In descriptive complexity, a query is a mapping from structures of one signature to structures of another vocabulary. Neil Immerman, in his book Descriptive Complexity,^[1] "use[s] the concept of query as the fundamental paradigm of computation" (p. 17).

Given signatures ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ and ${\displaystyle \tau }$, we define the set of structures on each language, ${\displaystyle {\mbox{STRUC}}[\sigma ]}$ and ${\displaystyle {\mbox{STRUC}}[\tau ]}$. A query is then any mapping

${\displaystyle I:{\mbox{STRUC}}[\sigma ]\to {\mbox{STRUC}}[\tau ]}$

Computational complexity theory can then be phrased in terms of the power of the mathematical logic necessary to express a given query.

Order-independent queries

A query is order-independent if the ordering of objects in the structure does not affect the results of the query. In databases, these queries correspond to generic queries (Immerman 1999, p. 18). A query is order-independent iff ${\displaystyle I({\mathfrak {A}})\equiv I({\mathfrak {B}})}$ for any isomorphic structures ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {A}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {B}}}$.

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