The soundtrack for the 2018 American animated superhero film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, based on the Miles Morales incarnation of the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and produced by Sony Pictures Animation, consists of a soundtrack featuring original songs written for and inspired by the film and an original score composed by Daniel Pemberton. The soundtrack was released under the title Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Soundtrack from & Inspired by the Motion Picture) under the Republic Records label on December 14, 2018, while Pemberton's score was released as Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Original Score) under the Sony Classical label three days later.

Soundtrack

Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Soundtrack from & Inspired by the Motion Picture)
A black mask with two white bug-eyes, outlined in red. This is the mask that the film's protagonist Miles Morales wears.
Soundtrack album by
various artists
ReleasedDecember 14, 2018 (2018-12-14)
Genre
Length50:10
LabelRepublic
Producer
Spider-Man soundtracks chronology
Spider-Man: Homecoming (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
(2017)		 Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Soundtrack from & Inspired by the Motion Picture)
(2018)		 Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Original Score)
(2018)
Singles from Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Soundtrack from & Inspired by the Motion Picture)
  1. "Sunflower"
    Released: October 18, 2018
  2. "What's Up Danger"
    Released: November 1, 2018

The soundtrack features songs performed by an array of artists, including Vince Staples, Jaden Smith, Nicki Minaj, Lil Wayne, Ski Mask the Slump God, Ty Dolla $ign, Post Malone, Swae Lee, Anuel AA, Thutmose, Coi Leray, the now-late Juice Wrld, and the late XXXTentacion. The soundtrack was supported by the singles "Sunflower" and "What's Up Danger". It was released by Republic Records on December 14, 2018, the same day as the film's theatrical release.[1] A deluxe version of the soundtrack, with remix versions of "Sunflower" and "Scared of the Dark" as bonus tracks, was released on February 22, 2019.[2] The soundtrack's music was made to represent "what a teen like [lead character Miles Morales] is listening to across the country."[3]

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic[4]

Background

In November, Nicki Minaj revealed that she had written a song for the film.[5] It was later revealed that the song is titled "Familia" and that it features Anuel AA and Bantu.[6] The soundtrack was curated to represent what a teen like Morales would listen to.[1]

In October, Post Malone revealed on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that he had written a song for the film titled "Sunflower", which Billboard described as a "funky, dreamy ballad".[7] The song, which is co-performed by Swae Lee,[8] was released on October 18.[9]

A second single, titled "What's Up Danger" and performed by Blackway and Black Caviar, was released on November 1, 2018.[10] Blackway said that "[b]eing presented with the opportunity to be a part of this project is probably the coolest thing that has ever happened to [him]", while Black Caviar claimed that "when the opportunity to write a song for the new Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse film came up, [their] 10-year-old selves were freaking out".[10]

The film's soundtrack and score were blended together; an example of this can be found in the scene featuring Miles Morales taking a leap of faith. In the scene, the song "What's Up Danger", performed by Blackway and Black Caviar, fades into Pemberton's score, with the latter taking over the end of the scene.[11] The soundtrack is additionally featured diegetically, such as when Miles sings along to "Sunflower" during the beginning of the film.

In March 2023, a live orchestral concert tour of Into the Spider-Verse's score began, with Kings Theatre in Brooklyn being the first location on the tour.[12] The tour was produced by Ollie Rosenblatt, with Pemberton performing some elements of the score, though he did not conduct the orchestra, stating "there's nothing worse than a film composer pretending to conduct."[12]

Track listing

Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Soundtrack from & Inspired by the Motion Picture)
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."What's Up Danger" (Blackway and Black Caviar)
  • Yaw Sintim-Misa
  • Jared Piccone
  • Black Caviar
  • Blackway
3:42
2."Sunflower" (Post Malone and Swae Lee)
  • Bell
  • Lang
2:38
3."Way Up" (Jaden Smith)
2:33
4."Familia" (Nicki Minaj and Anuel AA featuring Bantu)
  • Bantu
  • Kembo
2:54
5."Invincible" (Aminé)
Keith3:16
6."Start a Riot" (Duckwrth and Shaboozey)
2:51
7."Hide" (Juice WRLD featuring Seezyn)
PD Beats, Neil Blanco3:25
8."Memories" (Thutmose)
Avedon3:19
9."Save the Day" (Ski Mask the Slump God and Jacquees featuring Coi Leray and LouGotCash)
Arroyo2:58
10."Let Go" (Beau Young Prince)
  • Beau Young
  • Jaimy Lageweg
  • Jailo
  • Carl Rushing[c]
2:57
11."Scared of the Dark" (Lil Wayne and Ty Dolla $ign featuring XXXTentacion)
3:52
12."Elevate" (DJ Khalil featuring Denzel Curry, Cordae, SwaVay and Trevor Rich)
3:39
13."Home" (Vince Staples)
Take a Daytrip3:31
Total length:41:35
Deluxe Edition – Bonus Tracks
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
14."Sunflower (Remix)" (Post Malone, Swae Lee, Nicky Jam and Prince Royce)
  • Bell
  • Lang
  • G.O Kings Bred[d]
3:30
15."Scared of the Dark (Remix)" (Lil Wayne, Ty Dolla Sign and Ozuna featuring XXXTentacion)
  • Carter
  • Martin
  • Onfroy
  • Rodriguez-Diaz
  • Izquierdo
  • Vicente Saavedra
  • Benjamin Dyer Diehl
  • Juan Rosada
  • Ben Billions
  • Infamous
  • John Cunningham[c]
5:05
Total length:50:10
Remixes not in the album
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."What's Up Danger (Black Caviar Remix)"
  • Yaw Sintim-Misa
  • Jared Piccone
  • Black Caviar
  • Blackway
3:18

Notes

  • ^[a] indicates an additional producer
  • ^[b] indicates a co-producer
  • ^[c] indicates a vocal producer
  • ^[d] indicates a remixer
  • "Way Up" features background vocals by Tyler Cole & OmArr
  • "Familia" features background vocals by Pip Kembo
  • "Start a Riot" features background vocals by Breyan Isaac
  • "Hide" features background vocals by Carl Chaney

Reception

Critical

Aaron Williams of Uproxx said that the soundtrack understands the necessity of representing positively the title character's ethnic group, stating it "services this idea as admirably as the film's titular character does the legacy of his revered namesake", calling it "one of the best hip-hop-oriented film soundtracks ever created".[13] He called "Memories" "the sound of the vibrant culture of the melting pot", something he felt was also present in "Familia" which he called "a reggaeton track that Miles would almost certainly enjoy listening to alongside his streetwise, Puerto Rican mother Rio".[13] He also stated that "[t]he most impressive part is how the compilation hangs together as its own separate body of work".[13] The first film's blending of Pemberton's score and the soundtrack was commended. Observer's Dylan Roth wrote that Pemberton's score weaved "perfectly between or even through the film's pop songtrack."[12] Roth further commented that the emotional climax featuring Miles taking a leap from a skyscraper "has become an iconic moment [in] recent cinema thanks in no small part to the interplay between Pemberton's orchestrated themes and 'What's Up Danger'".[12] James Whitbrook of Gizmodo wrote that Into the Spider-Verse featured "a seamless blend of licensed work featuring songs from artists like Post Malone and Lil Wayne, plus Daniel Pemberton's sprawling original music, spanning symphonic orchestral work to wailing rock guitars and eclectic electronic beats."[14] Writing for Collider, Patrick Caoile referred to "Sunflower" as synonymous with Into the Spider-Verse.[15]

Commercial

The Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse soundtrack debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 with 52,000 album-equivalent units, including 14,000 in pure album sales.[16] In the week ending January 17, 2019, the soundtrack moved up to number two, the highest it has ever been, mainly due to its lead single "Sunflower" hitting number one on the US Billboard Hot 100.[17]

Charts

Certifications

Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[38] Platinum 20,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)[39] Gold 7,500‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[40] Gold 100,000‡
United States (RIAA)[41] 2× Platinum 2,000,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Score

Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Original Score)
The film's protagonist Miles Morales falls to an upside-down New York.
Film score by
Daniel Pemberton
ReleasedDecember 17, 2018 (2018-12-17)
StudioSony Music Masterworks
Length81:00
LabelSony Classical
Daniel Pemberton chronology
Ocean's 8
(2018)		 Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Original Score)
(2018)		 Yesterday
(2019)
Spider-Man soundtracks chronology
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Soundtrack from & Inspired by the Motion Picture)
(2018)		 Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Original Score)
(2018)		 A Very Spidey Christmas
(2018)

In July 2018, Daniel Pemberton was revealed to be scoring Into the Spider-Verse.[42] Pemberton said that "It has been such a pleasure to enter the Spider-Verse with such an amazing array of collaborators and truly ground-breaking directors", and said that "[he felt] so lucky to have been a part of it and to have the opportunity to create a whole new musical universe for one of the world's most beloved superheroes – Spider-Man".[43] Spring Aspers, head of music and creative affairs at Sony Pictures, praised Pemberton's score, calling it "a perfect blend of influences that captures Miles Morales's Brooklyn world and the film's inclusive, optimistic message of heroism: that when it's time to step up, anyone can wear the mask".[43] The score was released in both CD and digital formats, with the digital format featuring additional tracks to the CD version.[43]

Pemberton was "initially skeptical that a big-budget animated superhero movie would be a welcome venue for his experimentation."[12]

Pemberton's score combined various elements, including "the expected orchestra with trap beats, scratching, and other hip hop and turntablist elements."[12] Another element found in Into's score included the clacking of a computer keyboard being featured in a set piece.[12] The motif for the Kingpin (or Wilson Fisk) is performed by a click-pen.[12] The score featured a noted usage of turntable scratching.[44] In his cover notes for the album, Pemberton elaborated that the idea of "using sounds generated on a DJ turntable as a key element" in the score came about after his consideration of the type of music a teenager would be listening to.[45] As the film's story becomes more centered around action, the score leans more into its orchestral elements, though its hip-hop and scratching elements continue throughout.[45]

Pemberton elaborated that to "scratch the orchestra", the team working on the film's music would "go record and mix all the live players - then get it transferred to 'vinyl' - then spend ages putting the notes back in the mix bar by bar with the amazing [DJ Blakey]".[46] The two used the Serato DJ software to "virtually spin and scratch the uncompressed orchestral recording."[12] Included in the score is a sound effect associated with the Prowler character, which Pemberton created by processing elephant trumpeting through an audio filter.[47] The score also included "a lot of sound-effect- like layers that fuel what the sound effects are doing."[11]

The score's first track, "Into the Spider-Verse" has a soundscape that is layered by a "crescendo leading to a veritable explosion of scratching sounds."[45] The score further establishes hip-hop elements, including drum kit, electronic, orchestral, and percussion elements.[45] The "Green Goblin Fight" track "is part EDM and introduces a bunch of truly scary electronic howls."[45] Later, "The Amazing Spider-Man" invokes a heroic theme that includes a three-note leitmotif.[45] Though including leitmotifs, Pemberton has stated "A theme doesn't necessarily have to be a melodic leitmotif; it can be a sort of crazy noise. In the first film, we had that with the Prowler. The Prowler noise is very recognizable, and it's a theme, but it's just a crazy noise. Whereas Miles has themes that are more traditional, musical, melodic themes."[48]

Track listing

All music composed by Daniel Pemberton.[42][43]

Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Original Score)
No.TitleLength
1."Into the Spider-Verse"0:59
2."Only One Spider-Man"2:13
3."Visions Brooklyn 1, 2, 3"3:17
4."Security Guard"1:06
5."Comic Book"0:44
6."Green Goblin Fight"2:12
7."The Amazing Spider-Man"1:56
8."The Collider"1:14
9."Destiny"2:46
10."Escape the Subway"1:56
11."Mi Amor"1:19
12."Spider-Training"1:23
13."Rest In Peace"1:20
14."My Name Is Peter B. Parker"0:52
15."For The Love of MJ"0:38
16."Peter Enters the Spider-Verse"1:36
17."Cemetery Splat"0:37
18."Catch the S Train"1:55
19."Quantum Physics"1:20
20."Gimme the Goober"1:15
21."Alchemax Infiltration Plan"1:47
22."Alchemax Arrives"2:17
23."Spider-Man Science"2:06
24."Take the Computer and Run"1:25
25."Are You Ready to Swing?"3:09
26."Gwen Enters the Spider-Verse"0:46
27."Kingpin Clicks"1:37
28."Aunt May and the Spider-Shed"3:54
29."The Prowler"2:45
30."Breakdown the House.."2:27
31."..and Tear off the Roof"2:30
32."On Your Way"2:18
33."The Team Leaves"1:57
34."This Spark in You"2:10
35."Spider-Team Mission"1:44
36."MJ In the Restaurant"0:54
37."Suicide Squad"1:46
38."Miles Morales Returns"3:45
39."Saying Goodbye"1:49
40."Shut It Down"1:15
41."Kingpin Fight"2:59
42."Shoulder Touch"2:33
43."Aftermath"1:26
44."Spider-Man Loves You"1:51
Total length:1:21:00

A Very Spidey Christmas

A Very Spidey Christmas
EP by
various artists
ReleasedDecember 21, 2018 (2018-12-21)
GenreChristmas
Length10:56
Label
Spider-Man soundtracks chronology
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (Original Score)
(2018)		 A Very Spidey Christmas
(2018)		 Spider-Man: Far From Home (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
(2019)
Singles from A Very Spidey Christmas
  1. "Spidey-Bells (A Hero's Lament)"
    Released: December 20, 2018
  2. "Deck the Halls"
    Released: December 20, 2018

Sony Pictures Animation revealed that an extended play album based on a throwaway joke featured in Into the Spider-Verse was set to be released on December 21, 2018. Producer Phil Lord was unaware of Chris Pine's ability to sing prior to recording.[49] The EP, titled A Very Spidey Christmas, features 5 Christmas-based songs performed by cast members Chris Pine, Shameik Moore, Jake Johnson, and Jorma Taccone.[50] The EP features a cover of the song "Jingle Bells" titled "Spidey-Bells (A Hero's Lament)", performed by Pine, which was featured on the film's end credits.[49] A cover of "Deck the Halls" by Johnson is also featured in the EP.[50] Both songs were released as singles on December 20, 2018.[50]

Track listing

No.TitleArtist(s)Length
1."Joy to the World"Shameik Moore1:40
2."Spidey-Bells (A Hero’s Lament)"Chris Pine2:41
3."Deck the Halls"Jake Johnson2:05
4."Up on the House Top"Chris Pine1:45
5."The Night Before Christmas 1967 (Spoken Word)"Jorma Taccone2:45
Total length:10:56

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Cowen, Trace (October 19, 2018). "Post Malone and Swae Lee's 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Collab "Sunflower" Is Here". Complex. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  2. ↑ Mitchell, Michael (February 22, 2019). "Deluxe Edition of 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Official Soundtrack Album Available Now". RadioFacts. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  3. ↑ Cowen, Trace William (October 18, 2018). "Post Malone and Swae Lee's 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Collab "Sunflower" Is Here". Complex. Complex Networks. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse [Soundtrack from & Inspired by the Motion Picture] Review by Neil Z. Yeung". allmusic.com. December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
  5. ↑ Zaynab (November 18, 2018). "Nicki Minaj Reveals Her Contribution To Upcoming "Spider-Man" Movie". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  6. ↑ Strauss, Matthew (December 11, 2018). "Vince Staples, Nicki, Lil Wayne, More on New Spider-Man Soundtrack". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  7. ↑ Kaufman, Gil (October 2, 2018). "Post Malone Previews 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Track, Talks Justin Bieber Tattoo Rivalry on 'Tonight Show': Watch". Billboard. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  8. ↑ Saporana, Michael (October 16, 2018). "Swae Lee Previews Post Malone Collaboration For New 'Spider-Man' Soundtrack". Billboard. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  9. ↑ A., Aron (October 16, 2018). "Post Malone & Swae Lee's Collab "Sunflower" Drops This Week". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  10. 1 2 Brayson, Johnny (December 5, 2018). "The 'Into The Spider-Verse' Soundtrack Is Exactly What Miles Morales Would Jam Out To". Bustle. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  11. 1 2 "The Sound of Spider Man: Into the Spider-Verse". Soundworks Collection. December 27, 2018. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Roth, Dylan (March 10, 2023). "The Music of 'Spider-Man' Makes A Live Leap From The Spider-Verse To Brooklyn". Observer. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 "The 'Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse' Soundtrack Is Exactly What Black Superhero Music Should Be". Uproxx. December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  14. ↑ Whitbrook, James (December 18, 2018). "You Can Now Stream Both Of Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse's Sensational Soundtracks". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  15. ↑ Caoile, Patrick (January 1, 2022). "'Spider-Man: No Way Home': The Musical References of Spider-Man's Multiverse". Collider. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  16. ↑ Caulfield, Keith (December 23, 2018). "Kodak Black Scores First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 With 'Dying to Live'". Billboard. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  17. 1 2 Caulfield, Keith (January 21, 2018). "A Boogie Wit da Hoodie's 'Hoodie SZN' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  18. ↑ "Australiancharts.com – Soundtrack – Spider-Man - Into the Spider-Verse". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – Spider-Man - Into the Spider-Verse" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  20. ↑ "Canadian Albums: January 19, 2019". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  21. ↑ "Danishcharts.dk – Soundtrack – Spider-Man - Into the Spider-Verse". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack – Spider-Man - Into the Spider-Verse" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  23. ↑ "Elokuvamusiikki: Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse (Soundtrack From & Inspired By The Motion Pict" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  24. ↑ "Compilation - Classifica settimanale WK 3, 2019" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  25. ↑ "Charts.nz – Soundtrack – Spider-Man - Into the Spider-Verse". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  26. ↑ "Norwegiancharts.com – Soundtrack – Spider-Man - Into the Spider-Verse". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Soundtrack Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  28. ↑ "Movie Soundtracks: Top Soundtrack Albums Chart". Billboard. January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  29. ↑ "ARIA End of Year Albums Chart 2019". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Top Canadian Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  31. ↑ "Album Top-100 2019" (in Danish). Hitlisten. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  32. ↑ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  33. ↑ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2019". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Soundtracks – Year-End 2019". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  35. ↑ "Soundtracks – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Soundtracks – Year-End 2021". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  37. ↑ "Decade-End Charts: Billboard 200". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  38. ↑ "Danish album certifications – Various Artists – Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  39. ↑ "New Zealand album certifications – Various Artists – Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  40. ↑ "British album certifications – Original Soundtrack – Spider-Man - Into the Spider-Verse". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  41. ↑ "American album certifications – Various Artists – Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  42. 1 2 "Daniel Pemberton to Score 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'". Film Music Reporter. July 24, 2018. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  43. 1 2 3 4 "Spider-Man™: Into The Spider-Verse Original Score Music By Daniel Pemberton". PRnewswire. December 13, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
  44. ↑ Jones, Oliver (November 30, 2018). "'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Is a Thrilling, Mind-Bending Joyride". Observer. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paterson, Jim. "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse - film score by Daniel Pemberton". Music Files. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  46. ↑ Pemberton, Daniel [@DANIELPEMBERTON] (December 19, 2018). "So - here is how we 'scratched the orchestra' for #Spiderverse" (Tweet). Retrieved June 10, 2023 – via Twitter.
  47. ↑ Pulliam-Moore, Charles (December 19, 2018). "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse's Most 'Disturbing' Villain Was Brought to Life with the Help of Animals". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  48. ↑ Danoff, Owen (June 2, 2023). "Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse Composer Daniel Pemberton Talks Multiversal Music". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  49. 1 2 Evangelista, Chris (December 20, 2018). "'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Christmas Songs Being Released This Week; Hear 'Spidey-Bells' Now". /Film. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  50. 1 2 3 "Christmas Songs from 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' to Be Released | Film Music Reporter". Film Music Reporter. December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
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