Coffee drinks are made by brewing water with ground coffee beans. The brewing is either done slowly by drip, filter, French press, moka pot or percolator, or done very quickly under pressure by an espresso machine. When put under the pressure of an espresso machine, the coffee is termed espresso while slow-brewed coffees are generally termed brewed coffee. While all coffee drinks are based on either coffee or espresso, some drinks add milk or cream, some are made with steamed milk or non-dairy milks, or add water (like the americano). Upon milk additions, coffee's flavor can vary with different syrups or sweeteners, alcoholic liqueurs, and even combinations of coffee with espresso or tea.[1] There are many variations to the basic coffee or espresso bases.

With the invention of the Gaggia machine, espresso, and espresso with milk such as cappuccino and latte, spread in popularity from Italy to the UK in the 1950s. It then came to America, and with the rise in popularity of the Italian coffee culture in the 1980s it began to spread worldwide via coffeehouses and coffeehouse chains.[2][3]

The caffeine content in coffee beans may be reduced via one of several decaffeination processes to produce decaffeinated coffee, also known as decaf, which may be served as regular, espresso or instant coffee.

Infused

Drip or filtered

Drip-brewed, or filtered coffee, is brewed by hot water passing slowly over roasted, ground coffee beans contained in a filter. Water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its oils, flavours and essences as it passes through the filter. The used coffee grounds remain in the filter as the liquid slowly drips into a collecting vessel, such as a carafe or pot.

Paper coffee filters were invented in Germany by Melitta Bentz in 1908.[4] To reduce waste, some coffee drinkers use fine wire mesh filters, which can be re-used for years. Many countries in Latin America and Africa, traditionally, prepare drip coffee using a small reusable bag made of cotton or other cloth.

French press or cafetière

A French press set and coffee

A French press, also known as a press pot, coffee press, coffee plunger, cafetière (UK) or cafetière à piston, is a coffee brewing device patented by Italian designer Attilio Calimani in 1929.[5] A French press requires a coarser grind of coffee than a drip brew coffee filter, as finer grounds will seep through the press filter and into the coffee.[6]

Coffee in a French press is brewed by placing the ground coffee in the empty beaker and adding hot (93–96 °C, 200–205 °F) water, in proportions of about 28 grams (1 ounce) of coffee to 450 millilitres (15 US fluid ounces; 16 imperial fluid ounces) of water, more or less to taste. After approximately four minutes the plunger is pressed to separate the grounds and hold them at the bottom of the beaker, then the coffee is poured.[7] Coffee press users have different preferences for how long to wait before pressing the plunger, with some enthusiasts preferring to wait longer than four minutes.

Cold brew

This section is an excerpt from Cold brew coffee.[edit]

Cold brew coffee, also called cold water extraction or cold pressing, is the process of steeping coffee grounds in water at cool temperatures for an extended period. Coarse-ground beans are soaked in water for about 12 to 24 hours.[8][9]

5 varieties of High Brew-branded cans in a tub of ice
A display of cold brew coffees in a supermarket

Flash brew

Flash brewing is another Japanese style of cold coffee brewing. It is similar to drip coffee, as it involves pouring hot water over ground coffee contained in a filter. In this method, a smaller amount of hot water is used and the coffee is dripped directly over ice which immediately cools the coffee down. Unlike cold brewing – another cold coffee method – flash brewed coffee preserves the flavor and acidity that is characteristic of hot drip coffee. Because of this, flash brew coffee is well suited for lighter roasts of coffee, chosen for their unique and complex flavors.[10] In many coffeeshops and coffee chains, iced coffee is made by taking hot coffee and adding ice, which waters down the coffee over time. Flash brewing works around this issue.

Boiled

Percolated

A coffee percolator is a type of pot used to brew coffee by continually cycling the boiling water through the grounds using gravity until the required coffee strength is reached. There are stove-top percolators and standalone units which contain a built-in heating element. Percolators were popular until the 1970s, when they were widely replaced with other techniques. By the mid-1970s, many companies ceased production of percolators.

Turkish

Traditional serving with a glass of water and lokum

Beans for Turkish coffee are ground to a fine powder. Turkish coffee is prepared by immersing the coffee grounds in water and heating until it just boils. This method produces the maximum amount of foam. If the coffee is left to boil longer, less foam remains. In Turkey, four degrees of sweetness are used. The Turkish terms and approximate amounts are as follows: sade (plain; no sugar), az şekerli (little sugar; half a level teaspoon of sugar), orta şekerli (medium sugar; one level teaspoon), şekerli or çok şekerli (high sugar; two or three teaspoons). Before boiling, the coffee and the desired amount of sugar are stirred until all the coffee sinks and the sugar is dissolved. If the coffee is stirred for longer (up to the boiling point), little or no foam remains. The Turkish term for this kind of coffee is köpüksüz (no foam).

Turkish coffee is an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Turkey confirmed by UNESCO.[11]

Moka

Moka coffee is coffee brewed with a moka pot, a stovetop coffee maker which produces coffee by passing hot water pressurized by steam through ground coffee at a lower pressure than an espresso maker. The moka pot is an Italian invention, first produced by Bialetti in the early 1930s. The flavor of moka coffee depends greatly on bean variety, roast level, fineness of grind, and the level of heat used. Due to the higher-than-atmospheric pressure involved, the mixture of water and steam reaches temperatures well above 100 °C (212 °F), causing a more efficient extraction of caffeine and flavors from the grounds, and resulting in a stronger brew than that obtained by drip brewing.

Kopi kothok

Kopi kothok is made by boiling coffee grounds and sugar together in a pot or a saucepan. It is very common in Cepu and Bojonegoro.[12] The ratio of coffee grounds and sugar is generally one to two. A 1:1 ratio for more bitter coffee drinks.[13] Milk also can be added according to the order before boiling the coffee grounds.

Vacuum coffee

A vacuum coffee maker brews coffee using two chambers where vapor pressure and vacuum produce coffee. This type of coffee maker is also known as vac pot, siphon or syphon coffee maker, and was invented by Loeff of Berlin in the 1830s. These devices have since been used for more than a century in many parts of the world and more recently have been given a new use by bartenders and chefs to make hot cocktails and broths.[14]

Espresso

Espresso
Caffè lungo
Caffè americano
Cappuccino

Espresso is brewed by machine, forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water and steam – about 86 to 95 °C (187 to 203 °F) – under pressure through finely ground and compacted coffee.[15][16] The espresso machine was patented in 1901 from an earlier 1884 machine,[17][18] and developed in Italy; with the invention of the Gaggia machine, espresso spread in popularity to the UK in the 1950s where it was more often drunk with milk as cappuccino due to the influence of the British milk bars,[19][20][3] then America in the 1980s where again it was mainly drunk with milk,[3] and then via coffeehouse chains it spread worldwide.[3] Espresso is generally denser than coffee brewed by other methods, having a higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids; it generally has a creamy foam on top known as crema.[21] Espresso is the base for a number of other coffee drinks, such as latte, cappuccino, macchiato, mocha, and americano.[22]

Doppio
Doppio is a double shot, served in a demitasse cup.[23]
Caffè lungo
A lungo (or allongé in French) is similar to a caffè americano or a long black. However, instead of adding water to an espresso, all the water is brewed. The lungo is generally smaller than an americano or a long black.
Caffè americano
An americano is prepared by adding hot water to espresso, giving a similar strength to but different flavor from brewed coffee. The drink consists of a single or double-shot of espresso combined with between 150 and 400 ml (5 and 14 US fluid ounces; 5 and 14 imperial fluid ounces) of hot water. The strength of an americano varies with the number of shots of espresso added. In the United States, americano is used broadly to mean combining hot water and espresso in either order. Variations include long black and lungo.
Cappuccino
Main article: Cappuccino
Latte
Main article: Caffé latte
Manilo
A manilo consists of a regular espresso shot and less than 100 ml (3.4 US fluid ounces; 3.5 imperial fluid ounces) of silky milk. Popularised due to its strength and taste, without a lot of milk. Similar to a half flat white, but slightly smaller.
Cortado
Main article: Cortado

Cortado is a Spanish beverage made by pouring a small amount of espresso in a small glass cup, then cutting it with an equal amount of steamed milk in order to neutralize the bitterness. The name comes from the Spanish word cortar, meaning to cut, which refers to the preparation process.

The ratio of espresso to milk gives a unique flavor where the robustness of the coffee comes through, while the finish is velvety due to steamed milk. Cortado is typically consumed in coffee bars as it is not intended to be taken on the go.

Flat white
Main article: Flat white

A flat white is an espresso with microfoam (steamed milk with small, fine bubbles and a glossy or velvety consistency). It is comparable to a latte, but smaller in volume and with less microfoam, therefore having a higher proportion of coffee to milk, and milk that is more velvety in consistency – allowing the espresso to dominate the flavour, while being supported by the milk.

Café cubano
Main article: Cuban espresso

Cuban tradition is to drink coffee strong and sweet, often mixing the sugar with the coffee beans before brewing. The traditional method of brewing coffee was a filter method using a cloth cone; this has mostly been replaced with an aluminium cafetera or coffeemaker—in tourist areas some cafés will have an espresso machine, though espresso machines are expensive, so espresso is not a common drink for most Cubans.[24][25] Though quality coffee is grown in Cuba, it is expensive, so most Cubans drink coffee imported from Puerto Rico, and often mixed with ground peas.[26][27] The Cuban habit of brewing coffee with sugar has spread to Miami, West Palm Beach, Tampa and the Keys, in Florida, where espresso is the preferred brewing method and an espresso brewed with sugar is termed café cubano, Cuban coffee, Cuban espresso, cafecito, Cuban pull, or Cuban shot.[28] Sometimes demerara sugar is used, and sometimes the sugar (white or brown) is not brewed with the coffee, but is placed in the cup as the coffee is dripped into it, then stirred into a froth.[29][30] Variations on the Miami café cubano are with a splash of milk – cortadito; and with steamed milk – café con leche.[31]

Caffè crema
Main article: Caffè crema

Caffè crema (Italian: cream coffee) refers to two different coffee drinks:[32] an old name for espresso (the 1940s and 1950s), and a long espresso drink primarily served in Germany, Switzerland and Austria and northern Italy (the 1980s onwards), along the Italian/ Swiss and Italian/ Austrian border.[33] As a term, it generally means "espresso", while in technical discussions, referring to the long drink, it may more narrowly be referred to as Swiss caffè crema. Variant terms include "crema caffè" and the hyperforeignism "café crema" – "café" is French, while "caffè" and "crema" are Italian, thus "café crema" mixes French and Italian.

Cafe Zorro
A cafe Zorro is a double espresso or doppio, added to hot water with a 1:1 ratio.[34]
Espresso Roberto
An espresso Roberto is a double shot espresso with a small amount of steamed milk on the side. Made properly a splash of steamed whole milk is added.
Espresso romano
An espresso romano is a shot of espresso with a slice of lemon served on the side. The lemon can be run along the rim of the cup as a way to accentuate the espresso's sweetness.[35] Despite the name, it has no link to Italy nor Rome.
Espresso Sara
An espresso Sara originates from the municipality of Budoia in Northern Italy. Similar to caffè americano, it is a single shot of espresso but instead of dilution with hot water, cold water is used.
Guillermo
Originally one or two shots of hot espresso poured over slices of lime. It can also be served on ice, sometimes with a touch of milk.
Ristretto
Ristretto is traditionally a short shot of espresso made with the normal amount of ground coffee but extracted with about half the amount of water. Since ristrettos are essentially the first half of a full-length extraction, the faster-to-extract compounds predominate in a ristretto. The opposite of a ristretto is a lungo, which is typically double the shot volume. Ristretto means "limited" or "restricted" in Italian whereas lungo means "long." Straight ristrettos—shots that are traditionally drunk from a demitasse and not diluted into a larger cup containing milk or water—could be described as bolder, fuller, with more body, and less bitterness, but with a higher concentration of acidity. These characteristics are usually attributed to espresso in general but are more pronounced in a ristretto. Diluted into a cup of water (to make an americano or long black) or milk (e.g. latte and cappuccino), ristrettos are less bitter and exhibit a more intense espresso character.[36]

Combinations

Coffee with milk

Coffee with condensed milk

Café bombón was made popular in Valencia, Spain, and spread gradually to the rest of the country. It might have been re-created and modified to suit European tastebuds as in many parts of Asia such as Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore. The same recipe for coffee which is called Kopi Susu Panas (Malaysia) or Gafeh Rorn [lit: hot coffee] (Thailand) has already been around for decades and is very popular in mamak stalls and kopitiams in Malaysia. A café bombón, however, uses espresso served with sweetened condensed milk in a 1:1 ratio whereas the Asian version uses ground coffee and sweetened condensed milk at the same ratio. On the Canary Islands a variety named café proprio or largo condensada is served using the same amount of condensed milk but a "café largo" or espresso lungo. For café bombón, the condensed milk is added to the espresso. For visual effect, a glass is used, and the condensed milk is added slowly to sink underneath the coffee and create two separate bands of contrasting colour – though these layers are customarily stirred together before consumption. Some establishments merely serve an espresso with a sachet of condensed milk for patrons to make themselves.

Coffee with coconut milk

There is a coffee drink combined with coconut milk from Blora, Indonesia. It is called kopi santen (Javanese) or kopi santan (Indonesian). Formulated for the first time in 1980 by a grandmother named Sakijah.[37]

Slow-brewed and espresso

Regular coffee (slow brewed as with a filter or cafetière) is sometimes combined with espresso to increase either the intensity of the flavour or the caffeine content.[38] This may be called a variety of names, most commonly red eye,[39] or shot in the dark.[40][41] Coffeehouse chains may have their own names, such as turbo at Dunkin' Donuts.[42] and depth charge – a federally registered trademark of Caribou Coffee.[43] At Starbucks, a double shot of espresso in the coffee may be termed a "black eye", and a triple shot a "dead eye". "Caffè Tobio" is a version with an equal amount of coffee to espresso.[44]

Coffee with tea

  • Black tie is a drink made by mixing traditional Thai iced tea, which is a spicy and sweet mixture of chilled black tea, orange blossom water, star anise, crushed tamarind, sugar and condensed milk or cream, with a double shot of espresso.
  • Numerous houses use the term chai latte to indicate that the steamed milk of a normal caffè latte is being flavoured with a spiced tea concentrate instead of with espresso. Add espresso shots for a dirty chai latte. Spiced chai (also known by the redundant term "chai tea") with a single shot of espresso. In addition, 1–2 tablespoons of instant espresso may be brewed while simultaneously steeping chai in the same container; a small amount of a dairy or non-dairy drink of choice is usually added to complete the drink.
  • Red tie is a drink made by mixing traditional Thai iced tea, which is a spicy and sweet mixture of chilled black tea, orange blossom water, star anise, crushed tamarind, sugar and condensed milk or cream, with a single shot of espresso.
  • Yuenyeung is a popular drink in Hong Kong, made of a mixture of coffee and Hong Kong-style milk tea. It was originally served at dai pai dongs (open space food vendors) and cha chaan tengs (cafe), but is now available in various types of restaurants. It can be served hot or cold. The name yuanyang, which refers to mandarin ducks, is a symbol of conjugal love in Chinese culture, as the birds usually appear in pairs and the male and female look very different. This same connotation of "pair" of two unlike items is used to name this drink.

Liqueur coffee

Bailey's Irish Cream and coffee

A liqueur coffee is a coffee brew with a 25-milliliter (0.85 U.S. fl oz; 0.88 imp fl oz) shot of liqueur. This brew is usually served in a clear liqueur coffee glass with the coffee and cream separated for visual and taste effect. The liqueur of choice is added first with a teaspoon of sugar mixed in. The glass is then filled to within 2.5 cm (1 inch) of the top with filtered coffee. Slightly whipped cream may then be poured over the back of a spoon, so that it floats on top of the coffee and liqueur mixture. The sugar is required in the coffee mixture to help the cream float.

The caffeine content of these drinks, to the extent that caffeine is present in them, will not prevent intoxication from their alcohol content. Instead, the caffeine may mask the true degree of ethanol-induced loss of coordination.

  • Barraquito is an old drink from Tenerife combining espresso, condensed sweetened milk, foamed milk, lemon, cinnamon and Licor 43, which was carried across the Atlantic in a later modified form as the Carajillo.
  • Caffè corretto (that is an Italian drink, consists of a shot of espresso "corrected" with a shot of liquor, usually grappa, brandy or sambuca.)
  • Ponce, a hot drink, akin to tea grog (the name itself is a calque of punch) originating in Leghorn port: a shot of espresso poured on top of rum made hot with the espresso machine steamer. A lemon zest is often added.
  • A carajillo is a Spanish drink combining coffee with brandy, whisky, anisette, or rum. It is typical of Spain and according to folk etymology, its origin dates to the Spanish occupation of Cuba. The troops combined coffee with rum to give them courage (coraje in Spanish, hence "corajillo" and more recently "carajillo"). There are many different ways of making a carajillo, ranging from black coffee with the spirit simply poured in to heating the spirit with lemon, sugar and cinnamon and adding the coffee last. A similar Italian drink is known as caffè corretto. The American version of a Spanish Coffee uses a heated sugar-rimmed Spanish coffee mug with 3⁄4 US fluid ounce (22 ml; 0.78 imp fl oz) of rum and 1⁄2 US fluid ounce (15 ml; 0.52 imp fl oz) of triple sec. The drink is then flamed to caramelize the sugar, with 2 US fluid ounces (59 ml; 2.1 imp fl oz) of coffee liqueur then added to put out the flame, and then topped off with 3 to 4 US fluid ounces (89 to 118 ml; 3.1 to 4.2 imp fl oz) of coffee, and whipped cream.
  • Hasseltse koffie, Vlaamse koffie or Afzakkertje (coffee with Hasseltse jenever).
  • Hotshot is a Swedish shot with 1 part Galliano, 1 part coffee and 1 part heavy cream.
  • Irish coffee
  • Karsk, kaffegök or svartkopp (coffee with moonshine)
  • Rüdesheimer Kaffee is an alcoholic coffee drink from Rüdesheim in Germany invented in 1957 by Hans Karl Adam. It is made with Asbach Uralt brandy with coffee and sugar, and is topped with whipped cream.
  • A Pharisäer (Danish: farisæer), meaning a Pharisee, is an alcoholic coffee drink that is popular in the Nordfriesland district of Germany. It consists of a mug of black coffee, a double shot of rum, and a topping of whipped cream. In 1981, a court in Flensburg ruled that 2 cl (0.70 imperial fluid ounces; 0.68 US fluid ounces) of rum were not sufficient for preparing a genuine Pharisäer.[45]
  • A gunfire has its origins in the British Army, typically made by mixing black tea with rum, though in Australia and New Zealand it is more often made with black coffee instead. On ANZAC Day, this version is served to soldiers before dawn services as part of the "gunfire breakfast".

Flavoured

Some coffeehouses provide flavoured syrups which customers can have added to their coffee drinks. Some non-dairy creamers have flavoured versions, such as hazelnut flavour and Irish Cream flavour (the latter is non-alcoholic). Other flavored coffees are named, and offered at coffee houses either globally of regionally.

Cafe con Miel

A cafe con miel or café miel has a shot of espresso, steamed milk, cinnamon, and honey. The name comes from the Spanish word for honey, miel.[46]

Café de olla

Café de olla or pot coffee is a traditional coffee-based drink prepared using earthen clay pots or jars in Mexico and other Latin American countries. It is flavored with cinnamon and piloncillo. Consumed primarily in colder weathers, usually with the merienda meal, and accompanied with pan dulce pastries.[47]

Espressino or Marocchino

The marocchino is made from espresso, steamed milk, and a dusting of cocoa powder, similar to the espressino.[48][49]

Mocha or café mocha or mochaccino or rápido y sucio
A mocha latte in Costa Rica

A café mocha is a variant of a caffè latte. Like a latte, it is typically one third espresso and two thirds steamed milk, but a portion of chocolate is added, typically in the form of a chocolate syrup, although other vending systems use instant chocolate powder. Mochas can contain dark or milk chocolate.[50]

The term moccaccino is used in some regions of Europe and the Middle East to describe caffè latte with cocoa or chocolate. In the U.S. it usually refers to a cappuccino made with chocolate.[51]

A cafe borgia is a mocha with orange rind and sometimes orange flavoring added. Often served with whipped cream and topped with cinnamon.[52]

A café rápido y sucio, or a quick & dirty coffee, is three shots of espresso topped with chocolate or mocha syrup. Unlike a café mocha which has milk added or an Americano which has water added, a Café Rápido y Sucio or a Quick & Dirty Coffee is espresso and chocolate only. Any variation of this drink containing more than three shots of espresso would be referred to as a Fast & Filthy Coffee.[53]

Melya

Melya is coffee flavoured with cocoa powder and honey.[54] Cream is sometimes added.[54]

Pedrocchi or Paduan Coffee

A mint coffee that originated from the city of Padua in the Caffè Pedrocchi. It is indeed known in Padua as Pedrocchi; while in the rest of Italy as Caffè Padovano,[55] which can be translated as Paduan Coffee. It is made of a lower layer of hot espresso coffee, a middle thick layer of fresh cream and mint syrup, and an upper thin layer of cocoa powder.[56][57] The beverage is not to be stirred nor added with sugar.

Iced

Frappé

A café frappé

Greek frappé (Café frappé) (Greek: φραπές), sometimes called a javaccino[58][59][60] by independent coffeehouses, is a foam-covered iced coffee drink made from spray-dried instant coffee. It is very popular in Greece especially during summer but has now spread on to other countries.

There are numerous ways in which this coffee can be tailored to the individual's taste, such as: all water-no milk; half-half; all milk and; varying levels of sweetness. Frappe is also extremely popular in Cyprus where fresh milk is used as opposed to condensed. In French, when describing a drink, the word frappé means shaken or chilled; however, in popular Greek culture, the word frappé is predominantly taken to refer to the shaking associated with the preparation of a café frappé.

Greek Freddo preparations

Freddo espresso

Freddo espresso is a foam-topped iced coffee made from espresso that is commonplace in Greece. It consists of two shots of espresso (30–50 ml [1.1–1.8 imp fl oz; 1.0–1.7 US fl oz]), sugar (granules or syrup), and ice (60–100 ml [2.1–3.5 imp fl oz; 2.0–3.4 US fl oz]) 1:2 (espresso shots:ice). The espresso is mixed with the sugar and ice in a frapièra (a drink mixer), which cools the espresso and produces a foam from the oils of the coffee. This mixture is then poured over ice into a serving glass.

Freddo cappuccino

Freddo cappuccino is another variation of the original cappuccino and is as popular as the freddo espresso. It follows the same process as the freddo espresso but is topped with a cold milk froth called afrógala (Greek: αφρόγαλα) which is added in ratio 1:2 (espresso shots:milk), and 1:2 (espresso shots:ice). The choice of milk used to create the afrógala may vary from fresh to condensed. Recently the Coffee Island coffee shop (a coffee shop franchise in Greece), established a new foam and cream trend in freddo cappuccino. They use plant-based milk creamed in the frapièra. The result is a stiffer and sweeter cream.

Other

Mazagran
Mazagran (sometimes misspelled as Mazagrin) is a cold coffee drink that originated in Algeria. It is typically served in a tall glass and is made with coffee and ice. Sometimes sugar, rum, lemon or water is added. Sometimes a fast version is achieved by pouring a previously sweetened espresso in a cup with ice cubes and a slice of lemon.
Palazzo
A Palazzo is an iced coffee variant, popular in Southern California. It is two shots of espresso, chilled immediately after brewing and mixed with sweetened cream. A Palazzo is typically made using a moka pot.
Ice shot
Originating in Australia and similar to the Mazagran, the minimal ice shot is a single shot of fresh espresso poured into an ordinary latté glass that has been filled with ice. The hot coffee, in melting some of the ice is diluted, re-freezing to a granita-like texture. The addition of a single scoop of ice-cream on top is a popular variant. No milk, sugar, extra flavouring or cream are involved.
Shakerato
Shakerato is an iced coffee made by shaking espresso and ice cubes.

Instant coffee

Instant coffee

Instant coffee is a drink derived from brewed coffee beans. Through various manufacturing processes the coffee is dehydrated into the form of powder or granules. These can be rehydrated with hot water to provide a drink similar (though not identical) to conventional coffee. At least one brand of instant coffee, Camp Coffee, is also available in concentrated liquid form.

Instant coffee is used as an ingredient in other coffee drinks. Indian beaten coffee is made from instant coffee whipped with sugar and served over warm milk. A Korean drink known as dalgona coffee is prepared similarly but can be served hot or cold. A Greek frappé coffee is made again from instant coffee, sugar, and milk, but it is prepared in a cocktail shaker.

Instant coffee brands include:

Decaffeinated

A decaffeination process removes caffeine from coffee beans to lower their caffeine content.[61] Four main methods are used to extract caffeine from coffee beans:

  • Soaking the beans in water, a method said to have been developed in Switzerland
  • Washing beans in a solution of water and ethyl acetate
  • Applying carbon dioxide, either as a liquid or in a supercritical state, to beans at high pressure
  • Dissolving the caffeine with the solvent dichloromethane[62]

Decaffeinated coffee grew in popularity over the last half of the 20th century, mainly due to health concerns that arose regarding the over-consumption of caffeine.[63][64][65] Decaffeinated coffee, sometimes known as "decaf", may be drunk as regular brewed coffee, instant, espresso, or as a mix of regular caffeine beans and decaffeinated beans.[66][67]

Other

Affogato al caffè

An affogato

An affogato (Italian for "drowned") is vanilla gelato with hot espresso poured over it.[68] Affogato style, which refers to the act of topping a drink or dessert with espresso, may also incorporate caramel sauce or chocolate sauce. When ordered, an affogato tends to be served with scoops of ice cream with a shot (or 2) of espresso poured over the top, sometimes mixed with a liqueur. A white affogato is the same as a regular affogato, just with milk added.

Babyccino

A babyccino is frothed up milk and warm milk in an espresso cup prepared for young children, a cappuccino for babies. The split should be about 80% foam and 20% warm milk with a sprinkling of cacao powder on top. The foam should be oxygenated pillows of foam and the temperature of the milk should be about 40.5 °C (105 °F). This is so the natural sweetness of the milk can be best maintained. The drink originated in Sydney, Australia, in the late 1980s by the famed Zigolini's coffee house.

Caffè Medici

A caffè Medici is a doppio poured over chocolate syrup and orange peel, usually topped with whipped cream. The drink originated at Seattle's historic Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse.[69]

Café Touba

Café Touba is the spiritual drink of Senegal, named after Cheik Ahmadou Bamba Mbacké (known as Serigne Touba) and the holy city of Touba in Senegal.[70] During the roasting process, the coffee beans are mixed with grains of selim, and sometimes other spices, and ground into powder after roasting.[70] The drink is prepared using a filter, similar to plain coffee. Sugar is often added before drinking.[70]

Canned coffee

Canned coffee is ubiquitous in Japan and throughout East Asia, with a large number of companies competing fiercely and offering various types for sale. Canned coffee is already brewed and ready to drink. It is available in supermarkets and convenience stores,[71] with vast numbers of cans being sold in vending machines[72] that offer heated cans in the autumn and winter,[73] and cold cans in the warm months.

Some brands in the United States have recently begun selling similar products in gas stations, grocery stores, and corner stores, though it is not nearly as widespread as the Japanese version is in Japan.[74][75] Brands of canned coffee include these:

Coffee beer

Coffee beer is a drink from Jombang, Indonesia. The composition of coffee beer is coffee, sugar, water, caramel, and soda. Usually, the drink is served in a glass filled with ice cubes to add freshness to the drink. It contains no alcohol.[76]

Coffee milk

Coffee milk
Prepared coffee milk in a supermarket dairy case
The ingredients for preparing coffee milk: coffee syrup and milk

Coffee milk is sold in two ways: prepared coffee milk and coffee syrup. It is a drink prepared or made by adding a sweetened coffee concentrate called coffee syrup to milk in a manner similar to chocolate milk. It is the official drink of Rhode Island in the United States.[77] Coffee milk brands include:

It is popular in South Australia where it is known as iced coffee but that should not be confused with the drink of the same name made from coffee with ice but without milk or with little milk that is popular in the United States and other countries.

Double-double

Double-double or Double Double is a uniquely Canadian term that is also a registered trademark of Tim Hortons.[78] This menu item consists of a cup of drip coffee with two creams and two sugars (or double cream, double sugar). The chain achieves flavor consistency across cup sizes by employing a pair of countertop vending machines, one dispensing cream and milk and the other dispensing white granulated sugar, with buttons for different cup sizes and amounts. The coffee is always poured over the cream and sugar to achieve the correct volume of ingredients. The drink can be made with cream or milk. Additional terms include the menu item "Regular" (one shot of each); a "triple-triple" (three shots of each); a "four-by-four" (four shots of each);[79] and a "Wayne Gretzky" (nine shots of each). A "Wayne Gretzky" is more of a legend or joke than a feasible order; for comparison, a medium Regular has 6g fat and 11g sugar[80] (approximately 3 tsp of cream and 2 1/2 tsp white sugar), so a Wayne Gretzky in a medium size would have nine times that amount: 54g fat and 99g of sugar, approximately 1/2 cup cream (27 teaspoons, or 118ml, or 4oz) and 2/5 cups of sugar (22 1/2 teaspoons). A medium cup is approximately 14oz (414ml),[81] and would consist almost entirely of the cream and sugar.

Egg coffee

Egg coffee (Vietnamese: Cà phê trứng) is a Vietnamese drink from Hanoi with thick texture traditionally prepared with egg yolks, sugar, condensed milk and drip coffee.

Indian filter coffee

South Indian coffee, also known as Madras filter coffee, Kumbakonam degree coffee, Mylapore filter coffee, Mysore filter coffee, Palakkad Iyer coffee or South Indian Filter Coffee (Kaapi) or kaapi (South Indian phonetic rendering of "coffee") is a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70–80%) and chicory (20–30%), especially popular in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The most commonly used coffee beans are Koffeey Arabica (Coffee Arabica grown from Arehalli Village) Peaberry (preferred), Arabica, Malabar and Robusta grown in the hills of Karnataka (Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru), Kerala (Malabar region) and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris District, Yercaud and Kodaikanal).

Pocillo

A shot or small portion of unsweetened coffee, now usually made either using an espresso machine or a moka pot, but traditionally made using a cloth drip, usually served in cups made for the purpose, called "tacitas de pocillo". It is widely drunk in Latin America, usually as an afternoon or after-dinner coffee. The defining feature is the size, usually half to a quarter the size of the usual ~240-milliliter (8 U.S. fl oz; 8.3 imp fl oz) coffee cups. There are a number of small-sized drinks that use tacitas de pocillo, including such sweetened varieties as café cubano and café cortado, but these are usually not called a pocillo; rather, the Spanish diminutive suffix "-ito" is usually added to the name of the drink wanted in a pocillo size cup. For example, a pocillo-sized cortado is usually called a cortadito.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kate Strangfeld (25 January 2013). "Coffee, Lattes, & Macchiatos: Demystified". icingoffthecake.
  2. ↑ Robert W. Thurston (2013). Coffee: A Comprehensive Guide to the Bean, the Beverage, and the Industry. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 184. ISBN 9781442214422.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Morris, Jonathan (2007). The Cappuccino Conquests: The Transnational History of Italian Coffee (Exhibition Catalogue). University of Hertfordshire.
  4. ↑ "The History of How We Make Coffee". About.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  5. ↑ James Grierson, "History of the Cafetière", Coffee knowledge, UK: Galla coffee, archived from the original on 14 November 2011, retrieved 23 December 2009
  6. ↑ Millman, China (23 April 2009). "Freshen Up; Manual Brewing Techniques Give Coffee Lovers a Better Way to Make a Quality Drink". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  7. ↑ "hypecoffee.com". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  8. ↑ "Cold Brew Coffee Brewing Guide - How To Brew Coffee - Blue Bottle Coffee". bluebottlecoffee.com. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  9. ↑ "The Beginner's Guide to Immersion Cold Brew Coffee". handground.com. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  10. ↑ "Brew Better: Flash brew iced coffee". Black Oak Coffee Roasters. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  11. ↑ UNESCO - Intangible Heritage Section. "UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention". unesco.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  12. ↑ Cahyono, Ekalyphta Setyo. "Kopi Kothok Khas Cepu". kumparan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  13. ↑ "Kopi kothok minuman favorit di daerah yang tidak punya hasil kopi". bloranews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "Vacuum Coffee Pots". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Stacey. Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Temperature of Steam in an Espresso Machine". The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  16. ↑ Joan Korenblit (2014). Knowing Beans About Coffee. Standard International Media. p. 17. ISBN 9781600816482.
  17. ↑ Stephanie J. Paul Phoenix. How To Make Espresso. Clinton Gilkie. p. 8.
  18. ↑ Ettore Toscani (2004). L'Italia del caffè. Touring Editore. p. 18. ISBN 9788836530519.
  19. ↑ Peter Hennessy (2007). Having it So Good: Britain in the Fifties. Penguin. p. 41. ISBN 9780141929316.
  20. ↑ Alan Davidson (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 521. ISBN 9780199677337.
  21. ↑ Daniel Young (11 March 2009). Coffee Love: 50 Ways to Drink Your Java. John Wiley & Sons. p. 16. ISBN 9780470289372.
  22. ↑ Susan Zimmer (25 February 2014). I Love Coffee!: Over 100 Easy and Delicious Coffee Drinks. Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 212–217. ISBN 9781449460112.
  23. ↑ Godsmark, Elizabeth (2014). How to Open & Operate a Financially Successful Coffee, Espresso and Tea Shop. Ocala, FL: Atlantic Publishing Group. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-60138-905-3.
  24. ↑ Ramona V. Abella (2003). From Cuba with Love: Recipes and Memories. iUniverse. p. 139. ISBN 9780595276332.
  25. ↑ Mario Rizzi (1 May 2014). Real Havana: Explore Cuba Like A Local And Save Money. Full Compass Guides. p. 62. ISBN 9781310814525.
  26. ↑ Willis Fletcher Johnson (1920). The History of Cuba. Library of Alexandria. p. 1420. ISBN 9781465514288.
  27. ↑ Ted Henken (29 October 2013). Cuba. ABC-CLIO. p. 373. ISBN 9781610690126.
  28. ↑ Bucuvalas, Tina (1994). South Florida Folklife. University Press of Mississippi. p. 83. ISBN 0878056599.
  29. ↑ "Espresso Versus Cuban Coffee". martinezfinecoffees.com. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  30. ↑ Glenn M. Lindgren; Raúl Musibay; Jorge Castillo (2004). Three Guys from Miami Cook Cuban. Gibbs Smith. p. 3. ISBN 9781586854331.
  31. ↑ Jodi Mailander Farrell. "Cuban coffee 101". miami.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016.
  32. ↑ A Short History of Espresso Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Jim Schulman
  33. ↑ How to make cafe cremas Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, May 26, 2005,
  34. ↑ Jackson, Steve (15 November 2022). "Café Zorro". coffeeninjatraining.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  35. ↑ Travis Arndorfer; Kristine Hansen (5 September 2006). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Coffee and Tea. Penguin. p. 121. ISBN 9781440626012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  36. ↑ Tien Nguyen (30 November 2011). "The Ristretto: The Lame Duck of Coffee". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015. The flavor is more intense, sweeter, less bitter since bitter components are introduced at the end of the shot....Overall, you end up with a much more pleasant and flavorful beverage.
  37. ↑ "Kopi Santan Khas Blora". blorakab.go.id (in Indonesian). Government of Blora Regency. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  38. ↑ Corby Kummer (23 May 1994). "Coffee Talk". New York Magazine. 27 (21): 53.
  39. ↑ Travis Arndorfer (2006). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Coffee and Tea. Penguin. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-59257-544-2.
  40. ↑ Avani Burdett. Delicatessen Cookbook – Burdett's Delicatessen Recipes. Springwood emedia. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4761-4462-7.
  41. ↑ Kevin Sinnott (19 January 2011). The Art and Craft of Coffee. Quarry Books. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-61058-094-6.
  42. ↑ "Dunkin' Donuts Fuels Customers with New Turbo Hot Coffee". Dunkin' Donuts. 15 March 2006. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  43. ↑ Hugh Merwin (20 January 2014). "Caribou Coffee Forces Duluth Café to Stop Serving 'Depth Charge'". Grub Street. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015.
  44. ↑ Allison M Reilly (2 August 2013). "10 Coffee Drinks that You Need to Try". gatewaygrounds.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015.
  45. ↑ "Der 'Pharisäer nach Originalrezept'" [The 'Pharisäer made after the original recipe']. Anwaltseiten 24 (in German). 2 April 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  46. ↑ Hubbell, Rebecca (11 May 2021). "Cafe con Miel". Sugar and Soul. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  47. ↑ Martínez, Mely (21 November 2012). "Café de Olla Recipe (Mexican Spiced Coffee)". Mexico In My Kitchen. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  48. ↑ Caffè, Illy (10 June 2020). "Marocchino Coffee Recipe at home -". illy. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  49. ↑ "Local Coffee (Beverage) From Italy". TasteAtlas. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  50. ↑ Manley, Stephanie (28 November 2021). "Starbucks Cafe Mocha". CopyKat Recipes. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  51. ↑ "Moccaccino". Barry Callebaut. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  52. ↑ "Cafe Borgia Recipe". Essential Wonders Coffee Company. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  53. ↑ Jackson, Cedric (16 December 2019). "What you get when you order a latte and 74 other ways to answer "How do you like your coffee?"". Sweet and Savory. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  54. 1 2 "Types Of Coffee - Kind Of Coffee Drinks You Can Order In a coffee shop". talkaboutcoffee.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  55. ↑ "Come si prepara il caffè padovano" [How to prepare the Paduan coffee] (in Italian). 5 July 2018.
  56. ↑ "The Café - Pedrocchi coffee".
  57. ↑ "Caffé Pedrocchi".
  58. ↑ Hepworth, Natalie (3 April 2016). "East Idaho Eats: Java Espress expands to Pocatello". EastIdahoNews.com, LLC. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  59. ↑ "Javaccino". Javaespress. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  60. ↑ Waity, Cheryl (25 March 2019). "The cafe experience: West Leyden culinary students serve up drinks to faculty and staff". Pioneer Press. The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  61. ↑ "Decaffeinated Coffee Is Not Caffeine-free, Experts Say". sciencedaily.com. 15 October 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018.
  62. ↑ "Decaffeination". International Coffee Association. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013.
  63. ↑ Charline Caldwell (7 May 1985). "Popularity of decaffeinated coffee is on the increase". Bulletin Journal.
  64. ↑ "What Is IT About Coffee?". Harvard Medical School. 1 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015.
  65. ↑ Spiller, Gene A. (2019). Caffeine. CRC Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4200-5013-4.
  66. ↑ "Caffeine content for coffee, tea, soda and more". mayoclinic.org. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015.
  67. ↑ Fran Schumer (27 October 1996). "Half Caf, Half Decaf . . ". New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017.
  68. ↑ Fox, Dorian (1 August 2015). "Affogato" (PDF). Gastronomica. 15 (3): 64–66. doi:10.1525/gfc.2015.15.3.64. ISSN 1529-3262.
  69. ↑ Connors, Brian. "The Coffeehouse Dictionary: A (Hopefully) Non-Partisan Guide to Coffee Talk". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013.
  70. 1 2 3 BBC Afrique (15 August 2012). "Café Touba, du bonheur plein la tasse" (Reprint) (in French). seneweb.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  71. ↑ "Convenience Store Coffee Hits the Top in Japan - NACS Online – News & Media Center – News Archive". nacsonline.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  72. ↑ "Vending machine marketing deal for Harris Tweed". Herald Scotland. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  73. ↑ "TV: Anthony Bourdain 'Parts Unknown' heads to Tokyo". Press Enterprise. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  74. ↑ Rock, Taylor (26 February 2020). "This popular Starbucks drink is now available at the grocery store". The Daily Meal. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  75. ↑ Thompson, Kat (30 May 2019). "Japanese Canned Coffee Is the Coffee Drink You're Missing Out On". Thrillist. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  76. ↑ "6 Fakta Menarik Coffee Beer yang Halal Dikonsumsi". orami.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  77. ↑ RI.gov. "State of Rhode Island website "Facts and Figures"". Ri.gov. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  78. ↑ "Tim Hortons - Trademarks". Tim Hortons. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  79. ↑ Hiebert, Wendi (4 August 2009). "How to order and behave at Tim Hortons to make the world a better place". Wendi Hiebert. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  80. ↑ "Tim Hortons Nutrition Information Canadian, August 2023" (PDF). Tim Hortons. August 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  81. ↑ Ridley, Margaret. "Tim Hortons' Cup Sizes". Caffeine Park. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.