Greyhound
Other namesEnglish Greyhound
Origin(Widespread)
Traits
Height Males 71 to 76 centimetres (28 to 30 in)
Females 68 to 71 centimetres (27 to 28 in)
Weight Males 27 to 40 kilograms (60 to 88 lb)*
Females
  • 25 to 34 kilograms (55 to 75 lb)*[1]
  • *Normal weight range[1]
Litter size 1–12 pups
Life span 10–14 years
Kennel club standards
The Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The English Greyhound, or simply the Greyhound, is a breed of dog, a sighthound which has been bred for coursing, greyhound racing and hunting. Since the rise in large-scale adoption of retired racing Greyhounds, the breed has seen a resurgence in popularity as a family pet.

Greyhounds are defined as a tall, muscular, smooth-coated, "S-shaped" type of sighthound with a long tail and tough feet. Greyhounds are a separate breed from other related sighthounds, such as the Italian greyhound.[2][3]

The Greyhound is a gentle and intelligent breed whose combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest, flexible spine, and slim build allows it to reach average race speeds exceeding 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph).[4][5][6] The Greyhound can reach a full speed of 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) within 30 metres (98 ft), or six strides from the boxes, traveling at almost 20 metres per second (66 ft/s) for the first 250 metres (820 ft) of a race.[7][8]

Appearance

A blue female greyhound

Males are usually 71 to 76 centimetres (28 to 30 in) tall at the withers, and weigh on average 27 to 40 kilograms (60 to 88 lb). Females tend to be smaller, with shoulder heights ranging from 66 to 71 centimetres (26 to 28 in) and weights from 25 to 34 kilograms (55 to 75 lb), although weights can be above and below these average weights.[1] Greyhounds have very short fur, which is easy to maintain. There are approximately 30 recognized color forms, of which variations of white, brindle, fawn (pale tan to dark deer-red), black, red, and blue (gray) can appear uniquely or in combination.[9] Greyhounds are dolichocephalic, with a skull which is relatively long in comparison to its breadth, and an elongated muzzle.

Pets

Margaret Gorman with her pet Greyhound, "Long Goodie", in April 1925

Greyhounds are considered to make good pets,[10] and are known for their loving nature and enjoyment of the company of humans or other dogs, though how well a Greyhound tolerates the company of other small animals such as cats depends on the individual dog's personality. Greyhounds will typically chase small animals; most Greyhounds will easily be able to coexist happily with any other dog breeds as well as cats and other pets.[11]

Greyhounds live most happily as pets in quiet environments.[12] They do well in families with children, as long as the children are taught to treat the dog properly with politeness and appropriate respect.[13] Greyhounds have a sensitive nature, and gentle commands work best as training methods.[14]

Occasionally, a Greyhound may bark; however, they are generally not barkers, which is beneficial in suburban environments, and they are usually as friendly to strangers as they are with their own families.[15] A 2008 University of Pennsylvania study found that Greyhounds are one of the least aggressive dog breeds towards strangers, owners, and other dogs.[16]

A common misconception regarding Greyhounds is that they are hyperactive. This is usually not the case with retired racing Greyhounds.[17] Greyhounds can live comfortably as apartment dogs, as they do not require much space and sleep almost 18 hours per day. Due to their calm temperament, Greyhounds can make better "apartment dogs" than smaller, more active breeds.

Many Greyhound adoption groups recommend that owners keep their Greyhounds on a leash whenever outdoors, except in fully enclosed areas.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] This is due to their prey drive, their speed, and the assertion that Greyhounds have no road sense.[26] In some jurisdictions, it is illegal for Greyhounds to be allowed off leash,[27] even in off-leash dog parks. Due to their size and strength, adoption groups recommend that fences be between 4 and 6 feet (1.2 and 1.8 m) tall, to prevent Greyhounds from jumping over them.[18] As with most breeds being rehomed, Greyhounds that are adopted after racing tend to need time to adjust to their new lives with a human family. Many guides and books have been published to aid Greyhound owners in helping their pet get comfortable in their new home.[28]

Service dogs

Greyhounds are very intelligent and can be trained as service dogs for people with disabilities. Due to greyhounds’ size, temperament, and strength, they excel at assisting with mobility tasks.

Sport

Coursing

"Gray-Hound" in a 1658 English woodcut

The original primary use of Greyhounds, both in the British Isles and on the Continent of Europe, was in the coursing of deer for meat and sport; later, specifically in Britain, they specialized in competition hare coursing.[29] Some Greyhounds are still used for coursing, although artificial lure sports like lure coursing and racing are far more common and popular. Many leading 300- to 550-yard sprinters have bloodlines traceable back through Irish sires, within a few generations of racers that won events such as the Irish Coursing Derby or the Irish Cup.[30][31]

Racing

Until the early 20th century, Greyhounds were principally bred and trained for hunting and coursing. During the 1920s, modern greyhound racing was introduced into the United States, England (1926), Northern Ireland (1927), Scotland (1927), and the Republic of Ireland (1927).[32] Australia also has a significant racing culture.[33][34][35]

In the United States, aside from professional racing, many Greyhounds enjoy success on the amateur race track. Organizations like the Large Gazehound Racing Association (LGRA) and the National Oval Track Racing Association (NOTRA) provide opportunities for Greyhounds to compete.[36][37]

Companion

Historically, the Greyhound has, since its first appearance as a hunting type and breed, enjoyed a specific degree of fame and definition in Western literature, heraldry and art as the most elegant or noble companion and hunter of the canine world. In modern times, the professional racing industry, with its large numbers of track-bred greyhounds, as well as international adoption programs aimed at re-homing dogs has redefined the breed as a sporting dog that will supply friendly companionship in its retirement. This has been prevalent in recent years due to track closures in the United States.[38][39][40] Outside the racing industry and coursing community, the Kennel Clubs' registered breed still enjoys a modest following as a show dog and pet.

Health and physiology

Illustration of the Greyhound skeleton

Greyhounds are typically a healthy and long-lived breed, and hereditary illness is rare. Some Greyhounds have been known to develop esophageal achalasia, gastric dilatation volvulus (also known as bloat), and osteosarcoma. Because the Greyhound's lean physique makes it ill-suited to sleeping on hard surfaces, owners of both racing and companion Greyhounds generally provide soft bedding; without bedding, Greyhounds are prone to develop painful skin sores. The average lifespan of a Greyhound is 10 to 14 years.[41][42]

A Greyhound in the extended (top) phase and the contracted phase of double rotary suspension gallop

The key to the speed of a Greyhound can be found in its light but muscular build, large heart, highest percentage of fast twitch muscle of any breed,[43][44] double suspension gallop, and extreme flexibility of its spine. "Double suspension rotary gallop" describes the fastest running gait of the Greyhound in which all four feet are free from the ground in two phases, contracted and extended, during each full stride.[45]

Due to the Greyhound's unique physiology and anatomy, a veterinarian who understands the issues relevant to the breed is generally needed when the dogs need treatment, particularly when anesthesia is required. Greyhounds cannot metabolize barbiturate-based anesthesia in the same way that other breeds can because their livers have lower amounts of oxidative enzymes.[46] Greyhounds demonstrate unusual blood chemistry , which can be misread by veterinarians not familiar with the breed and can result in an incorrect diagnosis.[47]

Greyhounds are very sensitive to insecticides.[48] Many vets do not recommend the use of flea collars or flea spray on Greyhounds if the product is pyrethrin-based. Products like Advantage, Frontline, Lufenuron, and Amitraz are safe for use on Greyhounds, however, and are very effective in controlling fleas and ticks.[49]

Greyhounds have higher levels of red blood cells than other breeds. Since red blood cells carry oxygen to the muscles, this higher level allows the hound to move larger quantities of oxygen faster from the lungs to the muscles.[50] Conversely, Greyhounds have lower levels of platelets than other breeds.[51]

Delayed haemorrhage following trauma or routine surgery is more common in Greyhounds, with one study reporting significant haemorrhage in 26% of Greyhounds following routine gonadectomy,[52] compared to 0-2% in other dog breeds.[53] This is often termed greyhound fibrinolytic syndrome or breed-associated hyperfibrinolysis, where in there is a disorder of the fibrinolysis system without derangement of the primary or secondary coagulation systems, and is also not related to platelet count.[53] In this syndrome there is initial adequate hemostasis following trauma or routine surgical procedures, however 36–48 hours later the site undergoes inappropriate hyperfibrinolysis.[52] This results in delayed bleeding which can result in significant morbidity and mortality.[53] Standard pre-operative blood work does not identify those at risk[53] It is distinct from common bleeding disorders in other breeds such von Willebrand's disease, which is uncommon in Greyhounds.[54] Although high-quality research data are lacking, it is thought that this condition can be prevented and treated by administering antifibrinolytic medication such as tranexamic acid via the oral or parenteral route.[55][53] Intensive care and blood product administration may also be required in severe cases.[53]

Greyhounds do not have undercoats and thus are less likely to trigger dog allergies in humans (they are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "hypoallergenic"). The lack of an undercoat, coupled with a general lack of body fat, also makes Greyhounds more susceptible to extreme temperatures (both hot and cold); because of this, they must be housed inside.[56] Some Greyhounds are susceptible to corns on their paw pads; a variety of methods are used to treat them.[57]

History

Bronze figure probably of a vertragus (sighthound), Roman period (50–270 AD)
Sighthounds unleashed in Paolo Uccello's Night Hunt (Ashmolean Museum)

Origins

The ancient skeletal remains of a dog identified as being of the greyhound/saluki form were excavated at Tell Brak in modern Syria, and dated as being approximately 4,000 years old.[58][59]

Historical literature by Arrian on the vertragus (from the Latin vertragus, a word of Celtic origin),[60] the first recorded sighthound in Europe and possible antecedent of the Greyhound, suggested that its origin lies with the Celts from Eastern Europe or Eurasia. Systematic archaeozoology of Britain conducted in 1974[61] ruled out the existence of a true greyhound-type in Britain prior to the Roman occupation, which was further confirmed in 2000.[62] Written evidence from the early period of Roman occupation, the Vindolanda tablets (No. 594), demonstrate that the occupying troops from Continental Europe either had with them in the North of England, or certainly knew of, the vertragus and its hunting use.[63]

An archaeological find at the Chotěbuz fort in the Czech Republic of sighthound type, "gracile" bones dating from the 8th to 9th century AD, anatomically defined as those of a 70 cm (28 in) high "greyhound", were also genetically compared with the modern Greyhound and other sighthounds, and found to be almost completely identical with the modern Greyhound breed, with the exception of only four deletions and one substitution in the DNA sequences, which were interpreted as differences probably arising from 11 centuries of breeding of this type of dog.[64]

All modern pedigree Greyhounds derive from the Greyhound stock recorded and registered first in private studbooks in the 18th century, then in public studbooks in the 19th century, which ultimately were registered with coursing, racing, and kennel club authorities of the United Kingdom.[65] Historically, these sighthounds were used primarily for hunting in the open where their pursuit speed and keen eyesight were essential.

Contemporary illustration of Saint Guinefort, a greyhound sainted by people in the Dombes region of France around the 13th century

Etymology

The name "Greyhound" is generally believed to come from the Old English 'grighund'. Hund is the antecedent of the modern "hound", but the meaning of grig is undetermined, other than in reference to dogs in Old English and Old Norse. The word "hund" is still used for dogs in general in Scandinavian languages today. Its origin does not appear to have any common root with the modern word "grey"[66] for color, and indeed the Greyhound is seen with a wide variety of coat colors. The lighter colors, patch-like markings and white appeared in the breed that was once ordinarily grey in color.[67]

The Greyhound is the only dog mentioned by name in the Bible (Hebrew: זַרְזִיר מׇתְנַיִם, zarir mosna'im) in Proverbs 30:29–31. Many versions, including the Jewish Publication Society and King James Version, name the Greyhound as one of the "three that are stately of stride". However, some newer biblical translations, including the New International Version, have changed this to 'strutting rooster', which appears to be an alternative translation. However, the Douay–Rheims Bible translation from the late 4th-century Latin Vulgate into English translates this term as "a cock".

According to Pokorny,[68] the English term 'Greyhound' does not mean "grey dog/hound", but simply "fair dog". Subsequent words have been derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *g'her- "shine, twinkle": English 'grey', Old High German gris "grey, old", Old Icelandic griss "piglet, pig", Old Icelandic gryja "to dawn", gryjandi "morning twilight", Old Irish grian "sun", Old Church Slavonic zorja "morning twilight, brightness". The common sense of these words is "to shine; bright".

In 1928, the first winner of Best in Show at Crufts was breeder/owner Mr. H. Whitley's Greyhound Primley Sceptre.[69] Greyhounds have won the award three times in total, the most recent being in 1956.[70]

Historically, English Greyhounds were grouped: two for coursing, as a "Brace", three for hunting, as a "Leash", otherwise known as a "couple and a half".[71]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "2018 Oaks first round results". Greyhound Board of Great Britain.
  2. ↑ "Greyhound Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  3. ↑ "Greyhound Type - The Archtypical Sighthound". Greyhound Club Of America. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  4. ↑ Gunnar von Boehn. "Shepparton (VIC) Track Records". Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  5. ↑ Gunnar von Boehn. "Singleton (NSW) Track Records". Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  6. ↑ Gunnar von Boehn. "Capalaba (QLD) Track Records". Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  7. ↑ Kohnke, John. BVSc RDA. "GREYHOUND ATHLETE". Greyhound Racing Betting. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
  8. ↑ Sharp, N.C. Craig.Animal athletes: a performance review Veterinary Record Vol 171 (4) 87-94 2012
  9. ↑ "American Kennel Club – Breed Colors and Markings". Akc.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  10. ↑ "Breed Standard – Greyhound – Hound". NZKC. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  11. ↑ "Chuckster's Greyhounds". Archived from the original on 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
  12. ↑ Livinggood, Lee (2000). Retired Racing Greyhounds for Dummies, p. 31. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., Foster City, CA. ISBN 0-7645-5276-7
  13. ↑ Livinggood 2000, p. 55-56
  14. ↑ Livinggood, Lee (2000). Retired Racing Greyhounds for Dummies. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., Foster City, CA. ISBN 0-7645-5276-7
  15. ↑ Branigan, Cynthia A. (1998). Adopting the Racing Greyhound, pp. 17-18. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-193-X.
  16. ↑ Duffy, Deborah L.; Hsu, Yuying; Serpell, James A. (2008). "Breed differences in canine aggression". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114 (3–4): 441–460. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006.
  17. ↑ "The Greyhound Adoption Program (GAP) in Australia and New Zealand: A survey of owners' experiences with their greyhounds one month after adoption" Applied Animal Behaviour Science Elliott, 2010 vol. 124, issue 3-4. pp. 121-135.
  18. 1 2 "About the Athletes". Greyhound Adoption League of Texas. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  19. ↑ "SEGA_Foster_Manual_V7_FINAL_JUne_2006.doc" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  20. ↑ "FAQ". Greyhoundrescue.com.au. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  21. ↑ "Greyhound Adoption Program – Is a Greyhound Right for You? Archived 2008-01-21 at the Wayback Machine"
  22. ↑ How Safe is an Off-Lead Run?, Adopt a Greyhound
  23. ↑ Peanut. "View topic – Leash Rules". CompassionforGreyhounds.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  24. ↑ "Greyhound Angels Adoption". Greyhound Angels Adoption. Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  25. ↑ "StartLogic".
  26. ↑ "GRV Clubs – GAP". Gap.grv.org.au. Archived from the original on 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  27. ↑ "DOMESTIC ANIMALS ACT 1994 – SECT 27 Restraint of greyhounds". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
  28. ↑ "Greyt Books on Greyhounds and Greyhound Adoption |". 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  29. ↑ Turberville, George (7 October 2018). "Turbervile's Booke of hunting, 1576". [Oxford] : Clarendon Press; New York : [Oxford University Press] – via Internet Archive.
  30. ↑ Irish Greyhound Stud Book
  31. ↑ Gunnar von Boehn. "The Greyhound Breeding and Racing Database". Greyhound-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  32. ↑ Genders, Roy (1990). NGRC book of Greyhound Racing. Pelham Books Ltd. ISBN 0-7207-1804-X.
  33. ↑ "Greyhound racing". Animals Australia. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  34. ↑ "Tribute to Chief Havoc -- Australian Greyhound Racing Association". Archived from the original on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
  35. ↑ "GREY2K USA: Greyhound Racing in Australia".
  36. ↑ "Large Gazehound Racing Association". Lgra.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  37. ↑ "National Oval Track Racing Association". Notra.org. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  38. ↑ Flaim, Denise (2010) 'Forward Thinking', Sighthound Review, Vol 1 Issue 1.
  39. ↑ "As Dog Racetracks Close, Where Do All the Greyhounds Go?". BlogHer. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  40. ↑ Madden, Raymond (2010) 'Imagining the greyhound: 'Racing' and 'rescue' narratives in a human and dog relationship', Continuum, 24: 4, 503 — 515 .
  41. ↑ "Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Greyhounds" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 6 June 2014. n=69, median 9 years 1 month
  42. ↑ O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England" (PDF). The Veterinary Journal. 198 (3): 638–43. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. PMID 24206631. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-31. "n=88 median=10.8 IQR=8.1-12.0"
  43. ↑ Snow, D.H. and Harris R.C. "Thoroughbreds and Greyhounds: Biochemical Adaptations in Creatures of Nature and of Man" Circulation, Respiration, and Metabolism Berlin: Springer Verlag 1985
  44. ↑ Snow, D.H. "The horse and dog, elite athletes – why and how?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 44 267 1985
  45. ↑ Curtis M Brown. Dog Locomotion and Gait Analysis. Wheat Ridge, Colorado: Hoflin 1986 ISBN 0-86667-061-0
  46. ↑ Blythe, Linda, Gannon, James, Craig, A. Morrie, and Fegan, Desmond P. (2007). Care of the Racing and Retired Greyhound, p. 416. American Greyhound Council, Inc., Kansas. ISBN 0-9641456-3-4.
  47. ↑ Veterinary Consultants Are Sighthounds Really Dogs?, 2017
  48. ↑ Branigan, Cynthia A. (1998). Adopting the Racing Greyhound, p. 99-101. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-193-X.
  49. ↑ Branigan, Cynthia A. (1998). Adopting the Racing Greyhound, p. 101-103. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-193-X.
  50. ↑ Blythe, Linda, Gannon, James, Craig, A. Morrie, and Fegan, Desmond P. (2007). Care of the Racing and Retired Greyhound, p. 82. American Greyhound Council, Inc., Kansas. ISBN 0-9641456-3-4.
  51. ↑ "Making Sense of Blood Work in Greyhounds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 5 Nov 2014.
  52. 1 2 Lara-García, A.; Couto, C. G.; Iazbik, M. C.; Brooks, M. B. (May 2008). "Postoperative bleeding in retired racing greyhounds". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 22 (3): 525–533. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0088.x. ISSN 0891-6640. PMID 18466249.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Birkbeck, R.; Humm, K.; Cortellini, S. (November 2019). "A review of hyperfibrinolysis in cats and dogs". The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 60 (11): 641–655. doi:10.1111/jsap.13068. ISSN 1748-5827. PMID 31608455. S2CID 204544250.
  54. ↑ Zaldívar-López, S.; Marín, L. M.; Iazbik, M. C.; Westendorf-Stingle, N.; Hensley, S.; Couto, C. G. (December 2011). "Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds". Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 40 (4): 414–425. doi:10.1111/j.1939-165X.2011.00360.x. ISSN 1939-165X. PMC 3816276. PMID 22092909.
  55. ↑ Osekavage, Katie E.; Brainard, Benjamin M.; Lane, Selena L.; Almoslem, Mohammed; Arnold, Robert D.; Koenig, Amie (October 2018). "Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid in healthy dogs and assessment of its antifibrinolytic properties in canine blood". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 79 (10): 1057–1063. doi:10.2460/ajvr.79.10.1057. ISSN 1943-5681. PMID 30256146. S2CID 52823458.
  56. ↑ Blythe, Linda, Gannon, James, Craig, A. Morrie, and Fegan, Desmond P. (2007). Care of the Racing and Retired Greyhound, p. 394. American Greyhound Council, Kansas. ISBN 0-9641456-3-4.
  57. ↑ "Greyhound Health. Corns in Greyhounds". www.ngap.org. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  58. ↑ Clutton-Brock, J., 1989. A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak. Iraq, 51, pp.217-224.
  59. ↑ Structured Deposition of Animal Remains in the Fertile Crescent during the Bronze Age, José Luis Ramos Soldado, Archaeopress, 2016, p12, ISBN 9781784912697
  60. ↑ Arrian; Dansey, W. (1831). Arrian on coursing : the Cynegeticus of the younger Xenophon, translated from the Greek, with classical and practical annotations, and a brief sketch of the life and writings of the author. To which is added an appendix, containing some account of the Canes venatici of classical antiquity. Bohne. pp. 74.
  61. ↑ Harcourt, R.A., 1974. The dog in prehistoric and early historic Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1(2), pp.151-175.
  62. ↑ Clark, K.M., 2000. Dogged persistence: the phenomenon of canine skeletal uniformity in British prehistory. BAR International Series, 889, pp.163-170.
  63. ↑ Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (2003). The Vindolanda writing-tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses III). British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2249-6.
  64. ↑ SVOBODOVÁ, H., BARTOŠ, M., NÝVLTOVÁ FIŠÁKOVÁ, M. and KOUŘIL, P., (2015). Genetic analysis of possibly the oldest greyhound remains within the territory of the Czech Republic as a proof of a local elite presence at Chotěbuz-Podobora hillfort in the 8th–9th century AD. SbNM B, 71, pp.17-24.
  65. ↑ The Greyhound and the Hare: A history of the breed and the sport Charles Blanning, The National Coursing Club, 2018
  66. ↑ Richardson, Charles (1839). A New Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford University. p. 357.
  67. ↑ admin (2020-06-21). "Greyhound". Native Breed.org. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  68. ↑ Pokorny, Indogermanisches Woerterbuch, pp. 441–442.
  69. ↑ (No.584, pp19 & 121)
  70. ↑ "The winners from the past and present - Crufts". www.crufts.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
  71. ↑ Turbervile's Booke of Hunting 1576 Clarendon Press 1908 p242

Further reading

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