Adelaide Superbasin
Adelaide Geosyncline; Adelaide Rift Complex
Map showing the location of Adelaide Superbasin
Map showing the location of Adelaide Superbasin
An outline of both the known and potential extent of the Adelaide Superbasin
Coordinates33°41′S 138°44′E / 33.683°S 138.733°E / -33.683; 138.733
Country Australia
State(s)South Australia; New South Wales; Victoria
CitiesAdelaide
Geology
Basin typeRift; Passive margin
PlateAustralian
OrogenyDelamerian; Alice Springs; Spriggs
AgeNeoproterozoic-Cambrian
StratigraphyStratigraphy
FaultsParalana; Norwest; Anabama-Redan

The Adelaide Superbasin[1] (previously known as the Adelaide Geosyncline[2][3][4] and Adelaide Rift Complex[5]) is a major Neoproterozoic to middle Cambrian geological province in central and south-east South Australia, western New South Wales, and western Victoria.

The Adelaide Superbasin consists of a thick pile of sedimentary rocks and minor volcanic rocks that were deposited on the eastern margin of Australia during the time of breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia.[6] A number of authors have noted the similarity in these sedimentary rocks with rocks found in western North America and have suggested that they were formerly adjacent to each other in Rodinia. This is one major correlation in the SWEAT (south-west USA against East Antarctica) reconstruction of Rodinia.[7][8]

Particularly notable events that are preserved in the rock record of the Adelaide Superbasin are the two Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events (the Sturtian and Marinoan Glaciations), the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event,[9] the Ediacaran Acraman bollide ejecta layer[10] and the rise of Ediacaran Fauna.[11][12]

Geography

North–south it stretches over 850 km (530 mi) from the Peake and Denison Ranges in the central-north of South Australia down through the Flinders Ranges and Mount Lofty Ranges, narrowing at the Fleurieu Peninsula and extending onto Kangaroo Island. West–east it stretches about 700 km (430 mi) from the eastern margin of Lake Gairdner across to the Barrier Ranges of New South Wales. The true northern and eastern extent of the Adelaide Superbasin is not well known[1] due to much of the basin being buried beneath younger basins, including the Murray Basin, and is the subject of current research.

It is thought that the Moyston Fault in Victoria marks the eastern boundary and the northern extension may continue underneath and potentially include the Warburton Basin; however, this remains speculative.[1][13] Most of the outcropping rock today is within the two major mountain ranges of South Australia: the Flinders Ranges and the Mount Lofty Ranges.

Much like the partly coeval Centralian Superbasin it contains several named basins and sub-basins. The oldest and largest of these is the Adelaide Rift Complex, with the adjoining and relatively undeformed Stuart Shelf, Torrens Hinge Zone and Coombalarnie Platform making up the remaining Neoproterozoic provinces. The Stansbury Basin (including its sub-province the Kanmantoo Province/Trough) and Arrowie Basin (including its sub-province the Yalkalpo Sub-basin) are the two known Cambrian provinces within the Adelaide Superbasin.[1][4][14]

Geologic history

Deposition in the Adelaide Superbasin began just prior to 830 Ma as Laurentia (and possibly an intervening continent, see Rodinia for alternative reconstructions) began to rift away from Australia during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia. Deposition continued through to the Delamerian Orogeny c. 514–490 Ma[15][16] at which time deposition in the Adelaide Superbasin stopped and the rocks were folded and deformed. Initially, deposition occurred from gradual subsidence of peneplained cratonic lithosphere before developing into a rift basin.

After about 725 Ma, deposition continued in a mostly passive margin setting along the western edge of the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean,[17] with renewed rifting during the Ediacaran to the east (present day) of the main depocentres until being terminated by the Delamerian Orogeny. The most abundant rock types indicate a transition from evaporitic depositional environments through to proximal marine, glacial and marine depositional environments.[1][13][6][3] The thickest parts of the stratigraphy reach a total cumulative thickness of about 24,000 m.

Basin subdivision

The Adelaide Superbasin composed of several named basins and sub-basins. In total there are currently eight defined basins/sub-basins within the Adelaide Superbasin.[1][4][18]

This image shows the known extent of sub-basins of the Adelaide Superbasin for both the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian components
Known extents of the subdivisions of the Adelaide Superbasin for both the Neoproterozoic and Cambrian

Adelaide Rift Complex

The Adelaide Rift Complex is the oldest and most central part of the Adelaide Superbasin. It is a series of rift troughs and passive margins basins with protracted development from c. 840 Ma to c. 550 Ma with the top of the sedimentary sequence marked by a major basin-wide disconformity separating it from the Cambrian Arrowie and Stansbury Basins.

Torrens Hinge Zone

The Torrens Hinge Zone is a transitional area between the relatively undeformed platform deposits of the Stuart Shelf and the deformed rocks of the central Adelaide Rift Complex. It runs along the western margin of the primary rift basin.

Stuart Shelf

The Stuart Shelf is a region of platform deposits on the western rift shoulder that overlies the Gawler Craton. It experienced deposition in the late Neoproterozoic after the Sturtian Glaciation during a period of marine transgression and remains relatively undeformed to this day.

Coombalarnie Platform

The Coombalarnie Platform, like the Stuart Shelf, is a region of platform deposits; however, it overlies the Curnamona Province to the north-east of the main depocentre. Deposition occurred only after a major marine transgression event during the late Neoproterozoic after the Sturtian Glaciation.

Stansbury Basin

The Stansbury Basin is one of the two known Cambrian basins of the Adelaide Superbasin. It is exposed in the south of the superbasin, extending from Kangaroo Island and the Mount Lofty Ranges toward Victoria underneath the Murray Basin. The true eastward extent of this basin is not well understood and is a focus of current geological research in South Australia. It is likely that deposition was continuous with the Arrowie Basin to the north.[18]

Kanmantoo Province

The Kanmantoo Province (also Kanmantoo Trough) is a deeply subsident rift formed in early Cambrian. It forms the eastern and southern portion of the Stansbury Basin, extending to the Glenelg River region of Victoria. Most rocks were highly deformed and experienced moderate to high grade metamorphism during the Delamerian Orogeny.[18][19]

Arrowie Basin

The Arrowie Basin is second of the two known Cambrian basins of the Adelaide Superbasin. It extends from the Stuart Shelf in the west across the Flinders Ranges to western New South Wales where it forms part of the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian cover on the Curnamona Province.[18]

Yalkalpo Sub-basin

The Yalkalpo Sub-basin is the easternmost part of the Arrowie Basin. Its western boundary is the basement high Benagerie Ridge of the Curnamona Province.[18]

Lithostratigraphy

The lithostratigraphy of the Adelaide Superbasin is divided into three supergroups[20] with further division into numerous groups and subgroups and over 140 formations.[1][3][6][21][22][23][24]

Generalised Lithostratigraphy of the Adelaide Superbasin
Geochronology South Australia New South Wales
EonEraPeriodLocal Chronostratigraphy (historical – not in use) SupergroupGroups Subgroups Groups Subgroups
Phanerozoic Palaeozoic Cambrian Unconformity overlaid by Permian glacial sediments
Mid-late Moralana Supergroup Lake Frome Group / Kanmantoo Group / Yorke Group
Early Kanmantoo Group / Yorke Group / Kangaroo Island Group Keynes Subgroup / Bollaparudda Subgroup
Normanville Group / Hawker Group / Pavy Group / Kangaroo Island Group
Unconformity
Proterozoic Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Marinoan Heysen Supergroup Wilpena Group Pound Subgroup Farnell Group
Depot Springs Subgroup
Aruhna Subgroup
Sandison Subgroup
Unconformity
Cryogenian Umberatana Group Yerelina Subgroup Toorrowangee Group Teamsters Creek Subgroup
Upalinna Subgroup
Unconformity Euriowie Subgroup
Sturtian Nepouie Subgroup
Unconformity Unconformity
Yudnamutana Subgroup Yancowinna Subgroup
Unconformity
Tonian Warrina Supergoup Burra Group Belair Subgroup Unconformity
Torrensian Bungarider Subgroup
Mundallio Subgroup
Emeroo Subgroup
Unconformity
Willouran Callanna Group Curdimurka Subgroup Poolamacca Group Unconformity
Arkaroola Subgroup Wendalpa Subgroup / Pintapah Subgroup
Mesoproterozoic Unconformity underlain by metamorphosed Mesoproterozoic basement (Gawler Craton, Curnamona Province)

Delamerian orogeny

Sedimentation in the Adelaide Superbasin ended in the middle Cambrian, when tectonic inversion occurred along the eastern margin of Neoproterozoic and Cambrian cratonic Australia and the margin became a subduction zone of the Palaeo-Pacific.[1][15] After this time the region experienced an orogeny (mountain-building period) extending into the Ordovician. Foden et al. (2006) suggest that this orogeny lasted from ~514 Ma to 490 Ma. This event is called the Delamerian Orogeny, named after Delamere, a small town on the Fleurieu Peninsula where evidence was found for the event. The orogeny caused substantial folding, buckling, and faulting of the strata, and resulted in the creation of a major mountain range, the eroded stumps of which can today be seen as the Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges. Not all of the basin experienced tectonic activity; the deposits on the Stuart Shelf and Coombalarnie Platform to the north-west and north-east remained undisturbed (and still do today).

Accompanying this folding and faulting were several intrusions: the granites at Victor Harbor were intruded at this time, as were those at Palmer in the eastern South Mount Lofty Ranges.[15][16]

Fossil content

Fossils of the earliest Animalia are found in the Adelaide Superbasin. The first of these might be the probable sponges found in the Trezona Formation,[25] although the first confirmed[26] Animalia are the world-renowned Ediacaran fauna, named for the Ediacara Hills where they were first discovered in South Australia in 1946.[27] They occur at the end of the Neoproterozoic, and in 2004 the location gave its name to the last geological period of the era, the Ediacaran.[28]

Recent geological history

The ranges formed during the Delamerian orogeny continue to erode, and intra-plate subsidence is occurring. In the South Mount Lofty Ranges this has resulted in rifting and the formation of graben structures, creating the long parallel faults which shape the Adelaide Plains.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lloyd, Jarred C.; Blades, Morgan L.; Counts, John W.; Collins, Alan S.; Amos, Kathryn J.; Wade, Benjamin P.; Hall, James W.; Hore, Stephen; Ball, Ashleigh L.; Shahin, Sameh; Drabsch, Matthew (8 July 2020). "Neoproterozoic Geochronology and Provenance of the Adelaide Superbasin". Precambrian Research. 350: 105849. Bibcode:2020PreR..350j5849L. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105849. ISSN 0301-9268. S2CID 225530500.
  2. ↑ Mawson, Douglas; Sprigg, Reginald (1950). "Subdivision of the Adelaide System". Australian Journal of Science. 13 (3): 69–72.
  3. 1 2 3 Preiss, Wolfgang V., ed. (1987). The Adelaide Geosyncline : late Proterozoic stratigraphy, sedimentation, palaeontology, and tectonics. Bulletin 54. Geological Survey of South Australia. Adelaide: Dept. of Mines and Energy. ISBN 0-7243-7845-6. OCLC 27539001.
  4. 1 2 3 Preiss, Wolfgang V. (2000). "The Adelaide Geosyncline of South Australia and its significance in Neoproterozoic continental reconstruction". Precambrian Research. 100 (1–3): 21–63. Bibcode:2000PreR..100...21P. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00068-6.
  5. ↑ Veevers, J. J.; Walter, M. R.; Scheibner, E. (1997). "Neoproterozoic Tectonics of Australia-Antarctica and Laurentia and the 560 Ma Birth of the Pacific Ocean Reflect the 400 M.Y. Pangean Supercycle". The Journal of Geology. 105 (2): 225–242. Bibcode:1997JG....105..225V. doi:10.1086/515914. ISSN 0022-1376. S2CID 140652348.
  6. 1 2 3 Powell, C.McA.; Preiss, Wolfgang V.; Gatehouse, Colin G.; Krapez, B.; Li, Zheng-Xiang (1994). "South Australian record of a Rodinian epicontinental basin and its mid-neoproterozoic breakup (~700 Ma) to form the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean". Tectonophysics. 237 (3–4): 113–140. Bibcode:1994Tectp.237..113P. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)90250-X.
  7. ↑ Moores, E. M. (1991). "Southwest U.S.-East Antarctic (SWEAT) connection: A hypothesis". Geology. 19 (5): 425. Bibcode:1991Geo....19..425M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0425:SUSEAS>2.3.CO;2.
  8. ↑ Dalziel, Ian W.D. (1991). "Pacific margins of Laurentia and East Antarctica-Australia as a conjugate rift pair: Evidence and implications for an Eocambrian supercontinent". Geology. 19 (6): 598. Bibcode:1991Geo....19..598D. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0598:PMOLAE>2.3.CO;2.
  9. ↑ Och, Lawrence M.; Shields-Zhou, Graham A. (2012). "The Neoproterozoic oxygenation event: Environmental perturbations and biogeochemical cycling". Earth-Science Reviews. 110 (1–4): 26–57. Bibcode:2012ESRv..110...26O. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.09.004.
  10. ↑ GOSTIN, V. A.; HAINES, P. W.; JENKINS, R. J. F.; COMPSTON, W.; WILLIAMS, I. S. (11 July 1986). "Impact Ejecta Horizon Within Late Precambrian Shales, Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia". Science. 233 (4760): 198–200. Bibcode:1986Sci...233..198G. doi:10.1126/science.233.4760.198. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17737290. S2CID 11307364.
  11. ↑ Sprigg, Reginald C. (1948). "Jellyfish from the Basal Cambrian in South Australia". Nature. 161 (4093): 568–569. Bibcode:1948Natur.161..568S. doi:10.1038/161568a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4098098.
  12. ↑ Droser, Mary L.; Gehling, James G. (21 April 2015). "The advent of animals: The view from the Ediacaran". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (16): 4865–4870. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.4865D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1403669112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4413262. PMID 25901306.
  13. 1 2 Counts, John W. (2017). The Adelaide Rift Complex in the Flinders Ranges: geologic history, past investigations and relevant analogues. Report Book, no. 2017/00016. Geological Survey of South Australia. Department of Premier and Cabinet. Adelaide, South Australia.https://sarigbasis.pir.sa.gov.au/WebtopEw/ws/samref/sarig1/wcir/Record?r=0&m=1&w=catno=2039731
  14. ↑ Preiss, Wolfgang V.; Alexander, Elinor M.; Cowley, Wayne M.; Schwarz, Michael P. (2002). "Towards defining South Australia's geological provinces and sedimentary basins". MESA. 27: 39–52.
  15. 1 2 3 Foden, John; Elburg, Marlina A; Dougherty-Page, Jon; Burtt, Andrew (2006). "The Timing and Duration of the Delamerian Orogeny: Correlation with the Ross Orogen and Implications for Gondwana Assembly". The Journal of Geology. 114 (2): 189–210. Bibcode:2006JG....114..189F. doi:10.1086/499570. hdl:2440/23647. ISSN 0022-1376. S2CID 131724740.
  16. 1 2 Foden, John; Elburg, Marlina; Turner, Simon; Clark, Chris; Blades, Morgan L.; Cox, Grant; Collins, Alan S.; Wolff, Keryn; George, Christian (2020). "Cambro-Ordovician magmatism in the Delamerian orogeny: Implications for tectonic development of the southern Gondwanan margin". Gondwana Research. 81: 490–521. Bibcode:2020GondR..81..490F. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.12.006. S2CID 213741512.
  17. ↑ Cawood, Peter A. (2005). "Terra Australis Orogen: Rodinia breakup and development of the Pacific and Iapetus margins of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic". Earth-Science Reviews. 69 (3–4): 249–279. Bibcode:2005ESRv...69..249C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.09.001.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Preiss, Wolfgang V.; Alexander, Elinor M.; Cowley, Wayne M.; Schwarz, Michael P. (2002). "Towards defining South Australia's geological provinces and sedimentary basins". MESA Journal. 27: 39–52.
  19. ↑ Belperio, Antonio P.; Preiss, Wolfgang V.; Fairclough, Martin C.; Gatehouse, Colin G.; Gum, Justin C.; Hough, J.; Burtt, Andrew (1998). "Tectonic and metallogenic framework of the Cambrian Stansbury Basin - Kanmantoo Trough, South Australia". ASGO Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics. 17 (3): 183–200.
  20. ↑ Preiss, Wolfgang V. (1982). "Supergroup classification in the Adelaide Geosyncline". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 106: 81–83.
  21. ↑ Drexel, John F.; Preiss, Wolfgang V.; Parker, A.J., eds. (1993). The Geology of South Australia. Geological Survey of South Australia. Adelaide: Mines and Energy South Australia. ISBN 0-7308-4147-2. OCLC 30439436.
  22. ↑ Lloyd, Jarred (2020), Lithostratigraphic Correlation Chart of the Adelaide Superbasin (Neoproterozoic), Figshare, doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11812047, retrieved 16 July 2020
  23. ↑ Cooper, P.F.; Tuckwell, K.D.; Gilligan, L.B.; Meares, R.M.D. (1974). "Geology of the Torrowangee and Fowlers Gap 1:100,000 Sheets". Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, Sydney, New South Wales.
  24. ↑ Preiss, Wolfgang V.; Cowley, Wayne M. (1999). "Genetic stratigraphy and revised lithostratigraphic classification of the Burra Group in the Adelaide Geosyncline". MESA. 14: 30–40.
  25. ↑ Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–659. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934. ISSN 1752-0894.
  26. ↑ Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (21 September 2018). "Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals". Science. 361 (6408): 1246–1249. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1246B. doi:10.1126/science.aat7228. hdl:1885/230014. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30237355. S2CID 52306108.
  27. ↑ Sprigg, Reg. C. (1948). "Jellyfish from the Basal Cambrian in South Australia". Nature. 161 (4093): 568–569. Bibcode:1948Natur.161..568S. doi:10.1038/161568a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4098098.
  28. ↑ Knoll, Andrew; Walter, Malcolm; Narbonne, Guy; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (1 March 2006). "The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale". Lethaia. 39 (1): 13–30. doi:10.1080/00241160500409223. ISSN 0024-1164.

Further reading

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