The Porvoo Diet is opened by Alexander I

The Diet of Porvoo (Finnish: Porvoon maapäivät, or unhistorically Porvoon valtiopäivät;[1] Swedish: Borgå lantdag;[2] Russian: Боргоский сейм), was the summoned legislative assembly to establish the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 and the heir of the powers of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates. The session of the Diet lasted from March to July 1809.

The sovereign's pledge, printed in Finnish

During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of Russian occupied Finland (Nobility, Clergy, Burghers and Peasants) were assembled at Porvoo (Borgå) by Tsar Alexander I, the new Grand Prince of Finland, between 25 March and 19 July 1809. The central event at Porvoo was the sovereign pledge and the oaths of the Estates in Porvoo Cathedral on 29 March. All of the Estates swore their oaths of allegiance, committing themselves to accepting the Emperor as Grand Prince of Finland as the true authority and to keep the constitution and the form of government unchanged. Alexander I subsequently promised[3] to govern Finland in accordance with its laws and let the Finnish keep their religion and rights. This was thought to essentially mean that the emperor confirmed the Swedish Instrument of Government from 1772 as the constitution of Finland, although it was also interpreted to simply mean respecting other, 'subordinate laws'- existing codes and other statutes.[4]

The diet had required that it would be convened again after the Finnish War, which separated Finland from Sweden, had been concluded. On 17 September, the conflict was settled by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, but it would take five decades for the Finnish Estates to be called again.

During the rise of Finnish nationalism later in the 19th century, it was claimed that the Diet implied that a treaty between states had been signed at the Diet between Finland and Russia. According to Emeritus Professor Jussila of Helsinki University, it is true that Alexander said that Finland had been raised to the status of a nation among nations, but the claim of a treaty between equals was simply a device invented for the political realities of the struggle for independence.

Participants

Diet had participants from different estates as follows:[5]

Out of 205 noble families, 130 were not represented in the diet, and 60 of the representatives did not attend the opening ceremony. The burghers were represented mainly by merchants.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Finnish word for a Diet, "valtiopäivät", was invented only in the mid-19th century and so calling the lantdag in Porvoo that name is unhistorical. The Swedish name for the Finnish Parliament was lantdag until 1919, when it was officially changed to riksdag. However, the Russian Emperor notably used the French word for Diet when he addressed the estates.
  2. ↑ Older spelling landtdag.
  3. ↑ The declaration by the tsar at the diet of Porvoo, as officially translated, reprinted by Kustavi Grotenfelt [1861–1928]: Suomenkielisiä historiallisia asiakirjoja Ruotsin vallan ajalta (vuosilta 1548–1809), Helsinki 1912; at Wikisource: Julistus Suomen entisen uskonnon ja perustuslakien vahvistamisesta.
  4. ↑ "The Diet of Porvoo". 1809 – building a nation. Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on August 24, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  5. ↑ "Porvoon valtiopäivärakennukset 200 vuotta sitten ja nykyään". Porvoo (in Finnish). Porvoo city. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Members of the Estates". 1809 – building a nation. Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2015.

Further reading

  • Karonen, Petri. "Introduction: Sweden, Russia and Finland 1808–1809." The Museum of National Antiquities Stockholm. Studies. (2010).
  • Wuorinen, John H. "Appendix A: Alexander I's Act of Assurance, Porvoo Diet, March, 1809, and Decree of April 4, 1809." in A History of Finland (Columbia University Press, 1965) pp. 483–484. online

60°24′N 25°40′E / 60.400°N 25.667°E / 60.400; 25.667

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