° of rotation because of the Earth's revolution around the Sun. With a full year being slightly more than 360 days, the Earth's daily orbit around the Sun is slightly less than 1°, so the day is slightly less than 361° of rotation.

Elsewhere in the Solar System or other parts of the universe, a day is a full rotation of other large astronomical objects with respect to its star.[5]

Civil day

For civil purposes, a common clock time is typically defined for an entire region based on the local mean solar time at a central meridian. Such time zones began to be adopted about the middle of the 19th century when railroads with regularly occurring schedules came into use, with most major countries having adopted them by 1929. As of 2015, throughout the world, 40 such zones are now in use: the central zone, from which all others are defined as offsets, is known as UTC±00, which uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

The most common convention starts the civil day at midnight: this is near the time of the lower culmination of the Sun on the central meridian of the time zone. Such a day may be called a calendar day.

A day is commonly divided into 24 hours, with each hour being made up of 60 minutes, and each minute composed of 60 seconds.

Sidereal day

Rotation of the dwarf planet Ceres

A sidereal day or stellar day is the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation[6] with respect to the celestial background or a distant star (assumed to be fixed).[7] Measuring a day as such is used in astronomy.[7] A sidereal day is about 4 minutes less than a solar day of 24 hours (23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds), or 0.99726968 of a solar day of 24 hours.[8] There are about 366.2422 stellar days in one mean tropical year (one stellar day more than the number of solar days).[9]

Besides a stellar day on Earth, other bodies in the Solar System have day times, the durations of these being:[10][11]

Name Daylength (hours)
Mercury 4222.6
Venus 2802
Earth's Moon 708.7
Mars 24.7
Ceres 9[12]–9.1[13]
Jupiter 9.9
Saturn 10.7
Uranus 17.2
Neptune 16.1
Pluto 153.3

In the International System of Units

In the International System of Units (SI), a day not an official unit, but is accepted for use with SI.[14] A day, with symbol d, is defined using SI units as 86,400 seconds; the second is the base unit of time in SI units. In 1967–68, during the 13th CGPM (Resolution 1),[15] the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) redefined a second as "... the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom."[16] This makes the SI-based day last exactly 794,243,384,928,000 of those periods.

In decimal and metric time

Decimal clock face, made in around the start of the 19th century

Various decimal or metric time proposals have been made, but do not redefine the day, and use the day or sidereal day as a base unit. Metric time uses metric prefixes to keep time. It uses the day as the base unit, and smaller units being fractions of a day: a metric hour (deci) is 1⁄10 of a day; a metric minute (milli) is 1⁄1000 of a day; etc.[17] Similarly, in decimal time, the length of a day is static to normal time. A day is also split into 10 hours, and 10 days comprise a décade – the equivalent of a week. 3 décades make a month.[18]: 35  Various decimal time proposals which do not redefine the day: Henri de Sarrauton's proposal kept days, and subdivided hours into 100 minutes;[18]: 42  in Mendizábal y Tamborel's proposal, the sidereal day was the basic unit, with subdivisions made upon it;[18]: 42–43  and Rey-Pailhade's proposal divided the day 100 cés.[18]: 42 

Other definitions

The word refers to various similarly defined ideas, such as:

Full day
  • 24 hours (exactly) (a nychthemeron)
  • A day counting approximation, for example "See you in three days." or "the following day"
  • The full day covering both the dark and light periods, beginning from the start of the dark period or from a point near the middle of the dark period
  • A full dark and light period, sometimes called a nychthemeron in English, from the Greek for night-day;[19] or more colloquially the term 24 hours. In other languages, 24 hours is also often used. Other languages also have a separate word for a full day.
  • Part of a date: the day of the year (doy) in ordinal dates, day of the month (dom) in calendar dates or day of the week (dow) in week dates.
  • Time regularly spend at paid work on a single work day, cf. man-day and workweek.
Daytime
  • The period of light when the Sun is above the local horizon (that is, the time period from sunrise to sunset)
  • The time period from 06:00–18:00 (6:00 am – 6:00 pm) or 21:00 (9:00 pm) or another fixed clock period overlapping or offset from other time periods such as "morning", "afternoon", or "evening".
  • The time period from first-light "dawn" to last-light "dusk".
Other
  • A specific period of the day, which may vary by context, such as "the school day" or "the work day".

Variations in length

Mainly due to tidal deceleration – the Moon's gravitational pull slowing down the Earth's rotation – the Earth's rotational period is slowing.[20] Because of the way the second is defined, the mean length of a solar day is now about 86,400.002 seconds, and is increasing by about 2 milliseconds per century.[21]

Since the rotation rate of the Earth is slowing, the length of a SI second fell out of sync with a second derived from the rotational period.[20] This arose the need for leap seconds, which insert extra seconds into Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[20] Although typically 86,400 SI seconds in duration, a civil day can be either 86,401 or 86,399 SI seconds long on such a day. Other than the two-millisecond variation from tidal deceleration, other factors minutely affect the day's length, which creates an irregularity in the placement of leap seconds.[22] Leap seconds are announced in advance by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), which measures the Earth's rotation and determines whether a leap second is necessary.

Geological day lengths

Discovered by paleontologist John W. Wells, the day lengths of geological periods have been estimated by measuring sedimentation rings in coral fossils,[23][21] due to some biological systems being affected by the tide.[21] The length of a day at the Earth's formation is estimated at 6 hours.[21] Arbab I. Arbab plotted day lengths over time and found a curved line.[21] Arbab attributed this to the change of water volume present affecting Earth's rotation.[21]

Date Geological period Number of days per year[23] Duration of the day
Present Current 365 24 hours
−100 million years Cretaceous 380 23 hours and 20 minutes
−200 million years Triassic 390 22 hours and 40 minutes
−300 million years Carboniferous 400 22 hours
−400 million years Devonian 410 21 hours and 20 minutes
−500 million years Cambrian 425 20 hours and 40 minutes

Boundaries

Sun and Moon, Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493

For most diurnal animals, the day naturally begins at dawn and ends at sunset. Humans, with their cultural norms and scientific knowledge, have employed several different conceptions of the day's boundaries.

In the Hebrew Bible, Genesis 1:5 defines a day in terms of "evening" and "morning" before recounting the creation of the Sun to illuminate it: "And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day." The Jewish day begins at either sunset or nightfall (when three second-magnitude stars appear). Medieval Europe also followed this tradition, known as Florentine reckoning: In this system, a reference like "two hours into the day" meant two hours after sunset and thus times during the evening need to be shifted back one calendar day in modern reckoning. Days such as Christmas Eve, Halloween (“All Hallows’ Eve”), and the Eve of Saint Agnes are remnants of the older pattern when holidays began during the prior evening.

The common convention among the ancient Romans,[24] ancient Chinese[25] and in modern times is for the civil day to begin at midnight, i.e. 00:00, and to last a full 24 hours until 24:00, i.e. 00:00 of the next day.

In ancient Egypt the day was reckoned from sunrise to sunrise.

Prior to 1926, Turkey had two time systems: Turkish, counting the hours from sunset, and French, counting the hours from midnight.

Parts

Humans have divided the day in rough periods, which can have cultural implications, and other effects on humans' biological processes. The parts of the day do not have set times; they can vary by lifestyle or hours of daylight in a given place.[26]

Daytime

Daytime is the part of the day during which sunlight directly reaches the ground, assuming that there are no obstacles. The length of daytime averages slightly more than half of the 24-hour day. Two effects make daytime on average longer than night. The Sun is not a point but has an apparent size of about 32 minutes of arc. Additionally, the atmosphere refracts sunlight in such a way that some of it reaches the ground even when the Sun is below the horizon by about 34 minutes of arc. So the first light reaches the ground when the centre of the Sun is still below the horizon by about 50 minutes of arc.[27] Thus, daytime is on average around 7 minutes longer than 12 hours.[28]

Daytime is further divided into morning, afternoon, and evening. Morning occurs between sunrise and noon.[29] Afternoon occurs between noon and sunset,[30] or between noon and the start of evening. This period of time sees human's highest body temperature,[31] an increase of traffic collisions,[32] and a decrease of productivity.[33] Evening begins around 5 or 6 pm, or when the sun sets, and ends when one goes to bed.[34][35][36]

Twilight

Twilight is the period before sunrise and after sunset in which there is natural light but no direct sunlight.[37] The morning twilight begins at dawn and ends at sunrise, while the evening twilight begins at sunset and ends at dusk. Both periods of twilight can be divided into civil twilight, nautical twilight, and astronomical twilight. Civil twilight is when the sun is up to 6 degrees below the horizon; nautical when it is up to 12 degrees below, and astronomical when it is up to 18 degrees below.[38]

Night in art

Night

Night is the period in which the sky is dark;[39] the period between dusk and dawn where no light from the sun is visible.[40] Light pollution during night can impact human and animal life, for example by disrupting sleep.[41][42]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2.
  2. 1 2 "English Words". Oxford Dictionaries Online (ODO). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  3. ↑ "Earth Orientation Parameters". International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015.
  4. ↑ L. Holford-Stevens, The History of Time (Oxford 2005) p. 6
  5. ↑ "day". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2022-07-10. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  6. ↑ Certain authors caution against identifying "day" with rotation period. For example: Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2011-06-03. A Cautionary Note: Because the rotation period of the Earth is almost the same as the length of its day, we sometimes get a bit sloppy in discussing the rotation of the sky, and say that the stars rotate around us once each day. In a similar way, it is not unusual for careless people to mix up the rotation period of a planet with the length of its day, or vice versa.
  7. 1 2 "sidereal day". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  8. ↑ Allen, Clabon Walter & Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. p. 296. ISBN 0-387-98746-0. Archived from the original on 2011-12-09. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  9. ↑ Komhyr, Walter Dmyro (June 1980). "Operations Handbook – Ozone Observations with a Dobson Spectrophotometer". gml.noaa.gov. p. 122. Archived from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  10. ↑ "Planetary Fact Sheet – Metric". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  11. ↑ Griggs, Mary Beth (18 January 2019). "Shaky rings help scientists measure Saturn's days – Speedy planet". The Verge. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  12. ↑ "planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/in-depth". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  13. ↑ Tate, Karl (21 November 2012). "Dwarf Planets of Our Solar System (Infographic)". www.space.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  14. ↑ BIPM (2014) [2006]. "Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants". SI Brochure (8th ed.). Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
  15. ↑ "SI Unit of Time (Second)". Resolution 1 of the 13th CGPM (1967/68). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  16. ↑ "Unit of Time (Second)". SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) (8 ed.). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). 2014 [2006]. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  17. ↑ Veitch, Harriet (2008-04-02). "Why don't we have metric time?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Vera, Hector (2009). "Decimal Time: Misadventures of a Revolutionary Idea, 1793–2008". KronoScope. 9 (1–2): 29–48. doi:10.1163/156771509X12638154745382. ISSN 1567-715X. Archived from the original on 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  19. ↑ "Definition of NYCHTHEMERON". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  20. 1 2 3 McCarthy, Dennis D.; Hackman, Christine; Nelson, Robert A. (2008-11-01). "The Physical Basis of the Leap Second". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (5): 1906–1908. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1906M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1906. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 124701789. Archived from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Arbab, Arbab I. (January 2009). "The Length of the Day: A Cosmological Perspective" (PDF). Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-20. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
  22. ↑ "IERS science background". Frankfurt am Main: IERS. 2013. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  23. 1 2 J.Kovalesky Bureau des Longitudes (1969). "Paléo-Astronomie". L'Astronomie. 83: 411. Bibcode:1969LAstr..83..411K. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  24. ↑ See Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, 84. Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ s:zh:清史稿/卷48: 起子正，盡夜子初。
  26. ↑ "Parts of the Day: Early morning, late morning, etc". Britannica Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2022-08-22. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  27. ↑ 32′⁄2 + 34′ = 50′
  28. ↑ 50°/60 ÷ 360° × 2(for sunrise and set) × 24 hours ≈ 7 min
  29. ↑ "Definition of MORNING". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2022-08-22. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  30. ↑ "Definition of AFTERNOON". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2022-08-22. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  31. ↑ Refinetti, Roberto (2006). Circadian Physiology (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis Group. p. 556. ISBN 978-0-8493-2233-4.
  32. ↑ McCabe, Paul T. (2004). Contemporary Ergonomics. CRC Press. p. 588. ISBN 0-8493-2342-8.
  33. ↑ Ray, James T. (1960). Human Performance as a Function of the Work–Rest Cycle. National Academy of Sciences. p. 11.
  34. ↑ "evening, n." www.oed.com. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2023. The close of day, esp. the time from about 6 p.m., or sunset if earlier, to bedtime; the period between afternoon and night.
  35. ↑ "Definition of evening in English". Britannica. Britannica. Retrieved 17 Sep 2023.
  36. ↑ "Definition of 'evening'". Collins Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  37. ↑ "Definitions from the US Astronomical Applications Dept". USNO. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
  38. ↑ "Glossary of Marine Navigation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29.
  39. ↑ "night". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  40. ↑ "Definition of NIGHT". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2022-08-22. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  41. ↑ Blume, Christine; Garbazza, Corrado; Spitschan, Manuel (2019). "Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood". Somnologie. 23 (3): 147–156. doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x. ISSN 1432-9123. PMC 6751071. PMID 31534436.
  42. ↑ "Light pollution harms wildlife and ecosystems". DarkSky International. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
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