East Asian people (East Asians or Northeast Asians) are the people from East Asia, which consists of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[1] The total population of all countries within this region is estimated to be 1.677 billion and 21% of the world's population in 2020.[2] However, large East Asian diasporas, such as the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian diasporas, as well as diasporas of other East Asian ethnic groups, mean that the 1.677 billion does not necessarily represent an accurate figure for the number of East Asian people worldwide.[3]

The major ethnic groups[lower-alpha 1] that form the core of traditional East Asia are the Han, Koreans, and Yamato.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Other ethnic groups of East Asia include the Ainu, Bai, Hui, Manchus, Mongols and other Mongolic peoples, Nivkh, Qiang, Ryukyuans, Tibetans, and Yakuts.[12][13]

Culture

The major East Asian language families that form the traditional linguistic core of East Asia are the Sinitic,[lower-alpha 2] Japonic, and Koreanic families.[14][15][16] Other language families include the Tibeto-Burman, Ainu languages, Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, Hmong-Mien, Tai–Kadai, Austronesian, and Austroasiatic.[17]

Throughout the ages, the greatest influence on East Asia historically has been from China, where the span of its cultural influence is generally known as the Sinosphere laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[18] Chinese culture not only served as the foundation for its own society and civilization, but for also that of its East Asian neighbors, Japan and Korea.[19] The knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar systems, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasized a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and culture, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[20][21][22][18][23][24][25] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[24] Major characteristics exported by China towards Japan and Korea include shared vocabulary based on Chinese script, as well as similar social and moral philosophies derived from Confucianist thought.[25][23][26]

Han characters and Written Chinese became the fundamental linguistic basis as well as the unifying linguistic feature in East Asian writing system as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to its East Asian neighbors.[26] Chinese characters became the unifying language of bureaucratic politics and religious expression in East Asia.[26] The Chinese script was passed on first to Korea and then to Japan, where Han characters acted as the major underlying fundamental linguistic basis constituent of the Japanese writing system. In Korea, however, Sejong the Great invented the hangul alphabet, which has since been used as the main orthographic system, which has its origins based on the Chinese writing system and has since been used as the fundamental linguistic basis for formulating the Korean language.[27] In Japan, much of the Japanese language is written in hiragana, katakana in addition to Chinese characters.[25] In Mongolia, the script used there is the Cyrillic script along with the Mongolian script system.

Genetics

A review paper by Melinda A. Yang (in 2022) summarized and concluded that a distinctive "Basal-East Asian population" referred to as 'East- and Southeast Asian lineage' (ESEA); which is ancestral to modern East Asians, Southeast Asians, Polynesians, and Siberians, originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000 BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. This ESEA lineage gave rise to various sublineages, and is also ancestral to the Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers of Southeast Asia and the ~40,000 year old Tianyuan lineage found in Northern China, but already differentiated and distinct from European-related and Australasian-related lineages, found in other regions of prehistoric Eurasia. The ESEA lineage trifurcated from an earlier "eastern non-African" (ENA) or "East-Eurasian" meta-population, which also contributed to the formation of Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI) as well as to Australasians.[28]

The majority of East Asians have the ABCC11 gene (80-95%), which greatly reduces body odor and codes for dry-type earwax. It is believed that this reduction in body odor may be an adaptation to colder climates by ancient Northeast Asian ancestors, although this is not definitively proven.

Health

Alcohol flush reaction

Alcohol flush reaction is the characteristic physiological facial flushing response to drinking alcohol experienced by 36% of East Asians.[29][30][31] Around 80% of East Asians carry an allele of the gene coding for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase called ADH1B*2, which results in the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme converting alcohol to toxic acetaldehyde more quickly than other gene variants common outside of East Asia.[32][33] According to the analysis by HapMap project, another allele responsible for the flush reaction, the rs671 (ALDH2*2) of the ALDH2 is rare among Europeans and Sub-Saharan Black Africans, while 30% to 50% of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry have at least one ALDH2*2 allele.[34] The reaction has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ There are no universally accepted and precise definitions of the terms "ethnic group" and "nationality". In the context of East Asian ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people, nationality and ethno-linguistic group, are mostly used interchangeably, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual core countries of traditional East Asia.[4]
  2. ↑ Sinitic refers to Sinophones or Chinese-speaking ethnic groups. It is derived from the Greco-Latin word Sīnai ('the Chinese'), probably from Arabic Ṣīn ('China'), from the Chinese dynastic name Qín. (OED)

References

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    Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. xx. ISBN 978-1610690171.;
    "How Asians view each other". The Economist. September 18, 2015. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.;
    Khoo, Isabelle (May 30, 2017). "The Difference Between East Asians And South Asians Is Pretty Simple". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018.;
    Silberman, Neil (1996). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press (published December 5, 1996). p. 151. ISBN 978-0195076189.;
    Lim, SK (2011-11-01). Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. p. 56. ISBN 978-9812295941.
  2. ↑ "East Asia Countries Total Population". Archived from the original on 2019-04-09. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  3. ↑ "Large East Asian Diaspora figures" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  4. ↑ Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii–xx.
  5. ↑ Prescott, Anne (2015). East Asia in the World: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-0765643223.
  6. ↑ Prescott, Anne (2015). East Asia in the World: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-0765643223.
  7. ↑ Ikeo, Aiko (1996). Economic Development in Twentieth-Century East Asia: The International Context. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0415149006.
  8. ↑ Yoshimatsu, H. (2014). Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN 978-1137370549.
  9. ↑ Kim, Mikyoung (2015). Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415835138.
  10. ↑ Hazen, Dan; Spohrer, James H. (2005). Building Area Studies Collections. Otto Harrassowitz (published 2005-12-31). p. 130. ISBN 978-3447055123.
  11. ↑ Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Science Advances (published February 1, 2017). 3 (2): e1601877. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156.;
    Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas. SpringerLink. 155: 19. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524. PMID 29636655.;
    Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (April 6, 2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas. SpringerLink. 155: 19. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524. PMID 29636655.;
    "Introducing East Asian Peoples" (PDF). International Mission Board. September 10, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.;
    Sloan, Kathleen; Krimsky, Sheldon (2011). Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0231156967.;
    Herreria, Carla (May 17, 2017). "Basically Nobody Knows Who Counts As An Asian Person". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.;
    Lin, Yu-Cheng; Wang, Mao-Jiun J.; Wang, Eric M. (June 23, 2003) [2003]. "The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia". Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Applied Ergonomics. Elsevier Ltd. 35 (2): 173–8. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.004. PMID 15105079. S2CID 6640984.;
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    Shaules, Joseph (2007). Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living. Multilingual Matters. pp. 43. ISBN 978-1847690173.;
    Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter (2014). Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions (1st ed.). Brill Academic Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 978-9004285507.;
    Leach, Mark M. (2006). Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-0789030184.;
    Leibo, Steve (2016). East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. ISBN 978-1475829068.;
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    Salkind, Neil J. (2008). Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology. Sage Publications. pp. 56. ISBN 978-1412916882.;
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  14. ↑ Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.
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  18. 1 2 Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 2.
  19. ↑ Hayes, Louis D (2009). Political Systems of East Asia: China, Korea, and Japan. Greenlight. pp. xi. ISBN 978-0765617866.
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  25. 1 2 3 Lim, SK (2011-11-01). Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. p. 89. ISBN 978-9812295941.
  26. 1 2 3 Goscha, Christopher (2016). The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1846143106.
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  28. ↑ Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1): 1–32. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. ...In contrast, mainland East and Southeast Asians and other Pacific islanders (e.g., Austronesian speakers) are closely related to each other [9,15,16] and here denoted as belonging to an East and Southeast Asian (ESEA) lineage (Box 2). …the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown.
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  31. ↑ J. Yoo, Grace; Odar, Alan Y. (2014). Handbook of Asian American Health. Springer (published April 23, 2015). p. 132. ISBN 978-1493913442.
  32. 1 2 Peng Y, Shi H, Qi XB, Xiao CJ, Zhong H, Ma RL, Su B (January 2010). "The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in east Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-15. PMC 2823730. PMID 20089146.
  33. ↑ Eng MY, Luczak SE, Wall TL (2007). "ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes in Asians: a literature review". Alcohol Research & Health. 30 (1): 22–7. PMC 3860439. PMID 17718397.
  34. ↑ "Rs671". Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
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