Diorite
Orbicular diorite from Corsica (corsite)
QAPF diagram with dioritoid fields highlighted in yellow and diorite in red
Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks

Diorite (/ˈdaɪ.əraɪt/ DY-ə-ryte)[1][2] is an intrusive igneous rock formed by the slow cooling underground of magma (molten rock) that has a moderate content of silica and a relatively low content of alkali metals. It is intermediate in composition between low-silica (mafic) gabbro and high-silica (felsic) granite.

Diorite is found in mountain-building belts (orogens) on the margins of continents. It has the same composition as the fine-grained volcanic rock, andesite, which is also common in orogens.

Diorite has been used since prehistoric times as decorative stone. It was used by the Akkadian Empire of Sargon of Akkad for funerary sculptures, and by many later civilizations for sculptures and building stone.

Description

Diorite is an intrusive igneous rock composed principally of the silicate minerals plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, and sometimes pyroxene. The chemical composition of diorite is intermediate, between that of mafic gabbro and felsic granite.[3][4] It is distinguished from gabbro on the basis of the composition of the plagioclase species; the plagioclase in diorite is richer in sodium and poorer in calcium.[5][6][7]

Geologists use rigorous quantitative definitions to classify coarse-grained igneous rocks, based on the mineral content of the rock. For igneous rocks composed mostly of silicate minerals, and in which at least 10% of the mineral content consists of quartz, feldspar, or feldspathoid minerals, classification begins with the QAPF diagram. The relative abundances of quartz (Q), alkali feldspar (A), plagioclase (P), and feldspathoid (F), are used to plot the position of the rock on the diagram.[5][6][7] The rock will be classified as either a dioritoid or a gabbroid if quartz makes up less than 20% of the QAPF content, feldspathoid makes up less than 10% of the QAPF content, and plagioclase makes up more than 65% of the total feldspar content. Dioritoids are distinguished from gabbroids by an anorthite (calcium plagioclase) fraction of their total plagioclase of less than 50%.[8]

The composition of the plagioclase cannot easily be determined in the field, and then a preliminary distinction is made between dioritoid and gabbroid based on the content of mafic minerals. A dioritoid typically has less than 35% mafic minerals, typically including hornblende, while a gabbroid typically has over 35% mafic minerals, mostly pyroxenes or olivine.[9] The name diorite (from Ancient Greek διορίζειν, "to distinguish") was first applied to the rock by René Just Haüy[10] on account of its characteristic, easily identifiable large crystals of hornblende.[4]

Dioritoids form a family of rock types similar to diorite, such as monzodiorite, quartz diorite, or nepheline-bearing diorite. Diorite itself is more narrowly defined, as a dioritoid in which quartz makes up less than 5% of the QAPF content, feldspathoids are not present, and plagioclase makes up more than 90% of the feldspar content.[11][5][6]

Diorite may contain small amounts of quartz, microcline, and olivine. Zircon, apatite, titanite, magnetite, ilmenite, and sulfides occur as accessory minerals.[12] Varieties deficient in hornblende and other dark minerals are called leucodiorite.[6][13] A ferrodiorite is a dioritoid enriched in iron[14] and titanium. Ferrodiorites are common in the lower oceanic crust.[15]

Coarse-grained (phaneritic) dioritoids are produced by slow crystallization of magma having the same composition as the lava that solidifies rapidly to form fine-grained (aphanitic) andesite.[5][6] Rock of similar composition to diorite or andesite but with an intermediate texture is sometimes called microdiorite.[16] Diorite is occasionally porphyritic.[17] It usually contains enough mafic minerals to be dark in appearance.[18] Orbicular diorite shows alternating concentric growth bands of plagioclase and amphibole surrounding a nucleus, within a diorite porphyry matrix.[19]

Occurrence

Hornblende diorite from the Henry Mountains, Utah, US

Diorite results from the partial melting of a mafic rock above a subduction zone. It is found in volcanic arcs, and in cordilleran mountain building, such as in the Andes Mountains. However, while its extrusive volcanic equivalent, andesite, is common in these settings, diorite is a minor component of the plutonic rocks, which are mostly granodiorite or granite.[20] Diorite also makes up some stocks intruded beneath large calderas.[21]

Diorite source localities include Leicestershire[22] and Aberdeenshire,[23] UK; Thuringia and Saxony in Germany;[24] Finland;[25] Romania;[26] central Sweden;[27] southern Vancouver Island around Victoria, Canada;[28] the Darran Range of New Zealand;[29] the Andes Mountains;[30] and Concordia in South Africa.[31] Hornblende diorite is a common rock type in the Henry, Abajo, and La Sal Mountains of Utah, US, where it was emplaced as laccoliths.[32]

An orbicular variety found in Corsica was formerly called corsite.[33] An obsolete name for microdiorite, markfieldite, was given by Frederick Henry Hatch in 1909 to exposures near the village of Markfield, England.[34]

Use

Human use of diorite dates at least to the Middle Neolithic, when it was used in a passage grave at Le Dolmen du Mont Ubé, Jersey. The use of stone of contrasting colour suggests that diorite was deliberately selected for its appearance.[35]

The first great Mesopotamian empire, the Akkadian Empire of Sargon of Akkad, began using diorite for sculpture after sources of the rock came under Akkadian control. Diorite was used to depict rulers or high officials in ceremonial poses or attitudes of prayer, and the sculptures may have been designed to receive funerary offerings.[36] Diorite was also used for stone vases by Bronze Age craftspeople, who developed considerable skill at polishing diorite and other stones.[37] The Egyptians had become skilled at shaping diorite and other hard stones by 4000 BCE.[38] A large diorite stela in the Louvre Museum dating to 1700 BCE is inscribed with the Code of Hammurabi.[39]

Diorite was used by the Inca[40] civilization as structural stone. It was used by medieval Islamic builders to construct water fountains in the Crimea.[41] In later times, diorite was commonly used as cobblestone; today many diorite cobblestone streets can be found in England and Guernsey.[42] Guernsey diorite was used in the steps of St Paul's Cathedral, London.[43]

Today, diorite is uncommon in construction, although it shares similar physical properties with granite. Diorite is often sold commercially as "black granite".[44] Diorite's modern uses include construction aggregate, curbing, usage as dimension stones, cobblestone, and facing stones.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "diorite". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
  2. ↑ "diorite". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  3. ↑ Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 48, 53–55. ISBN 0716724383.
  4. 1 2 Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "diorite". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". Journal of the Geological Society. 148 (5): 825–833. Bibcode:1991JGSoc.148..825L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.4446. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825. S2CID 28548230.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Rock Classification Scheme – Vol 1 – Igneous" (PDF). British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme. 1: 1–52. 1999.
  7. 1 2 Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–143. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0.
  8. ↑ Jackson 1997, "dioritoid".
  9. ↑ Blatt & Tracy 1996, p. 71.
  10. ↑ "diorite". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  11. ↑ Jackson 1997, "gabbro".
  12. ↑ Blatt & Tracy 1996, p. 53.
  13. ↑ Selbekk, R. S.; Skjerlie, K. P.; Pedersen, R. B. (November 2000). "Generation of anorthositic magma by H 2 O-fluxed anatexis of silica-undersaturated gabbro: an example from the north Norwegian Caledonides". Geological Magazine. 137 (6): 609–621. Bibcode:2000GeoM..137..609S. doi:10.1017/S0016756800004829. S2CID 129501077.
  14. ↑ Jackson 1997, ferrodiorite.
  15. ↑ Brunelli, Daniele; Sanfilippo, Alessio; Bonatti, Enrico; Skolotnev, Sergei; Escartin, Javier; Ligi, Marco; Ballabio, Giorgia; Cipriani, Anna (September 2020). "Origin of oceanic ferrodiorites by injection of nelsonitic melts in gabbros at the Vema Lithospheric Section, Mid Atlantic Ridge". Lithos. 368–369: 105589. Bibcode:2020Litho.36805589B. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105589. hdl:11380/1227319. S2CID 219741493.
  16. ↑ Allaby, Michael (2013). A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199653065.
  17. ↑ Cao, Kang; Yang, Zhi-Ming; White, Noel C.; Hou, Zeng-Qian (1 January 2022). "Generation of the Giant Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit by Repeated Recharge of Mafic Magmas at Pulang in Eastern Tibet". Economic Geology. 117 (1): 57–90. Bibcode:2022EcGeo.117...57C. doi:10.5382/econgeo.4860. S2CID 240591656.
  18. ↑ Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993). Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) (21st ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 047157452X.
  19. ↑ Zeming, Zhang; Hua, Xiang; Huixia, Ding; Xin, Dong; Zhengbin, Gou; Zhulin, Tian; Santosh, M. (July 2017). "Miocene orbicular diorite in east-central Himalaya: Anatexis, melt mixing, and fractional crystallization of the Greater Himalayan Sequence". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 129 (7–8): 869–885. Bibcode:2017GSAB..129..869Z. doi:10.1130/B31586.1.
  20. ↑ Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 378.
  21. ↑ Philpotts & Ague 2009, p. 99.
  22. ↑ Boynton, Helen (2008). "Update on Charnian Fossils" (PDF). Mercian Geologist. 17 (1): 52. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  23. ↑ Rice, C. M.; Ashcroft, W. A. (December 2003). "The geology of the northern half of the Rhynie Basin, Aberdeenshire, Scotland". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 94 (4): 299–308. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000705. S2CID 129097226.
  24. ↑ Zeh, A.; Will, T.M. (2010). "The mid-German crystalline zone". Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia—From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. pp. 195–220. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  25. ↑ Käpyaho, A. (2006). "Whole-rock geochemistry of some tonalite and high Mg/Fe gabbro, diorite, and granodiorite plutons (sanukitoid suites) in the Kuhmo district, eastern Finland". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland. 78 (1–2): 121–141. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.535.8890. doi:10.17741/bgsf/78.2.002.
  26. ↑ Bonin, Bernard; Tatu, Mihai (August 2016). "Cl-rich hydrous mafic mineral assemblages in the Highiș massif, Apuseni Mountains, Romania". Mineralogy and Petrology. 110 (4): 447–469. Bibcode:2016MinPe.110..447B. doi:10.1007/s00710-015-0419-x. S2CID 130903053.
  27. ↑ Johansson, Åke; Hålenius, Ulf (20 January 2013). "Palaeoproterozoic mafic intrusions along the Avesta–Östhammar belt, east-central Sweden: mineralogy, geochemistry, and magmatic evolution". International Geology Review. 55 (2): 131–157. Bibcode:2013IGRv...55..131J. doi:10.1080/00206814.2012.684455. S2CID 129191837.
  28. ↑ Muller, J.E. (1980). Geology Victoria Map 1553A. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada
  29. ↑ A Wandres; SD Weaver; D Shelley; JD Bradshaw (1998). "Diorites and associated intrusive and metamorphic rocks of the Darran Complex, Mount Underwood, Milford, southwest New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 41 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514786.
  30. ↑ Harmon, R.S.; Rapela, C. W., eds. (1991). Andean Magmatism and Its Tectonic Setting (Geological Society of America Special Paper 265). Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 7, 35, 101, 180, 182, 186, 268. ISBN 0-8137-2265-9.
  31. ↑ Harlov, Daniel; Ballouard, Christophe; Elburg, Marlina; Knoper, Michael; Wilke, Franziska; Ning, Wen Bin; Andreoli, Marco A.G. (December 2020). "Genesis of monazite-rich, orthopyroxene-bearing veins in the Kliphoog area of the Concordia Granite, Springbok, Namaqualand, South Africa: Sources, fluids, and the mobility of actinides and REE". Lithos. 376–377: 105762. Bibcode:2020Litho.37605762H. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105762. S2CID 225003517.
  32. ↑ Fillmore, Robert (2010). Geological evolution of the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado, including the San Juan River, Natural Bridges, Canyonlands, Arches, and the Book Cliffs. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. pp. 288–295. ISBN 9781607810049.
  33. ↑ Jackson 1997, corsite.
  34. ↑ Jackson 1997, markfieldite.
  35. ↑ Bukach, David (February 2003). "Exploring Identity and Place: An Analysis of the Provenance of Passage Grave Stones on Guernsey and Jersey in the Middle Neolithic". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 22 (1): 23–33. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00002.
  36. ↑ Foster, Benjamin R. (2015). Age of Agade. Taylor and Francis. pp. 9, 119. ISBN 9781317415527.
  37. ↑ Procopiou, H.; Morero, E.; Vargiolu, R.; Suarez-Sanabria, M.; Zahouani, H. (April 2013). "Tactile and visual perception during polishing: An ethnoarchaeological study in India (Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu)". Wear. 301 (1–2): 144–149. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.058.
  38. ↑ Rapp, George (2009). "Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials". Archaeomineralogy. Natural Science in Archaeology. pp. 247–280. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78594-1_11. ISBN 978-3-540-78593-4.
  39. ↑ Coulmas, Florian (2009). Linguistic landscape : expanding the scenery (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780203930960.
  40. ↑ Herring, Adam (September 2010). "Shimmering Foundation: The Twelve-Angled Stone of Inca Cusco". Critical Inquiry. 37 (1): 60–105. doi:10.1086/656469. S2CID 162152616.
  41. ↑ Akchurina-Muftieva, N. (2017). "The Islamic tradition of building water fountains in the Crimea" (PDF). Art of the Orient. 6: 108–120. doi:10.15804/aoto201708. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  42. ↑ Siddall, R.; Schroder, J.K.; Hamilton, L. (2016). "Building Birmingham: A tour in three parts of the building stones used in the city centre.; Part 2: Centenary Square to Brindley Place" (PDF). Urban Geology in the English Midlands. 2. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  43. ↑ Schofield, John (2016). St Paul's Cathedral : archaeology and history. Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. p. 36. ISBN 9781785702785.
  44. ↑ "diorite | rock | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on Oct 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
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