Erminnie A. Smith
Born
Erminnie Adelle Platt

April 26, 1836
Marcellus, New York
DiedJune 9, 1886
Jersey City, New Jersey
Resting placeNew York Bay Cemetery
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma materEmma Willard School
Known forPublished works on the Iroquois People and Founder of the Aesthetic Society of Jersey City
SpouseSimeon H. Smith
Scientific career
FieldsEthnography
InstitutionsSmithsonian Institution

Erminnie A. Smith, née Erminnie Adelle Platt (April 26, 1836– June 9, 1886) was a linguist, ethnologist, anthropologist and geologist who worked at the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology.[1][2][3] She has been called the "first woman field ethnographer"[4] and was the first female member elected to the New York Academy of Sciences on November 5, 1877.[5]

Erminnie Smith published multiple works on the language and culture of the Iroquois people. She was active in cataloging their legends and employed John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt to assist in this work.[6] Her work on the Iroquois, along with that of Alice Fletcher on the Omaha and other tribes, and Matilda Coxe Stevenson on the Zuni people, challenged views of women's position in both indigenous North American and Victorian societies. Smith's accounts showed that Iroquois women held rights to property and other social freedoms that American and European women lacked, and that they were honored and respected for their involvement and contributions to culture, economics and ritual practice.[3]

Early life and education

Erminnie Adelle Platt was born April 26, 1836[7] (sometimes given as 1839),[8] in Marcellus, New York, to Joseph and Ermina Dodge Platt.[9][8] She graduated in 1853 from the Troy Female Seminary (later known as the Emma Willard School) in Troy, New York. She married Simeon H. Smith in 1855[9] of Chicago.[10]

Smith spent four years in Germany while her sons attended school. During that time, she completed a degree in geology at the School of Mines, Freiburg, Saxony. Smith accumulated a private collection of geological specimens, one of the largest for its time in the United States. After her death this collection was inherited by her sons.[11]

Career

In 1876, Smith founded the Aesthetic Society of Jersey City, a women's club which grew to over 500 members. They met to discuss topics in science, literature and art,[12] first at her home at 203 Pacific Avenue[13] and later at the Lafayette Reformed Church of Jersey City.[12] Smith served as president of the women's club from 1879 to 1886, and often lectured at their monthly receptions.[11] She is frequently referred to in Echoes of the Aesthetic Society of Jersey City, a collection of poems and essays from meetings of the society.[14] Following her death, the society established an award in her honor and published a small souvenir collection with some of her poems and essays as well as memorial tributes, In memoriam Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith.[15] In addition to the Aesthetic Society of Jersey City, Smith was a member of the women's club Sorosis.[11]

By 1880, when she was recruited by the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., Smith was an expert on the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy in the United States and Canada,[12] which included the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca and Tuscarora people.[16] As part of her work for the Smithsonian, she published reports on Iroquois language and customs including Myths of the Iroquois (1883).[7][17][18] Smith transcribed and classified over 15,000 words in Iroquois dialects. She was adopted into the Tuscarora tribe in Canada and named Ka-tei-tei-sta-kwast (beautiful flower). The Iroquois-English dictionary she prepared was published following her death.[11]

Smith was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science[12] and served as secretary of its geology and geography section in 1885.[11] Smith became the first woman elected to the New York Academy of Sciences, on November 5, 1877.[5] She was also a member of The Women's Anthropological Society of America, to which she presented "Reminiscences of Life among the Iroquois Indians in the Province of Quebec"[19] and of the Historical Society of New York.[11][12] Smith's other memberships included the London Scientific Society and the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia.[11]

Erminnie Smith died at home in Jersey City, New Jersey on June 9, 1886. [11] Following a service at the Lafayette Reformed Church, she was buried in New York Bay Cemetery.[20]

Works

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Erminnie Adele Smith
  • Myths of the Iroquois, 1883.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kilarski, Marcin (31 December 2021). "Erminnie A. Smith (1836–1886): A portrait of a linguist". Historiographia Linguistica. 48 (2–3): 228–263. doi:10.1075/hl.00094.kil. ISSN 0302-5160. S2CID 249349794. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  2. ↑ Elliott, Clark A; Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory (1979). Biographical Dictionary of American Science: The Seventeenth Through the Nineteenth Centuries. Westport and London: Greenwood Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-313-20419-7.
  3. 1 2 Visweswaran, Kamala (October 1997). "Histories of Feminist Ethnography". Annual Review of Anthropology. 26 (1): 591–621. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.591. ISSN 0084-6570. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  4. ↑ Kirstin Olsen (1994). Chronology of Women's History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-313-28803-6.
  5. 1 2 Fairchild, Herman Le Roy (1887). A History of the New York Academy of Sciences, Formerly the Lyceum of Natural History. New York Academy of Sciences. p. 133. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Johansen, Bruce Elliott; Mann, Barbara Alice (2000). "John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt". Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-313-30880-2. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  7. 1 2 Jayanti, Vimala (1988). Gacs, Ute; Khan, Aisha; McIntyre, Jerrie; Weinberg, Ruth (eds.). Women Anthropologists: Selected Biographies. University of Illinois Press. pp. 327–330. ISBN 978-0-252-06084-7. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  8. 1 2 "Erminnie A. Platt Smith, Onondaga County Most Famous Woman" (PDF). Marcellus Observer. July 8, 1949. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  9. 1 2 "Smith, Erminnie A. Platt (1836–1886) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  10. ↑ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (16 December 2003). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. pp. 1205–1206. ISBN 978-1-135-96343-9. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brown, John Howard (1903). Lamb's biographical dictionary of the United States. Boston, Mass.: James H. Lamb Company. p. 115. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Karnoutsos, Carmela (2007). "Erminnie Adelle Platt Smith, 1836-1886 Founder of the Aesthetic Society of Jersey City". New Jersey City University. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  13. ↑ Eaton, Harriet Phillips (1899). Jersey City and its Historic Sites. The woman's club of Jersey City. p. 121.
  14. ↑ Aesthetic Society of Jersey City (1882). Echoes of the Aesthetic Society of Jersey City. New York: Thompson and Moreau. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  15. ↑ In memoriam Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith. Marcellus, N.Y., April 26, 1837 - Jersey City, N.J., June 9, l886. Boston: Printed for private circulation by Lee and Shepard. 1890.
  16. ↑ "The Six Nations Council" (PDF). Government of Canada. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  17. ↑ Smith, Erminnie A. (1883). "Myths of the Iroquois". Second annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-1881. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institute. pp. 47–116.
  18. ↑ "Collection Search Results | search=q=Smith,+Erminnie+A.+(Erminnie+Adele),+1836-1886". SOVA. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  19. ↑ "The Women's Anthropological Society of America". Science. 13 (321): 240–242. 1889. Bibcode:1889Sci....13R.240.. doi:10.1126/science.ns-13.321.240. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1763324. PMID 17749855. S2CID 9960562.
  20. ↑ "Library Guides: Erminnie Smith (1836-1886): Erminnie Smith (1836-1886)". New Jersey City University. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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