An animation detailing how earthquake warning systems work: When P-waves are detected, the readings are analyzed immediately, and, if needed, the warning information is distributed to advanced users and cell phones, radio, television, sirens, and PA systems/fire alarm systems before the arrival of S-waves.

An earthquake warning system or earthquake alarm system is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress. This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently incapable of producing decisive event warnings.

Time lag and wave projection

An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding starts at some location and progresses away from the hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than, and distinct from the speed of the resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave. The pressure waves generate an abrupt shock. The shear waves generate periodic motion (at about 1 Hz) that is the most destructive to structures, particularly buildings that have a similar resonant period. Typically, these buildings are around eight floors in height. These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure. The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a model of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events.

Transit safety

Such systems are currently implemented to determine appropriate real-time response to an event by the train operator in urban rail systems such as BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) and LA Metro.[1] The appropriate response is dependent on the warning time, the local right-of-way conditions and the current speed of the train.

Warning time given by the earthquake warning system of the Earthquake Network project[2] during the May 2015 Nepal earthquake. The cross marker depicts the earthquake epicenter while the dot marker shows the detection location.

Deployment

Deployment of earthquake warning systems

As of 2023, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea have comprehensive, nationwide earthquake early warning systems. Other countries and regions have limited deployment of earthquake warning systems, including Mexico (the Mexican Seismic Alert System covers areas of central and southern Mexico including Mexico City and Oaxaca), limited regions of Romania (the Basarab bridge in Bucharest), and parts of the United States. The earliest automated earthquake pre-detection systems were installed in the 1990s; for instance, in California, the Calistoga fire station's system which automatically triggers a citywide siren to alert the entire area's residents of an earthquake.[3] Some California fire departments use their warning systems to automatically open overhead doors of fire stations before the earthquake can disable them. While many of these efforts are governmental, several private companies also manufacture earthquake early warning systems to protect infrastructure such as elevators, gas lines and fire stations.

Canada

In 2009, an early warning system called ShakeAlarm was installed and commissioned in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was placed to protect a piece of critical transportation infrastructure called the George Massey Tunnel, which connects the north and south banks of the Fraser River. In this application the system automatically closes the gates at the tunnel entrances if there is a dangerous seismic event inbound.[4] The success and the reliability of the system was such that as of 2015 there have been several additional installations on the west coast of Canada and the United States, and there are more being planned.

Japan

Japan's Earthquake Early Warning system was put to practical use in 2006. The system that warns the general public was installed on October 1, 2007.[5][6] It was modeled partly on the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) of Japan Railways, which was designed to enable automatic braking of bullet trains.[7]

Gravimetric data from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel at the speed of light, much faster than seismic waves.[8]

Mexico

The Mexican Seismic Alert System, otherwise known as SASMEX, began operations in 1991 and began publicly issuing alerts in 1993. It is funded by the Mexico City government, with financial contributions from several states that receive the alert. Initially serving Mexico City with twelve sensors, the system now has 97 sensors and is designed to protect life and property in several central and southern Mexican states.

United States

Example of early warning issued by ShakeAlert

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) began research and development of an early warning system for the West Coast of the United States in August 2006, and the system became demonstrable in August 2009.[9] Following various developmental phases, version 2.0 went live during the fall of 2018, allowing the "sufficiently functional and tested" system to begin Phase 1 of alerting California, Oregon and Washington.[10]

Even though ShakeAlert could alert the public beginning September 28, 2018, the messages themselves could not be distributed until the various private and public distribution partners had completed mobile apps and made changes to various emergency alerting systems. The first publicly available alerting system was the ShakeAlertLA app, released on New Year's Eve 2018 (although it only alerted for shaking in the Los Angeles area).[11] On October 17, 2019, Cal OES announced a statewide rollout of the alert distribution system in California, using mobile apps and the Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) system.[12][13][14] California refers to their system as the California Earthquake Early Warning System. A statewide alert distribution system was rolled out in Oregon on March 11, 2021[15] and in Washington on May 4, 2021, completing the alert system for the West Coast.[16][17]

Global systems

Earthquake Network

In January 2013, Francesco Finazzi of the University of Bergamo started the Earthquake Network research project which aims at developing and maintaining a crowdsourced earthquake warning system based on smartphone networks.[2][18] Smartphones are used to detect the ground shaking induced by an earthquake and a warning is issued as soon as an earthquake is detected. People living at a further distance from the epicenter and the detection point may be alerted before they are reached by the damaging waves of the earthquake. People can take part in the project by installing the Android application "Earthquake Network" on their smart phones. The app requires the phone to receive the alerts.

MyShake

In February 2016, the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) released the MyShake mobile app. The app uses accelerometers in phones that are stationary and connected to a power supply to record shaking and relay that information back to the laboratory.[19][20] The system issues automated warnings of earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or greater.[20] UC Berkeley released a Japanese-language version of the app in May 2016.[21] By December 2016, the app had captured nearly 400 earthquakes worldwide.[22]

Android Earthquake Alerts System

On August 11, 2020, Google announced that its Android operating system would begin using accelerometers in devices to detect earthquakes (and send the data to the company's "earthquake detection server"). As millions of phones operate on Android, this may result in the world's largest earthquake detection network.[23]

Initially, the system only collected earthquake data and did not issue alerts (except for on the West Coast of the United States, where it provided alerts issued by the USGS's ShakeAlert system and not from Google's own detection system). Data collected by Android devices was only used to provide fast information on the earthquake via Google Search, although it was always planned to issue alerts for many other areas based on Google's detection capabilities in the future.[23] On April 28, 2021, Google announced the rollout of the alert system to Greece and New Zealand, the first countries to receive alerts based on Google's own detection capabilities.[24] Google's alerts were extended to Turkey, the Philippines, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in June 2021.[25]

OpenEEW

On August 11, 2020, Linux Foundation, IBM and Grillo announced the first fully open-source earthquake early-warning system, featuring instructions for a low-cost seismometer, cloud-hosted detection system, dashboard and mobile app.[26] This project is supported by USAID, the Clinton Foundation and Arrow Electronics. Smartphone-based earthquake early-warning systems are dependent on a dense network of users near the earthquake rupture zone, whereas OpenEEW has focused instead on providing affordable devices that can be deployed in remote regions close to where earthquakes can begin. All components of this system are open source and available on the project's GitHub repositories.

Social media

Social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook play a significant role during natural disasters.[27] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has investigated collaboration with the social networking site Twitter to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps.[28][29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Metro, L. A. (2021-10-19). "Metro has installed ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system at all bus and rail divisions". The Source. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  2. 1 2 Finazzi, Francesco; Fassò, Alessandro (2016). "A statistical approach to crowdsourced smartphone-based earthquake early warning systems". Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 31 (7): 1649–1658. arXiv:1512.01026. doi:10.1007/s00477-016-1240-8. S2CID 123910895.
  3. ↑ Podger, Pamela (July 2001). "Calistoga to get an earful of nation's first quake siren". napanet. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  4. ↑ Zaicenco, Anton; Weir-Jones, Iain (September 2012). "Lessons Learned from Operating an On-site Earthquake Early Warning System" (PDF). Proceedings, World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 15th (2012): 10. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  5. ↑ "What is an Earthquake Early Warning?". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved on 2008-06-29.
  6. ↑ "Overview of the Earthquake Early Warning System" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  7. ↑ Kumagai, Jean (June 2007). "A BriefHistory of Earthquake Warnings". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  8. ↑ Lognonné, Philippe; Clévédé, Eric; Bernard, Pascal; Whiting, Bernard; Harms, Jan; Chassande-Mottin, Eric; Ampuero, Jean Paul; Barsuglia, Matteo; Juhel, Kévin; Montagner, Jean-Paul (2016-11-22). "Prompt gravity signal induced by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake". Nature Communications. 7: 13349. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713349M. doi:10.1038/ncomms13349. PMC 5121411. PMID 27874858.
  9. ↑ "News". shakealert.org. USGS. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  10. ↑ "ShakeAlert Phase 1: Version 2.0 Went Live in October 2018". shakealert.org. 2018.
  11. ↑ Lin II, Rong-Gong (January 2, 2019). "Long-awaited earthquake early warning app for L.A. can now be downloaded". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  12. ↑ Snibbe, Kurt (2019-10-15). "California's earthquake early warning system is now statewide". Mercury News. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  13. ↑ Calma, Justine (2019-10-17). "California's earthquake warning app: how it works and what comes next". The Verge. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  14. ↑ "Wireless Emergency Alerts". ca.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  15. ↑ Walsh, Lucy (March 5, 2021). "Oregon Rolls Out Public Alerting for Earthquakes on March 11, 2021". PNSN blog. Pacific Northwest Seismic Network. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Alert & Warning Notifications". Washington Emergency Management Division. May 2021. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Entire U.S. West Coast Now Has Access to ShakeAlert® Earthquake Early Warning". USGS News. USGS. May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  18. ↑ Finazzi, Francesco (2016). "The Earthquake Network Project: Toward a Crowdsourced Smartphone‐Based Earthquake Early Warning System". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 106 (3): 1088–1099. arXiv:1512.01026. Bibcode:2016BuSSA.106.1088F. doi:10.1785/0120150354. S2CID 88515799. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  19. ↑ Sanders, Robert (February 12, 2016). "New app turns smartphones into worldwide seismic network". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 4, 2021. UC Berkeley scientists today are releasing a free Android app that taps a smartphone's ability to record ground shaking from an earthquake, with the goal of creating a worldwide seismic detection network that could eventually warn users of impending jolts from nearby quakes.
  20. 1 2 Swann, Rachel (December 20, 2022). "MyShake app woke people hundreds of miles from California quake epicenter with shrill alarm". San Francisco Chronicle.
  21. ↑ Sanders, Robert (May 21, 2016). "Japanese-language MyShake app crowdsources earthquake shaking". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  22. ↑ Sanders, Robert (December 14, 2016). "Quake-detection app captured nearly 400 temblors worldwide". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  23. 1 2 Stogaitis, Marc (August 11, 2020). "Earthquake detection and early alerts, now on your Android phone". Google blog. Google. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  24. ↑ Spooner, Boone (April 28, 2021). "Introducing Android Earthquake Alerts outside the U.S." Google blog. Google. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  25. ↑ Lee, Fiona (June 15, 2021). "6 new features on Android this summer". Google blog. Google. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  26. ↑ Foundation, Linux (August 11, 2020). "IBM Announce New Earthquake Early-Warning Open Source Project". Linux Foundation Blog. Linux Foundation. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  27. ↑ Dragović, Nataša; Vasiljević, Ðorđije; Stankov, Uglješa; Vujičić, Miroslav (20 August 2019). "Go social for your own safety! Review of social networks use on natural disasters – case studies from worldwide". Open Geosciences. 11 (1): 352–366. Bibcode:2019OGeo...11...28D. doi:10.1515/geo-2019-0028.
  28. ↑ Mahalia Miller, Lynne Burks, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh Rapid Estimate of Ground Shaking Intensity by Combining Simple Earthquake Characteristics with Tweets, Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering
  29. ↑ Zadeh, Reza (May 2, 2014). "Using Twitter to measure earthquake impact in almost real time". Twitter Engineering.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earthquake warning systems.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.