Overseas Filipinos
Mga Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat
Map of the Filipino diaspora in the world
Total population
11–12 million (2019)[1][2]
figures below are for various years, per individual supporting sources cited.
Regions with significant populations
 United States4,037,564 (2018)[3]
 Canada957,355 (2021)[4]
 Saudi Arabia922,490 (2015)[5]
 United Arab Emirates919,819 (2013)[6]
 Japan825,000 (2020) (2017)[7][8]
 Australia408,836 (2021)[9]
 Kuwait276,000 (2018)[10]
 Malaysia245,000 (2009)[11]
 Qatar240,000 (2017)[12]
 Singapore203,243 (2013)[13]
 France150,000-200,000 (2020)[14][15]
 Spain200,000 (2018)[16]
 United Kingdom200,000 (2017)[17]
 Hong Kong186,869 (2016)[18]
 Italy158,997 (2022)[19]
 Jordan40,538 (2020)[20]
 Lebanon33,424 (2020)[21]

An overseas Filipino (Filipino: Pilipino sa ibayong-dagat) is a person of full or partial Filipino origin—i.e., people who trace back their ancestry to the Philippines but living or residing outside the country. This term generally applies to both people of Filipino ancestry and citizens abroad. As of 2019, there were over 12 million Filipinos overseas.[2]

Population

Since the liberalization of the United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the United States, from April 2023 report published by CNN there's approximately 40 million immigrants in the US, this consist of several nationalities, Mexican. 10.7M. Indian 2.71M. Chinese 2.38M. Philippines. 1.98M. El Salvador. 1.42M. Vietnam. 1.34M. Cuba. 1.28M. Dominican Republic. 1.26M. .[22][23][24]

In 2013, the Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO) estimated that approximately 10.2 million people of Filipino descent lived or worked abroad.[13] This number constitutes about 11 percent of the total population of the Philippines.[25] It is one of the largest diaspora populations, spanning over 100 countries.[26]

The Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) tend to be young and gender-balanced. Based on a survey conducted in 2011, the demographics indicate how the 24-29 age group constitutes 24 percent of the total and is followed by the 30-34 age group (23 percent) working abroad.[27] Male OFWs account for 52 percent of the total OFW population. The slightly smaller percentage of the female overseas workers tend to be younger than their male counterparts.[27] Production workers and service workers account for more than 80 percent of the labor outflows by 2010 and this number is steadily increasing, along with the trend for professional workers, who are mainly nurses and engineers.[27] Filipino seamen, overseas Filipino workers in the maritime industry, make an oversize impact on the global economy, making up a fifth to a quarter of the merchant marine crews, who are responsible for the movement of the majority of goods in the global economy.[28][29]

The OFW population is consistently increasing through the years and this is partly attributed to the government's encouragement of the outflow of contractual workers as evidenced in policy pronouncements, media campaigns, and other initiatives.[30] For instance, it describes the OFWs as the heroes of the nation, encouraging citizens to take pride in these workers.

Economic impact

In 2012, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the central bank of the Philippines, expected official remittances coursed through banks and agents to grow 5% over 2011 to US$21 billion, but official remittances constitute only a fraction of all remittances.[31]

Remittances by unofficial, including illegal, channels are estimated by the Asian Bankers Association to be 30 to 40% higher than the official BSP figure.[31]

In 2011, remittances were US$20.118 billion.[32]

In 2012, approximately 80% of the remittances came from only 7 countries—United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Japan.[32]

In 2018, remittance had increased to $31 billion, which was nearly 10% of the GDP of the Philippines.[28]

In 2019, Overseas Filipinos sent back $32.2 billion to the Philippines.[33]

Philippine Independence Day Parade

The Philippine Independence Day Parade, or Philippine Day Parade in New York City, the world's largest outside the Philippines, takes place annually in the United States along Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. The parade is held on the first Sunday in June. Its main purpose is to create awareness of Philippine culture and to raise funds for charity projects in the Philippines and the United States.[34] The Philippine Independence Day Parade is increasingly being attended by both American politicians and Filipino celelebrities as well as diplomatic officials who are keenly aware of the significant and increasing political and economic power exerted by the Filipino diaspora in the New York metropolitan area.[35][36]

Issues

Employment conditions

Employment conditions overseas are relevant to the individual worker and their families as well as for the sending country and its economic growth and well-being. Poor working conditions for Filipinos hired abroad include long hours, low wages and few chances to visit family.[37][38][39] Evidence suggests that these women cope with the emotional stress of familial separation in one of two ways: first, in domestic care situations, they substitute their host-family's children for their own in the love and affection they give, and second, they actively considered the benefit their earnings would have on their children's future.[39] Women often face disadvantages in their employment conditions as they tend to work in the elder/child care and domestic.[40] These occupations are considered low skilled and require little education and training, thereby regularly facing poor working conditions.[37] Women facing just working conditions are more likely to provide their children with adequate nutrition, better education and sufficient health. There is a strong correlation between women's rights and the overall well-being of children. It is therefore a central question to promote women's rights in order to promote children's capabilities.[41][42]

According to a statement made in 2009 by John Leonard Monterona, the Middle East coordinator of Migrante, a Manila-based OFW organization, every year, an unknown number of Filipinos in Saudi Arabia were then "victims of sexual abuses, maltreatment, unpaid salaries, and other labor malpractices".[43]

Government policy

Philippine Labor Migration Policy has historically focused on removing barriers for migrant workers to increase accessibility for employment abroad. Working conditions among Filipinos employed abroad varies depending on whether the host country acknowledges and enforces International labor standards. The standards are set by the ILO, which is an UN agency that 185 of the 193 UN members are part of. Labor standards vary greatly depending on host country regulations and enforcement. One of the main reasons for the large differences in labor standards is due to the fact that ILO only can register complaints and not impose sanctions on governments.

Emigration policies tend to differ within countries depending on if the occupation is mainly dominated by men or women. Occupations dominated by men tend to be driven by economic incentives whereas emigration policies aimed at women traditionally tend to be value driven, adhering to traditional family roles that favors men's wage work. As women are regularly seen as symbols of national pride and dignity, governments tend to have more protective policies in sectors dominated by women. These policies risk to increase gender inequality in the Philippines and thereby this public policy work against women joining the workforce.[44] Female OFWs most often occupy domestic positions.[45] However, some researchers[38] argue that the cultural trends of female migrancy have the potential to destabilize the gender inequality of the Filipino culture. Evidence suggests that in intact, heterosexual families wherein the wife-mother works overseas, Filipino fathers have the potential to take on greater roles in care-giving to their children, though seldom few actually do.[46] Other researchers report that these situations lead to abuse, particularly of older daughters, who face increased pressure and responsibility in the mother's absence.[40] Likewise, the "reversal of breadwinning and caregiving roles between migrant wives and left-behind husbands" more often results in tension regarding family finances and the role each spouse should play in decision making.[37]

The Philippine government has recently opened up their public policy to promote women working abroad since the world's demand for domestic workers and healthcare workers has increased.[40] This has led to the government reporting a recent increase in women emigrating from the Philippines. A healthcare problem arises as migrating women from the Philippines and other developing countries often create a nursing shortage in the home country. Nurse to patient ratio is down to 1 nurse to between 40 and 60 patients, in the 1990s the ratio was 1 nurse to between 15 and 20 patients. It seems inevitable that the healthcare sector loses experienced nurses as the emigration is increasing. The Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement is seen as a failure by most since only 7% of applicants or 200 nurses a year has been accepted on average – mainly due to resistance by domestic stakeholders and failed program implementation. The result is a "lose-lose" outcome where Philippine workers fail to leverage their skills and a worldwide shortage persists. Despite the fact that Japan has an aging population and many Filipinos want to work in Japan, a solution has not yet been found. The Japanese Nursing Association supports "equal or better" working conditions and salaries for Filipino nurses. In contrast, Yagi propose more flexible wages to make Filipinos more attractive on the Japanese job market.[47][48] [49]

Results from a focus group in the Philippines shows that the positive impacts from migration of nurses is attributed to the individual migrant and his/her family, while the negative impacts are attributed to the Filipino healthcare system and society in general. In order to fill the nursing shortage in the Philippines, suggestions have been made by several NGOs that nursing-specializing Filipino workers overseas, locally known as "overseas Filipino workers" (OFWs), return to the country to train local nurses, for which program training would be required in order for the Philippines to make up for all its nurses migrating abroad.[49]

Host country policies

Wealthier households derive a larger share of their income from abroad. This might suggest that government policies in host countries favor capital-intensive activities. Even though work migration is mainly a low and middle class activity, the high-income households are able to derive a larger share of their income from abroad due to favorable investment policies. These favorable investment policies causes an increase in income inequalities and do not promote domestic investments that can lead to increased standard of living. This inequality threatens to halt the economic development as investments are needed in the Philippines and not abroad in order to increase growth and well-being. A correlation between successful contribution to the home country's economy and amounted total savings upon the migrants return has been found, therefore it is important to decrease income inequalities while attracting capital from abroad to the Philippines.[47][50]

Many host governments of OFWs have protective policies and barriers making it difficult to enter the job market. Japan has been known for rigorous testing of Filipinos in a way that make them look reluctant to hold up their part of the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement and solely enjoy the benefit of affordable manufacturing in the Philippines, not accepting and educating OFWs.[48]

Return migration

Returning migrant workers are often argued to have a positive effect on the home economy since they are assumed to gain skills and return with a new perspective. Deskilling has caused many Filipino workers to return less skilled after being assigned simple tasks abroad, this behavior creates discouragement for foreign workers to climb the occupational ladder. Deskilling of labor is especially prevalent among women who often have few and low skill employment options, such as domestic work and child or elder care. Other occupations that recently has seen an increase in deskilling are doctors, teachers and assembly line workers.[47]

To underline what a common problem this deskilling is: Returning migrant workers are calling for returnee integration programs, which suggests that they do not feel prepared to be re-integrated in the domestic workforce.[44]

As the Philippines among other countries who train and export labor repeatedly has faced failures in protecting labor rights, the deskilling of labor has increased on a global scale. A strong worldwide demand for healthcare workers causes many Filipinos to emigrate without ever getting hired or become deskilling while possibly raising their salary. The result is a no-win situation for the sending and receiving country. The receiving countries lose as skilled workers are not fully utilizing their skills while the home country simultaneously experience a shortage of workers in emigrating prone sectors.[48]

Countries and territories with Filipino populations

Map of the Filipino diaspora in the world (includes people with Filipino ancestry or citizenship).[51]
  Philippines
  1,000,000+
  100,000+
  10,000+
  1,000+
  •  Albania: As of 2020, there were about 121 registered Filipinos in Albania.
  •  Argentina: As of 2017, there are around 162 Filipinos in Argentina.
  •  Armenia: As of 2017, there were 22,007 Filipinos in Armenia.
  •  Australia: In the 2016 Census, there were 232,386 Filipino Australians.[52]
  •  Austria: As of 2018, the Filipino community in Austria numbered roughly 30,000.[53] See Filipinos in Austria.
  •  Azerbaijan: As of 2017, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in Azerbaijan.
  •  The Bahamas: As of 2010, there were 2,000 Filipinos in The Bahamas.
  •  Bahrain: As of 2020, there were 55,790 Filipinos in Bahrain.[54]
  •  Bangladesh: As of 2017, there are around 421 Filipinos in Bangladesh.
  •  Belgium: As of 2013, there were 12,224 in Filipinos in Belgium.
  •  Bolivia: As of 2017, there are around 39 Filipinos in Bolivia.
  •  Bosnia-Herzegovina As of 2017, there are around 8 Filipinos in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  •  Botswana: As of 2017, there are around 221 Filipinos in Botswana.
  •  Brazil: As of 2020, there were about 29,578 Filipinos in Brazil.[55]
  •  Brunei: As of 2018, there were more than 20,000 Filipinos living in Brunei.
  •  Burundi: As of 2017, there are around 2 Filipinos in Burundi.
  •  Cambodia: As of 2017, there are around 5,402 Filipinos in Cambodia.
  •  Canada: As of 2014, there were 676,775 Filipinos in Canada.[56] See Filipino Canadians.
  •  Cape Verde: As of 2017, there are around 25 Filipinos in Cape Verde.
  •  Cayman Islands: As of 2010, there were 4,119 Filipinos in Cayman Islands.
  •  China: As of 2021, there were 12,254 Filipinos in China (Mainland).[56]
  •  Colombia: As of 2017, there are around 180 Filipinos in Colombia.
  •  Democratic Republic of the Congo: As of 2019, there are 25 Filipinos in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  •  Republic of the Congo: As of 2017, there are around 143 Filipinos in the Republic of the Congo.
  •  Cook Islands: As of 2017, there are around 230 Filipinos in Cook Islands.
  •  Costa Rica: As of 2017, there around 276 Filipinos in Costa Rica.
  •  Cuba: As of 2010, there were 9 Filipinos in Cuba.
  •  Cyprus: As of 2022, there are about 18,000 Filipinos in Cyprus.
  •  Czech Republic: As of 2017, there are around 580 Filipinos in the Czech Republic.
  •  Denmark: As of 2016, there were at least 8,000 Filipinos in Denmark.[57]
  •  Djibouti: As of 2008, there are now about 200 Filipinos in Djibouti.
  •  Dominican Republic: As of 2017, there are around 58 Filipinos in the Dominican Republic.
  •  Ecuador: As of 2017, there are around 138 Filipinos in Ecuador.
  •  Egypt: As of 2020, there were 5,717 Filipinos in Egypt.[54]
  •  El Salvador: As of 2017, there are around 45 Filipinos in El Salvador.
  •  Equatorial Guinea: As of 2019, there are 493 Filipinos in Equatorial Guinea.
  •  Eritrea: As of 2017, there are around 2 Filipinos in Eritrea.
  •  Estonia: As of 2017, there are around 41 Filipinos in Estonia.
  •  Ethiopia: As of 2020, there are around 800 Filipinos in Ethiopia.
  •  Faroe Islands: As of 2017, a total of about 300 Asian women (from the Philippines and Thailand) are living in the Faroe Islands, married to local men (no numbers given of how many women from each of the two Asian countries).[58]
  •  Fiji: As of 2022, there are about 400 Filipinos in Fiji.
  •  Finland: As of 2019, there are 5,594 people in Finland born in the Philippines.[59]
  •  France: As of 2014, there were 44,967 Filipinos in France.[56]
  •  The Gambia: As of 2019, there are 32 Filipinos in The Gambia.
  •  Georgia: As of 2017, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in Georgia.
  •  Germany: As of 2008, there were 65,000 Filipinos in Germany.
  •  Ghana: As of 2019, there are 1,990 Filipinos in Ghana.
  •  Greece: As of 2014, there were 61,681 Filipinos in Greece.[56] See Filipinos in Greece
  •  Guam: As of 2017, there are around 42,317 Filipinos in Guam.
  •  Guatemala: As of 2017, there are around 254 Filipinos in Guatemala.
  •  Guyana: As of 2017, there are around 100 Filipinos in Guyana.
  •  Hong Kong: As of 2016 Census, there were 186,869 Filipinos in Hong Kong.[18]
  •  Honduras: As of 2009, there were 220 Filipinos in Honduras.
  •  Hungary: As of 2017, there are around 210 Filipinos in Hungary.
  •  Iceland: As of 2012, there were 2,000 Filipinos in Iceland.
  •  India: As of 2021, there were about 2,000 Filipinos in India.[60]
  •  Indonesia: As of 2022, there 7,400 Filipinos in Indonesia.
  •  Iran: As of 2020, there were 903 Filipinos in Iran.[54]
  •  Iraq: As of 2020, there were 1,640 Filipinos in Iraq.[54]
  •  Ireland: As of 2013, there were 13,973 Filipinos in Ireland.[13]
  •  Israel: As of 2020, there were 29,473 Filipinos in Israel.[54]
  •  Italy: As of 2015, there were 168,238 documented Filipinos living in Italy.[61] See Filipinos in Italy.
  •  Ivory Coast: As of 2010, there are some 100 Filipinos in the Ivory Coast.
  •  Japan: As of 2020, the Philippine government confirmed there were 325,000 Filipinos in Japan.[8][62] See Filipinos in Japan.
  •  Jordan: As of 2020, there were 40,538 Filipinos in Jordan.[54]
  •  Kazakhstan: As of 2008, there were 7,000 Filipinos in Kazakhstan.
  •  Kenya: As of 2014, there are some 440 Filipinos in Kenya.
  •  Kiribati: As of 2017, there are around 20 Filipinos in Kiribati.
  •  Kuwait: As of 2020, there were 241,999 Filipinos in Kuwait.[54]
  •  Laos: As of 2013, there were 730 Filipinos in Laos.
  •  Latvia: As of 2017, there are around 123 Filipinos in Latvia.
  •  Lebanon: As of 2020, there were 33,424 Filipinos in Lebanon.[54]
  •  Libya: As of 2020, there were 2,300 Filipinos in Libya.[54]
Filipino Market in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Lucky Plaza mall in Orchard Road hosts products and services that cater for Overseas Filipinos in Singapore.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Duterte's 'golden age' comes into clearer view". Asia Times. September 2, 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Remittances from Filipinos abroad reach 2.9 bln USD in August 2019 - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019.
  3. ↑ Bureau, INQUIRER NET U. S. (September 17, 2018). "New Census data: More than 4 million Filipinos in the US". INQUIRER.net USA.
  4. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]" (PDF).
  5. ↑ Government source Archived April 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine June 2015
  6. ↑ "Know Your Diaspora: United Arab Emirates". Positively Filipino | Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora.
  7. ↑ Osaki, Tomohiro; Masangkay, May (January 3, 2018). "Filipinos and Nepalese face challenges in Japan even as their communities grow" – via Japan Times Online.
  8. 1 2 Aguilar, Krissy (April 1, 2020). "2 Filipinos in Japan may be COVID-19 positive, says PH Embassy". INQUIRER.net.
  9. ↑ "Australia General Community Profile". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  10. ↑ Michaelson, Ruth (July 23, 2018). "Kuwaiti star faces backlash over Filipino worker comments". The Guardian. United Kingdom. Retrieved February 12, 2019. The Philippine president, Rodrigo Duterte, asked the estimated 276,000 Filipino workers in Kuwait to return home, appealing to "their sense of patriotism" and offering free flights for the 10,000 estimated to have overstayed their visas.
  11. ↑ "No foreign workers' layoffs in Malaysia - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". February 9, 2009.
  12. ↑ Rivera, Raynald C (October 17, 2017). "Contribution of over 240,000 Filipinos in Qatar praised". The Peninsula. Qatar. Retrieved February 12, 2019. Timbayan underlined the important contribution of more than 240,000 Filipinos in Qatar engaged in various sectors, being the fourth largest expatriate community in Qatar.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013" (PDF). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2019.
  14. ↑ "Filipinos in France". September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Les nouveaux Misérables: the lives of Filipina workers in the playground of the rich". theguardian.com. October 12, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  16. 1 2 Masigan, Andrew J. (June 24, 2018). "Economic diplomacy is as important as OFW diplomacy". BusinessWorld. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  17. ↑ Gostoli, Ylenia. "Coronavirus: Filipino front-line workers pay ultimate price in UK". www.aljazeera.com.
  18. 1 2 A122: Population by Nationality, Year and Duration of Residence in Hong Kong Hong Kong Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Cittadini filippini in Italia la 2022". April 23, 2023.
  20. ↑
  21. ↑
  22. ↑ Asis, Maruja M.B. (January 2006). "The Philippines' Culture of Migration". Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Selected Population Profile in the United States: Filipino alone or in any combination". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2009. The U.S. Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3,053,179 Filipinos; 2,445,126 native and naturalized citizens, 608,053 of whom were not U.S. citizens.
  24. ↑ Global Pinoys to rally at Chinese consulates – The Philippine Star » News » Headlines Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The Philippine Star (April 27, 2012). Retrieved on July 4, 2012.
  25. ↑ McKenzie, Duncan Alexander (2012). The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century. Bloomington, IN: Balboa Press. p. 138. ISBN 9781452503363.
  26. ↑ David K. Yoo; Eiichiro Azuma (January 4, 2016). The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History. Oxford University Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-19-986047-0.
  27. 1 2 3 IMF (2013). Philippines: Selected Issues. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund Publication Services. p. 17. ISBN 9781484374061.
  28. 1 2 Almendral, Aurora; Reyes Morales, Hannah (December 2018). "Why 10 million Filipinos endure hardship abroad as overseas workers". National Geographic. United States. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  29. ↑ "Unsung Filipino seafarers power the global economy". The Economist. February 16, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
    Kale Bantigue Fajardo. Filipino Crosscurrents: Oceanographies of Seafaring, Masculinities, and Globalization. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-3283-5.
    Leon Fink (2011). Sweatshops at Sea: Merchant Seamen in the World's First Globalized Industry, from 1812 to the Present. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8078-3450-3.
  30. ↑ Rupert, Mark; Solomon, Scott (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy: The Politics of Alternative Futures. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 88. ISBN 978-0742529434.
  31. 1 2 Remo, Michelle V. (November 14, 2012). "Stop illegal remittance agents, BSP urged: Informal forex channels a problem in the region". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  32. 1 2 Magtulis, Prinz (November 15, 2012). "Remittance growth poised to meet full-year forecast - BSP". The Philippine Star.
  33. ↑ Lucas, Daxim L. (February 16, 2019). "2018 remittances hit all-time high". business.inquirer.net.
  34. ↑ "FOX 9 Minneapolis-St. Paul". September 10, 2021.
  35. ↑ "Philippine Independence Anniversary Commemoration, New York City". Philippine Independence Day Council, Inc. in conjunction with the Philippine Consulate General in New York. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  36. ↑ "Crowds turn out for PH Independence Day parade in New York". Don Tagala, TFC News New York. June 7, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  37. 1 2 3 Acedera, Kristel Anne; Yeoh, Brenda SA (September 13, 2018). "'Making time': Long-distance marriages and the temporalities of the transnational family". Current Sociology. 67 (2): 250–272. doi:10.1177/0011392118792927. ISSN 0011-3921. PMC 6402049. PMID 30886440.
  38. 1 2 Dalgas, Karina Märcher (June 2, 2016). "The mealtimes that bind? Filipina au pairs in Danish families". Gender, Place & Culture. 23 (6): 834–849. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2015.1073696. ISSN 0966-369X. S2CID 143360798.
  39. 1 2 Lindio-McGovern, Ligaya (June 2004). "Alienation and labor export in the context of globalization: Filipino migrant domestic workers in Taiwan and Hong Kong". Critical Asian Studies. 36 (2): 217–238. doi:10.1080/14672710410001676043. ISSN 1467-2715. S2CID 153291868.
  40. 1 2 3 Basa, Charito; Harcourt, Wendy; Zarro, Angela (March 1, 2011). "Remittances and transnational families in Italy and The Philippines: breaking the global care chain". Gender & Development. 19 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1080/13552074.2011.554196. ISSN 1355-2074. S2CID 144631953.
  41. ↑ UN (2007). " A call for equality.". The state of the worlds children. pp. 1–15. Retrieved May 18, 2014
  42. ↑ Oishi, Nana (March 2002). "Gender and Migration: An Integrative Approach eScholarship". Escholarship.org. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  43. ↑ Leonard, John (July 3, 2008). "OFW rights violation worsens under the Arroyo administration". Filipino OFWs Qatar. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  44. 1 2 Oishi, N. (March 2002). "Gender and migration: an integrated approach". Escolarship.org.
  45. ↑ Tanyag, Maria (January 2, 2017). "Invisible labor, invisible bodies: how the global political economy affects reproductive freedom in the Philippines". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 19 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1080/14616742.2017.1289034. ISSN 1461-6742. S2CID 157252223.
  46. ↑ Lindio-McGovern, Ligaya (June 2004). "Alienation and labor export in the context of globalization". Critical Asian Studies. 36 (2): 217–238. doi:10.1080/14672710410001676043. ISSN 1467-2715. S2CID 153291868.
  47. 1 2 3 Beneria, L. Deere; Kabeer, C. (2012). "Gender and international migration: globalization, development and governance". Feminist Economics. 18 (2): 1–33. doi:10.1080/13545701.2012.688998. S2CID 144565818.
  48. 1 2 3 Nozomi, Y. (February 2014). "Policy review: Japan-Philippines economic partnership agreement, analysis of a failed nurse migration policy". International Journal of Nursing Studies. 51 (2): 243–250. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.05.006. PMID 23787219.
  49. 1 2 Lorenzo, E. (June 2007). "Nursing migration from a source country perspective: Philippine country case study". Health Serv Res. 42 (3p2): 1406–18. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x. PMC 1955369. PMID 17489922.
  50. ↑ Haksar, Mr. V. (2005). "Migration and Foreign Remittances in the Philippines". IMF working paper: Asia and Pacific department. p. 3.
  51. ↑ "Global Migration Map: Origins and Destinations, 1990-2017". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  52. ↑ "2016 Census QuickStats: Australia". www.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  53. ↑ "AMBASSADOR MARIA CLEOFE NATIVIDAD PRESENTS CREDENTIALS TO AUSTRIAN FEDERAL PRESIDENT ALEXANDER VAN DER BELLEN". Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Population of Overseas Filipinos in the Middle East and North Africa". Department of Foreign Affairs. January 2020. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  55. ↑ "Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil". www.nepo.unicamp.br. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Distribution on Filipinos Overseas". Department of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  57. ↑ "Immigrants in Denmark, 2016 Census".
  58. ↑ "Wives wanted in the Faroe Islands" by Tim Ecott, BBC News, April 27, 2017
  59. ↑ "PX-Web - Valitse muuttuja ja arvot". Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  60. ↑ Moaje, Marita (April 30, 2021). "OFW in India sees each day as battle for survival". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  61. ↑ "Notizie sulla presenza straniera in Italia". www.istat.it. October 30, 2011.
  62. ↑ Catolico, Gianna Francesca (September 29, 2016). "Filipinos 3rd largest group in Japan—report". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  63. ↑ "Stronger PH Ties with Russia Seen as Cayetano Visits Moscow". Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines). May 16, 2018. Archived from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
  64. ↑ "Gov't to help OFWs in Russia as economic sanctions bite". Philippine News Agency. March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  65. ↑ "Russia eyes bilateral labor agreement with PH". Philippine News Agency. March 6, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  66. ↑ "PH Consulate in Belgrade Opens For Filipinos in Serbia". Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. July 18, 2018. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  67. ↑ Gutierrez, Pia (March 27, 2014). "Spain clarifies legislation offering citizenship". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  68. ↑ Befolkningsstatistik
  69. ↑ "Filipinos in Liverpool, Part 1". Filipinohome.com. May 4, 1915. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  70. ↑ Rueda, Nimfa U. (March 25, 2012). "Filipinos 2nd largest Asian group in US, census shows". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
    Kevin L. Nadal (March 23, 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1.
    Min Zhou; Anthony C. Ocampo (April 19, 2016). Contemporary Asian America (third Edition): A Multidisciplinary Reader. NYU Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-4798-2923-1.
  71. ↑ "Historic Filipinotown - Things to Do". VisitAsianLA.org. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  72. ↑ "Background Note: Philippines". U.S. Department of State: Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. May 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2007. There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines.
  73. ↑ Melendez, Lyanne (December 17, 2018). "Bay Area Filipinos react to new Miss Universe 2018". KGO. San Francisco. Retrieved March 2, 2019. California is home to the largest Filipino population in the U.S.
    Maria P. P. Root (May 20, 1997). Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7619-0579-0.
    Kyle L. Kreider; Thomas J. Baldino; Joaquin Jay Gonzalez III (December 7, 2015). "Filipino American Voting". Minority Voting in the United States [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 265–280. ISBN 978-1-4408-3024-2.

Further reading

General statistics from Philippine government

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