Remarking on the anti-Nazi resistance movement fighting during the Warsaw Uprising, Polish President Andrzej Duda has stated that "thanks to its... determination, Poland exists".[1]

Determination is a positive emotional feeling that promotes persevering towards a difficult goal in spite of obstacles.[2][3] Determination occurs prior to goal attainment and serves to motivate behavior that will help achieve one's goal.

Empirical research suggests that people consider determination to be an emotion; in other words, determination is not just a cognitive state, but an affective state.[4] In the psychology literature, researchers study determination under other terms, including challenge and anticipatory enthusiasm; this may explain one reason for the relative lack of research on determination compared to other positive emotions.[3][5]

In the field of psychology, emotion research focuses on negative emotions and the behaviors they prompt.[6] However, positive psychology delves into determination as a positive emotion driving people toward action, leading to significant results like persistence and success.

Etymology

The word determination comes from the Latin word dēterminatiō, meaning "limit" or "determination, end result". It is derived from the verb dētermināre, meaning "confine; designate," with the abstract noun suffix -tiō. The meaning shifted from "end result, decision" to its present meaning.

Major theories

Self-determination theory

Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of motivation and dedication towards an ambition. It focuses on the interplay between personalities and experiences in social contexts that results in motivations of both autonomous and controlled types. An example of autonomous motivation would be doing something because of intrinsic motivation, or because there is an internal desire to accomplish something. An example of controlled motivation would be doing something because there is outside pressure to accomplish a goal.[7]

Social environments seem to have a profound effect on both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and self-regulation. Self-determination theory proposes that social and cultural factors influence a person's sense of volition and initiative in regards to goals, performance, and well-being. High levels of determination and volition are supported by conditions that foster autonomy (e.g., a person has multiple options), competence (e.g., positive feedback) and relatedness (e.g., stable connection to the group a person is working within).

Bio-psychosocial model

Emotions researchers search for physiological patterns associated with particular positive emotions. However, the blending of emotions makes drawing such distinctions difficult. In relation to challenge and determination, psychologists focus on physiological activation in relation to the individual's intended actions (what he/she is determined to do) rather than how the individual subjectively feels.

Researchers associate effort (action tendency) with challenge and determination. So a challenged/determined individual should experience physiological arousal that reflects effort. By focusing on the sympathetic nervous system, researchers can measure systolic blood pressure (SBP) as a proxy for increased effort. People who are introduced to a challenging task experience an increase in SBP when they become determined to complete that task. This is coupled with lowered total peripheral resistance (while the heart is pumping faster, the vasculature is relaxed). This demonstrates an important difference between the physiological reaction of a person motivated by challenge and one motivated by threat or fear.

There seems to be a specific physiological pattern associated with determination. The identification of this pattern is valuable as it can be used in research aimed at eliciting and studying the antecedents and consequences of this common positive emotion.[2]

Appraisal theory

Appraisal theory posits that determination is evoked by three cognitive motivation-appraisal components—evaluations of how the environment and situational circumstances interact with aspects of the individual to create meaning and influence emotional experience:[8]

motivational relevance
whether a situation is relevant to a person's commitments and goals
motivational incongruence
whether a situation is incongruent with a person's commitments and goals
high problem-focused coping potential
whether a situation is one that a person can deal with by using active coping strategies such as planning and problem-solving[2][3]

These appraisal components combine to evoke experiences of determination that then motivate one to persevere and strive towards mastery.[2] Appraisal theory proposes that determination is associated with effortful optimism, referring to the belief that a situation can be improved upon with enough effort from the person.[3][9]

Empirical findings

Emotional experience

Research showed that electrical brain stimulation to the anterior midcingulate cortex elicits a response that mirrors the emotional experience of determination.[10] In this study of two epileptic seizure patients, they reported feeling determined to overcome an approaching challenge; this emotion was reported to feel pleasant. Following electrical stimulation, participants exhibited elevated cardiovascular activity and reported a warm feeling in their upper chest and neck. This work supports the idea that determination is a positive emotion that prepares an individual to overcome obstacles.

Another study compared determination and pride to see how these two positive emotions differentially influenced perseverance in the context of a mathematical problem-solving task. Using a directed imagery task in which participants listened to and imagined a particular scenario, each emotion was differentially induced in participants. The results suggested that determination enhanced task engagement and perseverance, with participants in the determination group spending significantly more time on the most difficult problem in the task. In contrast, pride decreased task engagement and perseverance relative to a neutral condition, with participants in the pride group spending significantly less time on the most difficult problem in the task. This research further supports the notion that determination motivates perseverance, perhaps more so than other positive emotions that have been theorized to be associated with perseverance.[2][3][11]

Emotional expression

Experiences of determination are linked to a recognizable facial expression that involves frowning of the eyebrows, an expression that is perceptually similar to anger.[2][12] This eyebrow frown is associated with the perception of goal obstacles, supporting the notion that determination is associated with the action tendency of preparing to overcome difficult obstacles in goal pursuit.[13]

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Internal motivation is an internal drive, curiosity, or desire to learn that is within human beings. It drives people to learn new things or to put things into action. Intrinsic motivation is often evident when people desire to try new things or find ways to overcome challenges. Intrinsic motivation is often what drives a person to start something, but extrinsic motivation is often what helps people to accomplish their goals.[14] Extrinsic motivation is the external drive that motivates action. It can include things like going to work daily to pay one's bills, or obeying the law to stay out of trouble. This type of motivation is not driven by one's own desires but instead by outside sources.[15]

Applications

Classroom, workplace, and family environment

Determination is believed to be shaped by the emotion of challenge and societal expectations. Environments like education, work, and family that promote encouragement play a role in fostering determination. When individuals have access to resources and supportive peers who believe in their capabilities, they tend to experience heightened determination, leading to improved performance and well-being.

Research shows that students enrolled in learning environments in which teachers incorporate strategies meant to meet students' motivational needs (e.g., encouragement aimed at intrinsic rewards, using student-directed forms of discipline) are more likely to become responsible learners who display a determination to succeed.

William Zinsser studied the pressures faced by college students at Yale, such as the need to develop time management and study skills appropriate for college and university work, the desire for good grades, the desire to meet parents' expectations, and the need to find employment in a competitive job market after graduation.[16]

Health and well-being

Studies have linked challenge and determination to increases in physical health and mental well-being. Some specific positive outcomes include illness resistance, increased survival rates, and decreased levels of depression. A person experiences positive personal growth when that person can to proactively cope with a difficult situation. In such a case, a person can acknowledge a demanding situation, take action, and maintain high coping potential. They can acknowledge the benefits of a difficult experience and display a willingness to put forth an effort and achieve specific personal goals.[2]

Interpersonal relationships

In interpersonal interactions, adopting challenge appraisals is crucial for effectively managing conflicts. For example, young children facing bullying often seek support and report the incidents. When a bullied child employs a challenge appraisal, they view bullying as a chance to rely on others and find positive solutions. This approach maintains their autonomy, as they act independently to involve others. Challenge and determination facilitate goal achievement and are related to increased confidence and decreased evaluation apprehension. Therefore, determined individuals who use challenge appraisals feel capable of handling tough situations while being open to seeking assistance when necessary.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "President: Thanks to Warsaw Uprising fighters Poland exists". president.pl. 31 July 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kirby, L.D.; Morrow, J.; Yih, J. (2014). "The challenge of challenge: Pursuing determination as an emotion". In Tugade, M.M.; Shiota, M.N.; Kirby, L.D. (eds.). Handbook of Positive Emotions. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Smith, C.A. (1991). "The self, appraisal, and coping". In Snyder, C.R.; Forsyth, D.R. (eds.). Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective. New York: Pergamon press.
  4. ↑ Clore, G.L.; Ortony, A.; Foss, M.A. (1987). "The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 53 (4): 751–766. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.751.
  5. ↑ Griskevicius, V.; Shiota, M.N.; Neufeld, S.L. (2010). "Influence of different positive emotions on persuasion processing: A functional evolutionary approach". Emotion. 10 (2): 190–206. doi:10.1037/a0018421. PMID 20364895.
  6. ↑ Fredrickson, B.L. (1998). "What good are positive emotions?". Review of General Psychology. 2 (2): 300–319. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300. PMC 3156001. PMID 21850154.
  7. ↑ Gagné, Marylène; Deci, Edward L. (June 2005). "Self-determination theory and work motivation: Self-Determination Theory and Work Motivation". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 26 (4): 331–362. doi:10.1002/job.322. S2CID 15816760.
  8. ↑ Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
  9. ↑ Smith, C.A.; Lazarus, R.S. (1990). "Emotion and adaptation". In Pervin, L.A. (ed.). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press.
  10. ↑ Parvizi, J.; Rangarajan, V.; Shirer, W.R.; Desai, N.; Greicius, M.D. (2013). "The will to persevere induced by electrical stimulation of the human cingulate gyrus". Neuron. 80 (6): 1359–1367. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.057. PMC 3877748. PMID 24316296.
  11. ↑
    • Katzir, M.; Eyal, T.; Meiran, N.; Kessler, Y. (2010). "Imagined positive emotions and inhibitory control: The differentiated effect of pride versus happiness". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 36 (5): 1314–1320. doi:10.1037/a0020120. PMID 20804298.
    • Williams, L.A.; DeSteno, D. (2008). "Pride and perseverance: The motivational role of pride". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 94 (6): 1007–1017. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1007. PMID 18505314.
  12. ↑ Harmon-Jones, C.; Schmeichel, B.J.; Mennitt, E.; Harmon-Jones, E. (2011). "The expression of determination: Similarities between anger and approach-related positive affect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 100 (1): 172–181. doi:10.1037/a0020966. hdl:1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-12-7425. PMID 20853981.
  13. ↑
    • Frijda, N.H.; Tcherkassof, A. (1997). "Facial expressions as modes of action readiness". In Russell, J.A.; Fernandez-Dols, J.M. (eds.). The Psychology of Facial Expression. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • Smith, C.A.; Scott, H.S. (1997). "A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions". In Russell, J.A.; Fernandez-Dols, J.M. (eds.). The Psychology of Facial Expression. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  14. ↑ Di Domenico, Stefano I.; Ryan, Richard M. (2017-03-24). "The Emerging Neuroscience of Intrinsic Motivation: A New Frontier in Self-Determination Research". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11: 145. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00145. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC 5364176. PMID 28392765.
  15. ↑ Ryan, Richard M.; Deci, Edward L. (January 2000). "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions". Contemporary Educational Psychology. 25 (1): 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. hdl:20.500.12799/2958. PMID 10620381. S2CID 1098145.
  16. ↑
    • Kirszner, Laurie G.; Mandell, Stephen R. (January 2012). Patterns for College Writing. United States of America: Bedford/ St. Martins. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-312-67684-1.
    • Zinsser, William. "College Pressures". College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
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