QR code payment is a contactless payment method where payment is performed by scanning a QR code from a mobile app.[1] This is an alternative to doing electronic funds transfer at point of sale using a payment terminal.[2] This avoids a lot of the infrastructure traditionally associated with electronic payments such as payment cards, payment networks, payment terminal and merchant accounts.

To make a QR code payment, the consumer scans the QR code displayed by the merchant with their smartphone to pay for their goods.[3] They enter the amount they have to pay and finally submit.[3] This is a more secure card-not-present method than others.[3]

History

The QR code system was invented in 1994 by Masahiro Hara from the Japanese company Denso Wave.[4]

The first mobile wallet app for cryptocurrency Bitcoin featured the ability to send and receive payments with QR codes in March 2011.[5] In 2011, Chinese company Alipay designed a QR code payment method which allowed partnering offline stores to accept payment by scanning an individual's QR code in Alipay Wallet.[6] In 2014, Chinese technology company Tencent introduced a similar feature on its messaging app WeChat to allow its users to make QR code payments.[7] QR code payment has helped mobile payment become the most popular method of payments in China, accounting for 83% of all payments as of 2018.[8] Nearly all shops, street vendors, most metro systems, buses, and taxis in Mainland China accept either WeChat Pay, Alipay, or Cloud QuickPass for payment.[9]

In 2017, the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) launched BharatQR as a single, interoperable QR code that could be used for making payments to and from bank accounts using UPI and wallets. It works alongside QR codes from wallet providers as well as card providers such as Visa's mVisa and Mastercard's Masterpass.[10]

In 2020, PayPal announced the ability to pay with QR codes in its mobile app.[11]

Usage by industry

Transportation

China

Wuhan Metro introduced QR code payments across the whole network

Most metro systems, buses, and taxis in Mainland China accept either WeChat Pay or Alipay for payment. The national railway operator, China Railway, also accepts the two major apps for payment.

India

Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro in India allows users to purchase a ticket on their phones using QR code payments. Instead of swiping an RFID card or single-use token, a QR code is generated on the Paytm app which is then read by a scanner mounted on the turnstile.[12]

Malaysia

QR code payment is becoming increasingly popular recently in Malaysia as a convenient and secure way to pay for transportation services. KTM ETS and KTM Komuter Northern Sector, as well as KLIA Ekspres and Penang Ferry Service, are all offering QR code payments to their passengers.[13][14]

Passengers can purchase their tickets online via the application or website of these transportation services. After purchasing the ticket, a QR code is generated which can be scanned using a mobile phone or a printed ticket with a QR code. Passengers can then enter and pass through the fare gate directly, without the need to redeem a physical ticket.

As Malaysia continues to modernize its transportation infrastructure, it is likely that more services including Rapid KL will adopt QR code payments to enhance the passenger experience and streamline operations.

Integrated QR code payment systems

ASEAN Integrated QR Code Payment System

This integrated QR code payment system allows people to make transactions with banks or e-money that supports their local integrated QR code payment system in any of the participating countries. Local currencies are used in these transactions, meaning that transactions in Thailand using an Indonesian payment app will directly exchange rupiah with baht. Currently, three of the QR code payment systems in ASEAN are connected (Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand). Singapore and the Philippines are also planning to integrate their QR payment systems.[15] The following are QR Payment systems that are in or soon will be in the integrated payment system.

QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard)

QRIS is a standardized national QR payment system for Indonesia launched by Bank Indonesia on August 17, 2019.[16] Almost all payment services in Indonesia support this system, including GoPay, OVO, ShopeePay, BCA, and BRI.[17] It combines all the separate QR codes from different payment services into one QR code which can be used by merchants to receive payments from any e-wallets or banks that supports QRIS.

DuitNow

DuitNow allows all participating banks and e-wallets in Malaysia to use the same QR Code for transactions.[18] It is launched by PayNet under the Bank Negara Malaysia's Interoperable Credit Transfer Framework (ICTF). Some of the banks and e-wallets that support this payment system are Maybank, Hong Leong Bank, CIMB, HSBC, Touch 'n Go eWallet, GrabPay, Setel, ShopeePay, OCBC, UOB, ICBC, and more.[18]

Thai QR Payment

Thai QR Payment (Promptpay) integrates QR payment systems in Thailand. It was launched by the Bank of Thailand.

SGQR (Singapore Quick Response Code)

SGQR is a unified QR code payment system launched on September 17, 2018. SGQR combines multiple QR codes used by multiple payment services in Singapore, including PayNow, into one QR code.[19] This scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA.[20]

QR Ph

QR Ph is the QR code standard in the Philippines, approved by the Philippines Payment Management, inc. (PPMI) in accordance with circular 1055 of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. The system is based on the Europay-Mastercard-VISA (EMV) standard, allowing one QR Code to serve transactions from different banks and e-wallets.[21]

UPI (Unified Payment Interface)

UPI is a unified instant payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India, launched on 25 August 2016 and was backed by 35 banks across the country in the first year of its launch.[22] Multiple startups like Paytm who were providing digital wallets for customers and merchants, along with new market players like PhonePe quickly got into the scene, with them incorporating new merchants by providing QR based payment solutions, along with QR code scanners for customers in their respective mobile apps which resulted in the widespread use of QR based payments in India. In FY 2023, there were 84 billion UPI transactions, accounting to about Rs 139.09 trillion ($1.67 trillion).[23] Singapore, UAE, Nepal, Bhutan, France and Sri Lanka have also started adopting UPI after seeing its success in India.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Scan to pay. How QR code payments work - Dignited". 11 January 2018.
  2. ↑ "China begins regulating QR code payments". 28 December 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 "How QR codes are changing e-commerce". 19 October 2017.
  4. ↑ 2D Barcodes - Japan's Top Inventions | NHK WORLD-JAPAN On Demand, retrieved 2020-06-23
  5. ↑ Andreas Schildbach (August 6, 2012), Google Playstore: Bitcoin Wallet, archived from the original on 2012-08-06
  6. ↑ "A Hangzhou Story: The Development of China's Mobile Payment Revolution" (PDF).
  7. ↑ Derrick A Paulo (October 29, 2017). "WeChat phenomenon: How a messaging app helped spark China's cashless revolution".
  8. ↑ "Payment methods in China: How China became a mobile-first nation". daxueconsulting.com. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  9. ↑ "Cashless is King - Era of Mobile Payments |". chiculture.org.hk. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  10. ↑ "What is BharatQR? System takes digital payments to next level; 8 FAQs answered". Financialexpress. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  11. ↑ PayPal Holdings, Inc (May 19, 2020), PayPal Rolls Out QR Code Payments for a Touch Free Way to Buy and Sell In-Person
  12. ↑ "Paytm introduces QR-based metro tickets for Mumbaikars". Business Today. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  13. ↑ Station, RailTravel (2020-10-16). "KTM Komuter Northern Sector Online Ticket Booking Guide • KTMB Integrated Ticketing System (KITS) • Komuter Utara Online Ticket Booking • Tempah Tiket KTM Komuter Utara Atas Talian • RailTravel Station". RailTravel Station. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  14. ↑ Station, RailTravel (2022-02-05). "Penang Fast Ferry from Butterworth Penang Sentral Pangkalan Sultan Abdul Halim (PSAH) to Penang Island Swettenham Pier Cruise Terminal (SPCT) by Ferry • RailTravel Station". RailTravel Station. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  15. ↑ "Bloomberg - Soon, You Can Scan QR Codes to Pay For Your Southeast Asian Trip". Bloomberg. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  16. ↑ "QRIS.id - Tentang QRIS". qris.id. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  17. ↑ Salma, oleh Zahrah Firyal (2022-05-05). "10 Aplikasi yang Mendukung QRIS". InvestBro (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  18. 1 2 "DuitNow QR | Customer". www.duitnow.my. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  19. ↑ "Singapore Introduces World's First Unified Payment QR Code – SGQR". www.mas.gov.sg. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  20. ↑ "Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR)". www.mas.gov.sg. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  21. ↑ "QR Ph FAQs" (PDF).
  22. ↑ "THE HISTORY OF UPI" (PDF). International Journal Of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT).
  23. ↑ www.ETBFSI.com. "UPI transactions at record high, clocks 9.4 bln in May'23 - ET BFSI". ETBFSI.com. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  24. ↑ "India's UPI to now work in one more country". The Times of India. 2023-07-21. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
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