Example overlapping round circle figures
square circle grid
1+
4
9
Centered square lattice forms
5
13
triangular circle grid
1+
3
4
7
19

An overlapping circles grid is a geometric pattern of repeating, overlapping circles of an equal radius in two-dimensional space. Commonly, designs are based on circles centered on triangles (with the simple, two circle form named vesica piscis) or on the square lattice pattern of points.

Patterns of seven overlapping circles appear in historical artefacts from the 7th century BC onwards; they become a frequently used ornament in the Roman Empire period, and survive into medieval artistic traditions both in Islamic art (girih decorations) and in Gothic art. The name "Flower of Life" is given to the overlapping circles pattern in New Age publications.

Of special interest is the six petal rosette derived from the "seven overlapping circles" pattern, also known as "Sun of the Alps" from its frequent use in alpine folk art in the 17th and 18th century.

Triangular grid of overlapping circles

This pattern can be extended indefinitely, seen here with hexagonal rings of 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91 circles...

The triangular lattice form, with circle radii equal to their separation is called a seven overlapping circles grid.[1] It contains 6 circles intersecting at a point, with a 7th circle centered on that intersection.

Overlapping circles with similar geometrical constructions have been used infrequently in various of the decorative arts since ancient times. The pattern has found a wide range of usage in popular culture, in fashion, jewelry, tattoos and decorative products.

Cultural significance

Near East

The oldest known occurrence of the "overlapping circles" pattern is dated to the 7th or 6th century BCE, found on the threshold of the palace of Assyrian king Aššur-bāni-apli in Dur Šarrukin (now in the Louvre).[2]

The design becomes more widespread in the early centuries of the Common Era. One early example are five patterns of 19 overlapping circles drawn on the granite columns at the Temple of Osiris in Abydos, Egypt,[3] and a further five on column opposite the building. They are drawn in red ochre and some are very faint and difficult to distinguish.[4] The patterns are graffiti, and not found in natively Egyptian ornaments. They are mostly dated to the early centuries of the Christian Era[5] although medieval or even modern (early 20th century) origin cannot be ruled out with certainty, as the drawings are not mentioned in the extensive listings of graffiti at the temple compiled by Margaret Murray in 1904.[6]

Similar patterns were sometimes used in England as apotropaic marks to keep witches from entering buildings.[7] Consecration crosses indicating points in churches anointed with holy water during a churches dedication also take the form of overlapping circles.

A girih pattern that can be drawn with compass and straight edge
Window cage at Topkapı Palace, using pattern

In Islamic art, the pattern is one of several arrangements of circles (others being used for fourfold or fivefold designs) used to construct grids for Islamic geometric patterns. It is used to design patterns with 6- and 12-pointed stars as well as hexagons in the style called girih. The resulting patterns however characteristically conceal the construction grid, presenting instead a design of interlaced strapwork.[8]

Europe

Patterns of seven overlapping circles are found on a Cypro-Archaic I cup of the 8th-7th century BC in Cyprus and Roman mosaics, for example at Herod's palace in the 1st century BC.

The design is found on one of the silver plaques of the Late Roman hoard of Kaiseraugst (discovered 1961).[9] It is later found as an ornament in Gothic architecture, and still later in European folk art of the early modern period.

High medieval examples include the Cosmati pavements in Westminster Abbey (13th century).[10] Leonardo da Vinci explicitly discussed the mathematical proportions of the design.[11]

Modern usage

19-circle with arcs
Pendant, silver, ⌀ 27 mm
(commercial product, 2013)

The name "Flower of Life" is modern, associated with the New Age movement, and commonly attributed specifically to Drunvalo Melchizedek in his book The Ancient Secret of the Flower of Life (1999).[12][13]

The pattern and modern name have propagated into wide range of usage in popular culture, in fashion, jewelry, tattoos and decorative products. The pattern in quilting has been called diamond wedding ring or triangle wedding ring to contrast it from the square pattern. Besides an occasional use in fashion,[14] it is also used in the decorative arts. For example, the album Sempiternal (2013) by Bring Me the Horizon uses the 61 overlapping circles grid as the main feature of its album cover,[15] whereas the album A Head Full of Dreams (2015) by Coldplay features the 19 overlapping circles grid as the central part of its album cover. Teaser posters illustrating the cover art to A Head Full of Dreams were widely displayed on the London Underground in the last week of October 2015.[16]

The "Sun of the Alps" (Italian Sole delle Alpi) symbol has been used as the emblem of Padanian nationalism in northern Italy since the 1990s.[17] It resembles a pattern often found in that area on buildings.[18]

1, 7, and 19-circle hexagonal variant

In the examples below the pattern has a hexagonal outline, and is further circumscribed.

Similar patterns

In the examples below the pattern does not have a hexagonal outline.

Construction

Martha Bartfeld, author of geometric art tutorial books, described her independent discovery of the design in 1968. Her original definition said, "This design consists of circles having a 1-[inch; 25 mm] radius, with each point of intersection serving as a new center. The design can be expanded ad infinitum depending upon the number of times the odd-numbered points are marked off."

The pattern figure can be drawn by pen and compass, by creating multiple series of interlinking circles of the same diameter touching the previous circle's center. The second circle is centered at any point on the first circle. All following circles are centered on the intersection of two other circles.

Progressions

The pattern can be extended outwards in concentric hexagonal rings of circles, as shown. The first row shows rings of circles. The second row shows a three-dimensional interpretation of a set of n×n×n cube of spheres viewed from a diagonal axis. The third row shows the pattern completed with partial circle arcs within a set of completed circles.

Expanding sets have 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, etc. circles, and continuing ever larger hexagonal rings of circles. The number of circles is n3-(n-1)3 = 3n2-3n+1 = 3n(n-1)+1.

These overlapping circles can also be seen as a projection of an n-unit cube of spheres in 3-dimensional space, viewed on the diagonal axis. There are more spheres than circles because some are overlapping in 2 dimensions.

Rosette figures including partial circles
1-circle
 		 7-circle
(8-1)		 19-circle
(27-8)		 37-circle
(64-27)		 61-circle
(125-64)		 91-circle
(216-125)		 127-circle...
(343-216)
1-sphere
(1×1×1)		 8-sphere
(2×2×2)		 27-sphere
(3×3×3)		 64-sphere
(4×4×4)		 125-sphere
(5×5×5)		 216-sphere
(6×6×6)		 343-sphere
(7×7×7)
+12 arcs +24 arcs +36 arcs +48 arcs +60 arcs +72 arcs +84 arcs

Other variations

Another triangular lattice form is common, with circle separation as the square root of 3 times their radius. Richard Kershner showed in 1939 that no arrangement of circles can cover the plane more efficiently than this hexagonal lattice arrangement.[19]

Two offset copies of this circle pattern makes a rhombic tiling pattern, while three copies make the original triangular pattern.

The center lens of the 2-circle figure is called a vesica piscis, from Euclid. Two circles are also called Villarceau circles as a plane intersection of a torus. The areas inside one circle and outside the other circle is called a lune.

The 3-circle figure resembles a depiction of borromean rings and is used in 3-set theory Venn diagrams. Its interior makes a unicursal path called a triquetra. The center of the 3-circle figure is called a reuleaux triangle.


Vesica piscis
Borromean rings
Venn diagram
Triquetra
Reuleaux triangle

Some spherical polyhedra with edges along great circles can be stereographically projected onto the plane as overlapping circles.

Polyhedra in stereographic projection

octahedron
Cuboctahedron
Icosidodecahedron

The 7-circle pattern has also been called an Islamic seven-circles pattern for its use in Islamic art.

Square grid of overlapping circles

Square lattice form

The circle radius is the reciprocal of the square root of 2 times their separation (distance between their centers).
A quilt design called a double wedding ring pattern.
Centered square lattice form

It can be seen as two half-offset square grids of tangent circles.
Egyptian design, from Owen Jones's The Grammar of Ornament (1856)

The square lattice form can be seen with circles that line up horizontally and vertically, while intersecting on their diagonals. The pattern appears slightly different when rotated on its diagonal, also called a centered square lattice form because it can be seen as two square lattices with each centered on the gaps of the other.

It is called a Kawung motif in Indonesian batik, and is found on the walls of the 8th century Hindu temple Prambanan in Java.

It is called an Apsamikkum from ancient Mesopotamian mathematics.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Islamic Art and Geometric Design: Activities for Learning
  2. ↑ Louvre Inv.-Nr. AO 19915. Georges Perrot, Charles Chipiez, A History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria, vol. 1, London 1884, S. 240, (gutenberg.org)
  3. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Flower of life". MathWorld.
  4. ↑ Stewart, Malcolm (2008). "The "Flower of Life" and the Osirion – Facts are more interesting than Fantasy". Egyptian Tour (David Furlong). Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  5. ↑ Furlong, David. "The Osirion and the Flower of Life". Retrieved November 8, 2015. Furlong states that these engravings can date no earlier than 535 BCE and probably date to the 2nd and 4th century CE. His research is based on photographic evidence of Greek text, yet to be fully deciphered. The text is seen alongside the designs and the position close to the top of columns, which are greater than 4 meters in height. Furlong suggests the Osirion was half filled with sand prior to the circles being drawn and therefore likely to have been well after the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
  6. ↑ Murray, Margaret Alice (1904). The Osireion at Abydos London. p. 35. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  7. ↑ Kennedy, Maev (October 31, 2016). "Witches' marks: public asked to seek ancient scratchings in buildings". The Guardian. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  8. ↑ Broug, Eric (2008). Islamic Geometric Patterns. Thames and Hudson. pp. 22–23 and passim. ISBN 978-0-500-28721-7.
  9. ↑ Hans Ulrich Instinsky: Der spätrömische Silberschatzfund von Kaiseraugst. Mainz 1971, plaque 85.
  10. ↑ The Cosmati Pavements in Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  11. ↑ Codex Atlanticus, foll. 307r–309v, 459r (dated between 1478 and 1519).
  12. ↑ Bartfeld, Martha (2005). How to Create Sacred Geometry Mandalas. Santa Fe, NM: Mandalart Creations. p. 35. ISBN 9780966228526. OCLC 70293628.
  13. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. (12 December 2002). CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Second Edition. CRC Press (published 2002). p. 1079. ISBN 1420035223.
  14. ↑ E.g. Zaman, Sana (May 14, 2013). "Zaeem Jamal Launches New Collection on Board a Private Yacht in Dubai Marina". Haute Living. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  15. ↑ Cooper, Ed (February 25, 2013). "Bring Me The Horizon: This album needs to be the one that lasts forever". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  16. ↑ Denham, Jess (November 6, 2015). "Coldplay new album: Beyonce and Noel Gallagher to feature on A Head Full of Dreams". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Il significato del simbolo del Sole delle Alpi" (in Italian). Lega Nord. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  18. ↑ Ivano Dorboló (June 6, 2010). "The church of S.Egidio and the Sun of the Alps symbol". Storia di Confine – Valli di Natisone. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  19. ↑ Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups, John Conway, Neil J. A. Sloane, Chapter 2, section 1.1, Covering space with overlapping circle. pp. 31-32. Figure 2.1 Covering the plane with circles (b) The more efficient or thinner covering in a hexagonal lattice.
  20. ↑ Mesopotamian Mathematics 2100-1600 BC: Technical Constants in Bureaucracy and Education (Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts), Eleanor Robson, Clarendon Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0198152460 at books.google.com
  21. ↑ Creating Square Grids from Circles
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