Exodus of Iranian Jews[1] refers to the emigration of Persian Jews from Iran in the 1950s and the later migration wave from the country during and after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, during which the community of 80,000 dropped to less than 20,000.[1] The migration of Persian Jews after the Iranian Revolution is mostly attributed to fear of religious persecution,[1] economic hardships and insecurity after the deposition of the Imperial government.

The Iranian constitution respects the rights of non-Muslim minorities, however the strong anti-Zionist policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran created an uncomfortable dilemma for some Iranian Jews.

Many of the formerly 80,000-strong Iranian Jewish community had left Iran by 1978.[2] Subsequently, more than 80% of the remaining Iranian Jews fled or migrated from the country between 1979 and 2006.[1] A small Jewish community of almost 10,000 still resides in Iran as a protected minority.[3]

Background

After the destruction of the first Temple in 586 B.C.E, thousands of Jews were forced into exile and began to immigrate to different parts of the world. Some Jews found their new home in Iran and began a flourishing Jewish community there. The Iranian Jewish community solidified the Jewish presence in the Middle East. In the year 642 C.E, Islamic rule was established in Iran and religious minorities, including Jews, became second class citizens. Some Iranian Jews began to migrate to other parts of the world to escape the growing Jewish resentment in Iran. In the 16th and 17th century, Shiite Islam became the religion of Iran and tensions between the Shiite Muslims and Iranian religious minorities escalated. Iranian Jews became the subject of forced conversions to Islam and many social restrictions.[4] During the years between 1892 and 1910, some pogroms against Jews took place in Shiraz and other towns, culminating in the 1910 Shiraz blood libel, which resulted in thirteen deaths, injury, robbery, vandalism and near-starvation for the 6,000 Jews of Shiraz.[5]

Historian Ervand Abrahamian estimated that 50,000 Jews lived in Iran around 1900,[6] with majority of them residing in Yazd, Shiraz, Tehran, Isfahan and Hamadan.[6]

Post-1948 to 1950s

In 1948, Iran's Jewish population was approximately 150,000 people, the largest Jewish population in the Middle East after Israel. Most of the Jewish population was centered around Tehran, Esfahan, and Shiraz.[7] While many Jews in Iran lived peacefully after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948,[7] there was increased Jewish emigration from Iran, similar to what was witnessed in other countries in the Middle East.[8] Anti-Jewish sentiment increased under Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddegh, and continued until the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, in part because of the weakening of the central government and strengthening of the clergy in the political struggles between the shah and the prime minister.[8]

There are conflicting estimates on the number of Jews who chose to leave Iran during those years. According to Trita Parsi, by 1951 only 8,000 of 100,000 Iranian Jews had emigrated to Israel.[9] However, according to Sanasarian, during 1948–1953, about one-third of Iranian Jews, most of them poor, emigrated to Israel.[8]

Stability in the 1950s, to instability in the late 1970s

After the deposition of Mossadegh in 1953, the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the most prosperous era for the Jews of Iran. Due to political instability in the 1970s and prompted by the Islamic Revolution, most Iranian Jews fled the country.

According to the first national census taken in 1956, Jewish population in Iran stood at 65,232,[10] but there is no reliable data about migrations in the first half of the 20th century. David Littman puts the total figure of emigrants to Israel in 1948–1978 at 70,000.[2]

Main exodus late 1970s to 1990s

The tensions between the loyalists of the Shah and Islamists throughout the 1970s initiated the mass-migration of Iranian Jews, first affecting the higher-class. Instability caused thousands of Persian Jews to leave Iran prior to the revolution—some seeking better economic opportunities or stability, while others feared the potential Islamist takeover.

While many Jews in Iran lived peacefully after the establishment of the State of Israel, the Iranian Revolution "radically altered the status of the country's Jewish community". In 1979, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini met with the Jewish community upon his return from exile in Paris and issued a fatwa decreeing that the Jews were to be protected.[11] Nevertheless, emigration continued. At the time of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, 60,000 Jews lived in Iran.[12] However, about 30,000 Jews left within several months of the revolution.[2]

When Shah Reza Pahlavi was overthrown and the new Islamic Regime under Ruhollah Khomeini was brought into power, the Jewish population in Iran began to look for routes out of the country. Although, Ayatollah Khomeini had proclaimed that the rights of Jews were to be protected, the new government would not issue Iranian Jews passports and barred them from leaving the country. The Jewish population began to fear for their lives because many Jewish leaders were killed in the revolution because of their support for Zionism and their disapproval of Jews being considered as second class citizens. Thousands of Iranian Jews began to look for ways in which they could smuggle themselves and their families out of the country. Most Iranian Jews had to leave their homes and possessions in order to leave Iran illegally as selling all of their possessions would alert to the authorities that they were trying to leave the country. Leaving the country was very dangerous as many of the roads out were being watched by the government and, if caught, one could face imprisonment or death.[13]

According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jewish flight from Iran began in earnest after the May 1979 execution of Habib Elghanian, a philanthropist and leader in Iran's Jewish community, on false charges of spying for America and Israel. The execution of Albert Danialpour case on 5 June 1980, further encouraged emigration. According to activist Frank Nikbakht, Jews sought to escape the country's strict sharia laws, which were designed to humiliate and disadvantage the Jewish population.[14]

Some sources put the Iranian Jewish population in the mid- and late 1980s as between 50,000 and 60,000.[15] An estimate based on the 1986 census put the figure for the same time period, at approximately 55,000.[16] For the 1990s there has been more uniformity in the figures, with most sources since then estimating roughly 25,000 Jews remaining in Iran.[17][18][19][20][21] Many Iranian Jews chose to immigrate to the United States and have built large communities in Los Angeles, Miami, Texas, and New York. According to the 2010 Foreign Born Population Survey, an estimated 100,000 Iranian Jews are currently living in Los Angeles. These new Iranian Jewish communities in the United States have thrived and have become great centers of Jewish learning and study for all Jews. The Iranian Jewish communities in the United States have kept many of their traditions alive through the teaching of Sephardic Jewish customs in schools and synagogues across the United States. Iranian Jews living in the United States have also helped to bring other Jews from Iran and other parts of the world into the United States so they can escape religious persecution and harassment as well.[22]

The migration of Persian Jews after the Iranian Revolution has generally been attributed to fear of religious persecution,[1][23] economic hardships and insecurity after the deposition of the Shah regime and consequent domestic violence and the Iran–Iraq War.

Aftermath

Jews have their minority rights protected in Iran, though there is official discrimination. In order to prevent circumvention of emigration restrictions, the Iranian government prevents Jewish families from traveling abroad contemporaneously.[24]

The United States State Department estimated the number of Jews in Iran at 20,000–25,000 as of 2009.[25] The 2012 census put the figure of remaining Jewish community in Iran at about 9,000.[26] The Jewish population of Iran was 8,756 according to 2013 Iranian census.[3][27] According to Iranian census, the remaining Jewish population of Iran was 9,826 in 2016;[28] while in 2021, the World Population Review website numbered the Jews in Iran at 8,500.[29]

The Persian Jewish community has further attempted to help by sponsoring or raising funds to help their Jewish brothers and sisters emigrate to the United States. Jewish leaders in the early twentieth century were focused on bringing working and healthy Jews out of Europe and into the United States. Then their philosophy changed, in response to the dire political circumstances in Europe, as they started to help Jews of all ages and health conditions to come to America and assist them to settle down and assimilate into American life whilst keeping their core principles and faith.[30][31]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Mahdī ,ʻA.A. and Daniel, E.L. Culture and Customs of Iran. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2006: P60. ISBN 0-313-32053-5
  2. 1 2 3 Littman, David (1979). Jews under Muslim Rule, The Case of Persia.The Wiener Library Bulletin Vol. XXXII, New Series Nos. 49/50. London, U.K.: Institute of Contemporary History (The Wiener Library Limited). p. 5.
  3. 1 2 "Iran young, urbanised and educated: census". Google.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  4. ↑ Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (1998). "From Iranian Studies to Studies of Iranians in the United States". Iranian Studies. 31 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1080/00210869808701893. JSTOR 4311116.
  5. ↑ Laurence D Loeb (4 May 2012). Outcaste (RLE Iran D): Jewish Life in Southern Iran. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-136-81277-4. In 1892, several Jews were murdered in Shiraz (Alliance, 1892:52). Twenty Jews were murdered and three synagogues were burned down in 1897 (Alliance, 1897:87). Pogroms, forced conversion and expulsion swept Zarqon, Lar, Jahrom, Darab, Nobendigan, Sarvestan and Kazerun (Alliance, 1900—1910). Jews abandoned Lar and Jabrom, which were never resettled, and emigrated to Shiraz and thence to Palestine, where they joined the numerous Shirazis who had previously escaped. Just after the holiday of Sukkot in 1910, a pogrom organized by the apostate Qavam family resulted in thirteen deaths, injury, theft, vandalism and near starvation for the 6000 Jews of Shiraz (Alliance, 1910:229—245).
  6. 1 2 Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780521528917. OCLC 171111098.
  7. 1 2 Rafizadeh, Majid (2017-06-29). "'I Want to Die in My Homeland': Why Some Iranian Jews Stay". Tablet. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 Sanasarian (2000), p. 47
  9. ↑ Parsi, T. (2007). Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. Yale University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-300-12057-8.
  10. ↑ Hourcade, Bernard; Balland, Daniel (15 December 1994). "Demography i. In Persia since 1319 Š./1940.". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University.
  11. ↑ Parsi, Trita (2007). Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States, Trita Parsi, page 8. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300120578. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  12. ↑ SCI (1986). "6. Followers of Selected Religions in the 1976 & 1986 Censuses". Tehran: Statistical Centre of Iran. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
  13. ↑ Warner, R. Stephen; Wittner, Judith G. (1998). Gatherings in Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration. Temple University Press. pp. 72–78. ISBN 1-56639-613-1.
  14. ↑ Melamed, Karmel (2019-02-25). "The Iranian revolution was 40 years ago. Persian Jews in Los Angeles are still feeling the pain". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  15. ↑ Sanasarian (2000), p. 48.
  16. ↑ Iran – Geography. Mongabay.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-09.
  17. ↑ Harrison, Frances (September 22, 2006). "Iran's proud but discreet Jews". BBC News. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Iran Jewish leader calls recent mass aliyah 'misinformation' bid". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  19. ↑ "Iran Jewish MP criticizes 'anti-human' Israel acts". Ynetnews. Ynentnews.com. July 5, 2008.
  20. ↑ Harrison, Frances (2006-09-22). "Iran's proud but discreet Jews". BBC.
  21. ↑ "Jews in Iran Describe a Life of Freedom Despite Anti-Israel Actions by Tehran|csmonitor.com". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 30, 2005. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  22. ↑ Bozorgmehr, M. (1997). "Internal Ethnicity: Iranians in Los Angeles". Sociological Perspectives. 40 (3): 387–408. doi:10.2307/1389449. JSTOR 1389449. S2CID 145639860.
  23. ↑ Migration Information Source – Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home. Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-29.
  24. ↑ Sontag, Deborah (1 October 2000). "Israel Seeks to Uncover Fate Of 11 Jews Lost Fleeing Iran". New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  25. ↑ Iran. State.gov. Retrieved on 2011-05-09.
  26. ↑ "AFP: Iran young, urbanised and educated: census". 2012-07-29. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  27. ↑ "Iran Urges Baby Boom With Population Aging | Persian Gulf News Bulletin". Khalije-fars.com. 2012-08-01. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
  28. ↑ "Iranian Census Report 2016" (PDF). Iranian Statistics Agency.
  29. ↑ Jewish Population by Country 2021 website
  30. ↑ Benton-Cohen, Katherine (2018). Inventing the Immigration Problem: The Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97644-3.
  31. ↑ Cohen, Avraham (1986). "Iranian Jewry and the Educational Endeavors of the Alliance Israélite Universelle". Jewish Social Studies. 48 (1): 15–44. JSTOR 4467316.
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