Ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia. This image shows peg-shaped teeth and sparse hair.
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Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a group of genetic syndromes all deriving from abnormalities of the ectodermal structures.[1]: 570  More than 150 different syndromes have been identified.[2]

Despite some of the syndromes having different genetic causes, the symptoms are sometimes very similar. Diagnosis is usually by clinical observation, often with the assistance of family medical histories so that it can be determined whether transmission is autosomal dominant or recessive.

Ectodermal dysplasias are described as "heritable conditions in which there are abnormalities of two or more ectodermal structures such as the hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands, salivary glands, cranial-facial structure, digits and other parts of the body."

Presentation

Hair

Individuals affected by an ED syndrome frequently have abnormalities of the hair follicles. Scalp and body hair may be thin, sparse, and very light in color, even though beard growth in affected males may be normal. The hair may grow very slowly or sporadically and it may be excessively fragile, curly, or even twisted. Kinky hair is also a possibility.

Nails

Fingernails and toenails may be thick, abnormally shaped, discolored, ridged, slow-growing, or brittle. The cuticles may be prone to infections.

Skin

The skin may be lightly pigmented. Skin sustaining injury may grow back permanently hypo-pigmented. In some cases, red or brown pigmentation may be present. Skin can be prone to rashes or infections and can be thick over the palms and soles. Care must be taken to prevent cracking, bleeding, and infection.

Sweat glands

Individuals affected by certain ED syndromes cannot perspire. Their sweat glands may function abnormally or may not have developed at all because of inactive proteins in the sweat glands. Without normal sweat production, the body cannot regulate temperature properly. Therefore, overheating is a common problem, especially during hot weather. Access to cool environments is important.[3]

Dental abnormalities in a 5-year-old girl from north Sweden family who had various symptoms of autosomal dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED):
a) Intraoral view. Note that the upper incisors have been restored with composite material to disguise their original conical shape.
b) Orthopantomogram showing absence of ten primary and eleven permanent teeth in the jaws of the same individual.

Salivary glands

Several studies have examined salivary flow rate in individuals and found parotid and submandibular salivary flow ranging from 5 to 15 times lower than average. This is consistent with the salivary glands being of ectodermal origin, although some findings have suggested that there is also mesodermal input.[4][5]

Teeth

The development of tooth buds frequently results in congenitally absent teeth (in many cases a lack of a permanent set) and/or in the growth of teeth that are peg-shaped or pointed. The enamel may also be defective. Cosmetic dental treatment is almost always necessary and children may need dentures as early as two years of age. Multiple denture replacements are often needed as the child grows, and dental implants may be an option in adolescence, once the jaw is fully grown. Nowadays the option of extracting the teeth and substituting them with dental implants is quite common.[6] In other cases, teeth can be crowned. Orthodontic treatment also may be necessary. Because dental treatment is complex, a multi-disciplinary approach is best.[7]

Other features

People with ED often have certain cranial-facial features which can be distinctive: frontal bossing is common, longer or more pronounced chins are frequent, broader noses are also very common. Sunken cheeks, wrinkled hyper pigmented periorbital skin , thick everted protuberant lips are also seen in ED cases .In some types of ED, abnormal development of parts of the eye can result in dryness of the eye, cataracts, and vision defects. Professional eye care can help minimize the effects of ED on vision. Similarly, abnormalities in the development of the ear may cause hearing problems. Respiratory infections can be more common because the normal protective secretions of the mouth and nose are not present. Precautions must be taken to limit infections.[8].

Genetics

ED can be classified by inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked) or by which structures are involved (hair, teeth, nails and/or sweat glands).

There are several different types with distinct genetic causes:

Diagnosis

In terms of the clinical evaluation, clinical features are the classification method[10]

Treatment

Management for this condition is symptom specific[11]

Society and culture

Notable cases

See also

References

  1. ↑ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  2. ↑ Pinheiro M, Freire-Maia N (November 1994). "Ectodermal dysplasias: a clinical classification and a causal review". Am. J. Med. Genet. 53 (2): 153–62. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320530207. PMID 7856640.
  3. ↑ U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Ectodermal dysplasia". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  4. ↑ Singh, P.; Warnakulasuriya, S. Aplasia of submandibular salivary glands associated with ectodermal dysplasia. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Nov;33(10):634-6.
  5. ↑ Nordgarden, H.; Storhaug, K.; Lyngstadaas, S. P.; Jensen, J. L. Salivary gland function in persons with ectodermal dysplasias. Eur J Oral Sci. 2003 Oct;111(5):371-6.
  6. ↑ Borzabadi-Farahani; A (December 2012). "Orthodontic considerations in restorative management of hypodontia patients with endosseous implants". Journal of Oral Implantology. 38 (6): 779–791. doi:10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-11-00022. PMID 21728818.
  7. ↑ Shahrokhi Rad A, Siadat H, Monzavi A, Mangoli A (May–June 2007). "Full Mouth Rehabilitation of a Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia Patient with Dental Implants: A Clinical Report". J. Prosthodont. Genet. 16 (3): 209–213. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2006.00173.x. PMID 17581183.
  8. ↑ Pinheiro M, Freire-Maia N, Gollop TR (January 1985). "Odontoonychodysplasia with alopecia: a new pure ectodermal dysplasia with probable autosomal recessive inheritance". Am. J. Med. Genet. 20 (1): 197–202. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320200123. PMID 2982262.
  9. ↑ "Ectodermal Dysplasia: eMedicine Dermatology". 29 May 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ↑ "Orphanet: Search a disease". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  11. ↑ "Ectodermal Dysplasias". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  12. ↑ Currin, Grayson Haver (27 June 2023). "How Shahzad Ismaily Became Musicians' Favorite Musician". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  13. ↑ Ectodermal Dysplasia (We need to talk.) [PLEASE WATCH TO END], retrieved 19 August 2023
  14. ↑ Keohan, Matt (28 December 2018). "Internet Sensation HolyGod Reveals How Being Constantly Bullied Catapulted Him To Fame". BroBible. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
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