Dhanbad
Metropolis
Dhanbad Junction, Downtown Dhanbad, Pandey Muhalla and Combined Building More
Dhanbad Junction, Downtown Dhanbad, Pandey Muhalla and Combined Building More
Nickname(s): 
'Coal Capital of India', 'Koylanchal'
Motto: 
City For All
Dhanbad is located in Jharkhand
Dhanbad
Dhanbad
Location of Dhanbad in Jharkhand
Coordinates: 23°47′59″N 86°25′50″E / 23.7998°N 86.4305°E / 23.7998; 86.4305
Country India
StateJharkhand
DistrictDhanbad
Government
 • BodyDhanbad Municipal Corporation
 • MayorChandrashekhar Agarwal (BJP)[1][2]
Area
[3]
 • Metropolis275 km2 (106 sq mi)
 • Metro
[4]
577 km2 (223 sq mi)
Elevation
222 m (728 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3][5]
 • Metropolis1,162,472
 • Rank33rd
 • Density4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
1,333,719
 • Metro rank
42nd
Languages
 • OfficialHindi, English, Bengali, Khortha, Urdu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
826001
Telephone Code0326
Vehicle registrationJH-10
Metro GDP (PPP)$95 million to $110 million[6]
Websitewww.dhanbad.nic.in

Dhanbad is the second-most populated city in the Indian state of Jharkhand[7] after Jamshedpur.[8] It ranks as the 42nd largest city in India and is the 33rd largest million-plus urban agglomeration in India. Dhanbad shares its land borders with Paschim Bardhaman district and Purulia district of West Bengal and Bokaro,[9] Giridih and Jamtara districts of Jharkhand. The city is called the 'Coal Capital of India' for housing one of the largest coal mines in the country.[10] The prestigious institute, Indian School of Mines (now IIT Dhanbad) is situated in Dhanbad.[11] Apart from coal, it has also grown in information technology.[12]

Dhanbad is the 96th fastest growing city in the world, according to the City Mayors Foundation.[13] It is the 56th cleanest city of India, according to the 2019 Swachh Survekshan cleanliness survey.[14] It showed a great change in the city which was considered the dirtiest city in the 2018 Swachh Survekshan.[15] Dhanbad Municipal Corporation works for increasing green cover in the city.[16] Among the rail divisions of Indian Railway, Dhanbad Rail Division is the largest revenue generator.[12] Dhanbad is ranked as the top city in India with the highest 4G mobile phone network availability in India by a survey of Opensignal.[17]

Dhanbad's economy revolves primarily around coal mining and related industries. It is home to several coal mines, including some of the largest in India. This extensive coal reserve has led to the establishment of various industries such as steel plants, power plants, and coal washeries, contributing significantly to the region's economic prosperity.

History

Dr. Ambedkar talking to people as the Labour Minister in the Viceroy's Executive Council at coal mines, Dhanbad

The present district used to be a part of Manbhum region and was occupied by Mundari tribals in the wilderness of South undivided Bihar. In the seventh century A.D. some information is available from the account of the travels of Hieun Tsang. These accounts narrate the existence of a powerful kingdom which comprised the district and adjoining areas, ruled by Sasanka.[18] Manbhum was one of the districts of the East India during the British Raj.

The region has thick forests, with rich mineral resources, and had a mixed demographic profile with people from different religious and social groups, including adivasis, particularly the Santals and the Mundas before the city was established.[19] After the Partition of India, the district became a part of Bihar state, and upon re-organization of the Indian states in the mid-1950s, the district became a part of the West Bengal. Purulia district was carved out of the district of Manbhum.[19]

In the Settlement Report for Manbhum (1928) it was stated that no rock inscriptions, copper plates or old coins were discovered and not a single document of copper plate or palm leaf was found, during the Survey and Settlement operations. The oldest authentic documents produced were all on paper and barely even a hundred years old.[20] Dhanbad city was in Manbhum district from 1928 up to 1956.[20] However, on 24 October 1956, Dhanbad district was carved out of Manbhum district with Dhanbad as District headquarter[21] on the recommendation of the States Reorganization Commission vide notification 1911.

This was done under the commitment and leadership of journalist, Satish Chandra. In the year 2006, Dhanbad celebrated 50 years of being an independent district and city. From 1956 to 14 November 2000, it was under Bihar. At present, it is in Jharkhand, after the creation of the state on 15 November 2000.[22] The discovery of rich deposits of coal in the region caused the city to flourish financially, but also bought notorious coal-mafia and gang wars[23] which continues to this day with areas of city like Wasseypur being most affected by the conflict.[23]

Geography

Dhanbad
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
17
 
 
25
11
 
 
18
 
 
28
14
 
 
18
 
 
33
18
 
 
22
 
 
38
23
 
 
49
 
 
39
25
 
 
192
 
 
35
25
 
 
342
 
 
31
24
 
 
311
 
 
31
24
 
 
282
 
 
31
23
 
 
105
 
 
31
20
 
 
7
 
 
28
16
 
 
5
 
 
25
11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: IMD
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.7
 
 
77
52
 
 
0.7
 
 
82
57
 
 
0.7
 
 
91
64
 
 
0.9
 
 
100
73
 
 
1.9
 
 
102
77
 
 
7.6
 
 
95
77
 
 
13
 
 
88
75
 
 
12
 
 
88
75
 
 
11
 
 
88
73
 
 
4.1
 
 
88
68
 
 
0.3
 
 
82
61
 
 
0.2
 
 
77
52
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Dhanbad has an average elevation of 227 m (745 ft). Its geographical length (extending from north to south) is 15 miles (24 km) and the breadth (stretching across east to West) is 10 miles (16 km). It shares its boundaries with West Bengal in the eastern and southern part, Giridih and Dumka in the North and Bokaro District in the west. Dhanbad comes under the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

Rivers and Lakes

The Damodar is a major river of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. It rises in Palamu and flows eastward between the plateaus of Ranchi and Hazaribag. It is joined by the Bokaro, the Konar and the Barakar rivers.[24] The Damodar enters Dhanbad district at its confluence with the Jamuria, a stream which marks the western boundary of Dhanbad with Hazaribagh District. Further east, the Damodar is joined by the Katri River which rises in the foothills below Parasnath and traverses through the coal-field area.[25] The Barakar, which forms the northern boundary of the district, traverses about 77 km. It flows in south westerly direction up to Durgapur and then south till it joins the Damodar near Chirkunda.

Climate

Dhanbad features a climate that is transitional between a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) and a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw).[26] Summer starts from the first week of March and ends in mid-July. The peak temperature in summer can reach 48 °C. Dhanbad also receives heavy rainfall. In winter, the minimum temperature remains around 8 °C with a maximum of 25 °C.

Climate data for Dhanbad
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25
(77)		 28
(82)		 33
(91)		 38
(100)		 39
(102)		 35
(95)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 28
(82)		 25
(77)		 31
(88)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8
(46)		 14
(57)		 18
(64)		 23
(73)		 25
(77)		 25
(77)		 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 23
(73)		 20
(68)		 14
(57)		 9
(48)		 19
(66)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 17
(0.7)		 18
(0.7)		 18
(0.7)		 22
(0.9)		 49
(1.9)		 192
(7.6)		 342
(13.5)		 311
(12.2)		 282
(11.1)		 105
(4.1)		 7
(0.3)		 5
(0.2)		 1,368
(53.9)
Source: IMD

Demographics

Population

As of 2011 census, Dhanbad City had a population of 1,162,472.[5] Males (614,722) constitute 53% of the population and females (547,750) 47%. It has a sex ratio of 891. Dhanbad has an average literacy rate of 79.47%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 86.14% and female literacy is 71.96%.[5] 10.57% of the population is under 5 years of age.

Religion

Religions Dhanbad City (2011)[5]
Hinduism
 
 81.22%
Islam
 
 17.10%
Christianity
 
 1.43%
Sikhism
 
 0.65%
Jainism
 
 0.09%
Buddhism
 
 0.02%
Others
 
 0.45%
Distribution of religions

Hinduism is the dominant religion with over 81% adherents. The minority religions are Islam, Sikhism and Christianity.[5]

Economy

Dhanbad has one of the oldest and largest markets in the region and is also a centre of large scale industries. It is known for its coal mines and industrial establishments; the city is surrounded by about 112 coal mines[27] with a total production of 27.5 million tonnes and an annual income of 7,000 million rupees through coal business. There are a number of coal washeries there.

Education

Heritage Building at Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad

Dhanbad is a leading center of education in eastern India.[28][29] The city's education system is followed as of the Indian Education System. Schooling is followed by 10+2+3 plan. Most of the schools in Dhanbad are of CBSE, ICSE and state board. The medium of instruction in schools are Hindi, Santali and Urdu and as well as Bengali and Kurmali.[30] Notable schools in Dhanbad include: Dhanbad Public School (KG Ashram), Carmel School Digwadih, DAV Public School, Delhi Public School, De Nobili School Bhuli, De Nobili School CMRI, De Nobili School FRI, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and Tata D.A.V School.[31]

Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University is the public university of Dhanbad to which many colleges of the region are affiliated.[32] There are various engineering, medical and arts colleges in Dhanbad. Dhanbad is home to some of the leading engineering colleges of India —the Indian Institute of Technology, Birsa Institute of Technology and K. K. College of Engineering and Management.[33] The Indian Institute of Technology (formerly Indian School of Mines), was established by the British in 1926.[11] It is a premier engineering college of India. Birsa Institute of Technology in Sindri is one of the oldest government engineering college in India.[34]

SSLNT Women's College is one of the oldest women's science and art college in east India established in 1956.[35][36] Raja Shiva Prasad College was established in 1949 by Raja of Jharia. The Patliputra Medical College and Hospital, established in 1971 is a premier medical college where applicants write the NEET exam to get enrolled. Other major institutions includes Law College,[37] Guru Nanak College,[38] P.K. Roy Memorial College, Bholaram Shibal Kharkia College, B.S.S Mahila College[39] and Al Iqra Teacher's Training College.[40]

Politics

Dhanbad city and district is considered a BJP stronghold with majority of its MPs MLA's being of the party since the 1990s. Chandra Shekhar Agrawal of BJP is the mayor; otherwise known as the first citizen, of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation. He won by the margin of 42,525 votes.[41][42][43]

Raj Sinha of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won in the 40-Dhanbad assembly constituency defeating Mannan Malick of the Indian National Congress in 2014.[44] Pashupati Nath Singh of BJP defeated Mannan Mallik of Congress in 2005, Prasadi Sao of RJD in 2000, and Ramadhar Yadav of JD in 1995. Surendra Prasad Roy of Congress defeated S.K. Shriva of JD in 1990 and Ram Chander Singh of Janata Party in 1985. Yogeshwar Prasad Yogesh of Congress defeated Gopi Kant Bakshi of CPI(M) in 1980 and Kalawati Devi of Janata Party.[45][46]

Dhanbad assembly constituency is part of Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency).[47]

Members of Parliament for Dhanbad

ElectionMemberParty
1991 Rita Verma Bharatiya Janata Party
1996 Rita Verma Bharatiya Janata Party
1998 Rita Verma Bharatiya Janata Party
1999 Rita Verma Bharatiya Janata Party
2004 Chandra Shekhar Dubey Indian National Congress
2009 Pashupati Nath Singh Bharatiya Janata Party
2014 Pashupati Nath Singh Bharatiya Janata Party
2019 Pashupati Nath Singh Bharatiya Janata Party

Transport

Rail

Dhanbad has a very good rail connectivity with the other major parts of the country such as Delhi, Mumbai, Patna, Kolkata, Bhagalpur, Munger, Gaya, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Kochi, Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Durgapur, Asansol, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam Jodhpur, Nagpur, Pune, Varanasi, Guwahati and Bangalore etc. Dhanbad railway division is the second largest revenue generator in India after Mumbai Rail Division.

Double-decker train standing on the platform of Dhanbad railway station
Coal Train in Dhanbad yard

Dhanbad Rail Division comes under East Central Railway zone. Grand Chord rail-line passes through Dhanbad junction, it connects Howrah and New Delhi. CIC rail line starts from Dhanbad and ends at Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh. There is one more rail line passing through the district, it starts at Kharagpur and ends at Gomoh, this rail line comes under South Eastern Railway. Dhanbad is connected with almost all states through rail network. Each and every train through this has a stop at Dhanbad. Even Sealdah Duronto has a stoppage at Dhanbad.

On 1 October 2011, India's first AC double-decker train was flagged off to connect Howrah and Dhanbad. With this India joins the league of Europe and North America that run multi-deck trains. As of October 2011, the train runs daily except Sunday, departing from Howrah at 8:30 am to arrive at Dhanbad at 12:45 pm, and on return trip it departs Dhanbad at 6:30 pm to arrive at Howrah at 10:40 pm. It has a maximum permissible speed of 110 kilometres (68 mi)/hr with stops at Bardhaman, Durgapur, Asansol, Barakar and Kumardhubi on both legs of the route. This new AC design has several features namely stainless steel body, high-speed Eurofima design bogies with air springs and other safety-features.[48][49][50]

Roads

National Highway 19 and National Highway 18 are the major highways passing through Dhanbad.[51] NH 19 is part of Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) highway network; Dhanbad lies in Kolkata-Delhi link of the Golden Quadrilateral network.[52] NH19 is being converted into six lane expressway; NH 18 connects Dhanbad to Bokaro-Jamshedpur.[52]

National Highway 2 also emerges as a connector and transport system for various purpose connecting Delhi with Kolkata.

Private and State buses are available for inter-city traveling.[52]

Air

Dhanbad Airport is used for private small aircraft and helicopters, currently there is no public air-link at the airport. The nearest public airports to Dhanbad are:

Sports

Cricket is the most popular sport in Dhanbad, followed by Football. Dhanbad is one of the centres where 34th National Games[53] was organised. Cricket Stadiums at present are at Tata Steel Stadium Digwadih, Nehru Stadium Jealgora and Railway Stadium where Ranji Trophy matches are organised.[54] Women's International Cricket were also played at Railway Stadium. Football matches of national level were played at Railway Stadium but now it is converted into Cricket Stadium by the Railway management.[55] Dhanbad officially became the second town in the state to boast a cricket stadium with floodlights, with the inauguration of floodlights at Tata Digwadih Stadium.[56]

Media

Hindi newspapers are mainly published from the city, among them Hindustan Dainik is the most popular, followed by Prabhat Khabar, Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar. "Dhanbad Bokaro Live" is published from Dhanbad.

Doordarshan relay station is present in Dhanbad near Koyla Nagar. There are some local news channels in the city such as, Antarkatha which are creative media houses which broadcast on local cable on Dhanbad, Jharia, Bokaro, Chatra, Hazaribag, Koderma, Ramgarh etc.

FM radio is available as Vividh Bharti Service of All India Radio at 101.8 MHz.

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ "Chandrashekhar is Dhanbad Mayor". Daily Pioneer. 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  2. ↑ "BJP split on mayor aspirants". The Telegraph. 1 May 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 "Dhanbad Municipal Corporation". udhd.jharkhand.gov.in. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  4. ↑ "Population of Dhanbad 2022 | Dhanbad District Population". 15 September 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Dhanbad City Census 2011 data". Census2011. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  6. ↑ dhanbad.nic.in
  7. ↑ "Breaking News of Jharkhand". Prabhat Khabar. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  8. ↑ Worldlistmania (13 January 2015). "List of Largest Cities in Jharkhand". WorldlistMania. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "Breaking news of Bokaro in Hindi". Prabhat Khabar.
  10. ↑ "The Sad State of India's Coal Capital". Wall Street Journal. 5 April 2010.
  11. 1 2 "Mines' school faces big dip in popularity as it readies to don IIT avatar". Times of India. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  12. 1 2 "Dhanbad rail div records highest revenue". The Times of India. 3 April 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  13. ↑ "City Mayors: World's fastest growing urban areas (1)". www.citymayors.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  14. ↑ "Swachh Survekshan 2019". swachhsurvekshan2019.org. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  15. ↑ "Swachh Survekshan results: Mysuru cleanest city; Dhanbad, Varanasi among 10 least clean cities". Zee News. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  16. ↑ Srivastava, Bhupendra (18 February 2016). "Green belt to fight pollution in Dhanbad". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  17. ↑ Mukherjee, Amritanshu (28 March 2019). "Dhanbad, Ranchi in Jharkhand have highest 4G availability in India, Delhi and Mumbai don't fare in top 10". India Today. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  18. ↑ "DHANBAD DISTRICT OVERVIEW". Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  19. 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain
  20. 1 2 Dhanbad Introduction/Jharkhand-Dhanbad Sightseeing-Dhanbad Jharkhand Transport-Places of Interest in Dhanbad Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Indiatravelite.com. Retrieved on 14 April 2012.
  21. ↑ "History | District Dhanbad, Government of Jharkhand | India". Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  22. ↑ BIHAR REORGANISATION ACT, 2000
  23. 1 2 "In real life: Coal mafia gang wars continue in Wasseypur". Hindustan Times. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  24. ↑ "Damodar River | river, India". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  25. ↑ "Damodar Mela begins; tribals immerse ashes of ancestors - OrissaPOST". Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  26. ↑ "Dhanbad, India Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  27. ↑ LIST OF COAL MINES IN DHANBAD. dhanbad.nic.in
  28. ↑ "Dhanbad Expert Views: देश की कोयला राजधानी में एजुकेशन हब बनने की है सारी क्षमताएंं, पढ़‍िए एक्‍सपर्ट की राय". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  29. ↑ "There is all the potential to become an education hub in the coal capital of the country, read the opinion of the expert". naukrinama.com. 20 February 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  30. ↑ "Teachers' Day 2022: Top 20 Inspirational Teachers of Contemporary India". Jagranjosh.com. 3 September 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  31. ↑ "'Samsung Smart School' Inaugurated at Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhanbad, Strengthens Digital Learning for Students & Teachers". news.samsung.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  32. ↑ Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchai University
  33. ↑ "IIT Dhanbad Student Run Organization". iitism.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018.
  34. ↑ "13 kids rescued from BIT Sindri hostel mess". Times of India. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  35. ↑ "SSLNT row over poor Part I results". Times of India. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  36. ↑ "NSUI activist hurls ink at SSLNT head". Times of India. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  37. ↑ "Welcome to Law College Dhanbad". Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  38. ↑ "Education-Colleges:Dhanbad District of Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  39. ↑ "B.S.S Mahila College". bssmc.in. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  40. ↑ "Al Iqra Teacher's Training College". www.aittc.org. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  41. ↑ "Mr Builder & Mr Popular A pledge for clean city, clean image". TelegraphIndia.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  42. ↑ "Chandrashekhar is Dhanbad Mayor". DailyPioneer.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  43. ↑ "Chandra Shekhar Agrawal". www.Facebook.com. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  44. ↑ "Jharkhand State Election Results 2009". Travel India Guide. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  45. ↑ "State Elections 2006 – Partywise Comparison for 40-Dhanbad assembly constituency of Jharkhand". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  46. ↑ "State Elections 2006 – Partywise Comparison for 40-Dhanbad assembly constituency of Jharkhand". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  47. ↑ "Dhanbad Loksabha Constituency (Jharkhand)". India Study Channel.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  48. ↑ "Double-decker train to run from howrah". Deccan Chronicle. 1 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  49. ↑ Kanwar, Disha (2 October 2011). "First AC double-decker train flagged off from Bengal". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  50. ↑ "India's first AC double-decker train flagged off". Videos News. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  51. ↑ National Highways and their Length Archived 27 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
  52. 1 2 3 The Public Website of Dhanbad (Black Diamond City of India) Archived 8 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. dhanbad.jharkhand.org.in. Retrieved on 15 August 2015.
  53. ↑ COMPUTER Ed. "Official website for the 34th National Games 2009, Jharkhand – Ranchi – Jamshedpur – Dhanbad – India". Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  54. ↑ "National Youth Day: cycle rally, blood donation camps". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  55. ↑ "Now, world-class sports amenities at Dhanbad club". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  56. ↑ "Glowing Dhanbad stadium". telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  57. ↑ "Anurag Dikshit, The World's Richest People - Forbes.com". www.Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dhanbad.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dhanbad.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.