The Republic of Artsakh was a republic with limited recognition in the South Caucasus region. The Republic of Artsakh controlled most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (before the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, it also controlled some of the surrounding area).[1] It was recognized only by three other non-UN member states, Abkhazia,[2] South Ossetia[2] and Transnistria.[2][3] The rest of the international community recognized Artsakh as part of Azerbaijan. In November 2012, a member of Uruguay's foreign relations committee stated that his country could recognize Nagorno-Karabakh's independence.[4] In 2012, Armenia and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations, which led to speculation of possible recognition of Artsakh by Tuvalu.[5] In October 2012, the Australian state of New South Wales recognized Nagorno-Karabakh.[6] In September 2014, the Basque Parliament in Spain adopted a motion supporting Artsakh's right to self-determination and in November 2014, the Parliament of Navarre, also in Spain, issued a statement supporting Artsakh's inclusion in taking part in settlement negotiations.[7]

No diplomatic missions of other countries ever existed in Artsakh, due to its lack of international recognition. On the other hand, the republic built a small network of representative offices around the world, with representative offices in seven countries.

Following an Azerbaijani assault on 19 September 2023, Artsakh agreed to dissolve itself by 1 January 2024. In accordance with the agreement, it did so on 1 January 2024, ending its self-proclaimed independence.[8]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The Artsakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Stepanakert

Foreign policy of the state was governed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Artsakh. The Ministry was based in the capital city of Stepanakert.

Below is a list of the foreign ministers that represented the Republic of Artsakh:[9]

Bilateral relations

Abkhazia

The Republic of Artsakh and the partially recognized Republic of Abkhazia recognized each other. Both states abolished visa requirements for their citizens and participated in the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.

Australia

In 2012, the Parliament of New South Wales called upon the Australian government to recognize Artsakh. Artsakh maintained a Representative Office in Sydney, Australia.

Armenia

While Armenia never recognized Artsakh, they had very close relations. It functioned as a de facto part of Armenia.[11][12][13][14][15][16] A representative office of Nagorno-Karabakh was established in Yerevan.

Europe

The Republic of Artsakh maintained three representative offices in Europe, including Berlin, Paris, and Moscow.[17]

Artsakh gave a positive response to the Russian recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk, however this did not extend to their own issuance of recognition.[18]

Lebanon

The Republic of Artsakh maintained a Representative office in Lebanon's capital, Beirut. In March 2018, Artsakh president Bako Sahakyan visited Lebanon and met with Catholicos Aram I, the head of the Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church.[19] In May 2018, representatives of the Artsakh city of Martakert and the Lebanese town of Bourj Hammoud signed a Memorandum of Cooperation in the latter town.[20]

South Ossetia

The Republic of Artsakh and partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia recognized each other. Both states abolished visa requirements for their citizens and participated in the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.

Transnistria

The Republic of Artsakh and Transnistria recognized each other and abolished visa requirements for their citizens. There were many joint activities between the two countries. In 2001, both countries in Stepanakert signed the Protocol on Cooperation and Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Transnistria and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Artsakh.[21] Transnistria also participates in the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.

Ukraine

Ukraine did not recognize Artsakh, and supplied Azerbaijan with weapons during the first Nagorno-Karabakh War.

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Artsakh sent 14 tones of humanitarian aid to Ukraine, namely into the Kyiv and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts. However, this aid was sent "through the Russian peacekeeping troops in Artsakh".[22]

United States

The United States never established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Artsakh and recognized it as part of Azerbaijan. Support for Artsakh in the United States manifested above all at the state legislature level. Several of them adopted Artsakh support resolutions. In May 2012, the Rhode Island House of Representatives in the United States passed a resolution calling on President Barack Obama and the U.S. Congress to recognize the Republic of Artsakh. In August 2012, the Massachusetts House of Representatives passed a similar resolution.[23] In April 2013, the Maine House of Representatives and Senate passed a resolution accepting Artsakh's independence and urging President Barack Obama to also accept Artsakh's independence.[24] In May 2013, the Louisiana State Senate passed a resolution accepting Artsakh's independence and expressed support for the Republic of Artsakh's efforts to develop as a free and independent nation.[25] In May 2014, the California State Assembly passed a measure recognizing Artsakh's independence with a 70–1 vote.[26] The measure also called for President Barack Obama and the U.S. Congress to recognize the Republic of Artsakh.[27] The US state of Hawaii unanimously voted to approve and recognize the Republic of Artsakh on March 30, 2016.[28] The Republic of Artsakh also established a representative office in Washington, D.C.[29]

In addition, Artsakh government officials regularly maintained contact with members of the United States Congress. In October 2019, the Foreign Minister of Artsakh noted that the authorities of the Republic attach great importance to the relations between Artsakh and the United States at various levels. The Minister also stated his appreciation of the United States for financial aid and support for the peaceful resolution of the conflict, and hoped for further developing cooperation during a meeting with US Congress members.[30]

Independence recognition efforts

Non-UN member states

Entity Date of recognition Notes
 Abkhazia November 17, 2006 Mutual recognition
 South Ossetia November 17, 2006 Mutual recognition
 Transnistria July 4, 2001 or before[31] Mutual recognition

U.S. states

U.S. states' recognition of Artsakh
Passed a bill recognizing
Artsakh		 Rejected a bill recognizing
Azerbaijani territorial integrity		 Rejected a bill recognizing
Artsakh		 Passed a bill recognizing
Azerbaijani territorial integrity
 California (May 2014)[32][27]
 Georgia (March 2016)[33]
 Hawaii (March 2016)[34]
 New Jersey (June 2021)[35]
 Louisiana (May 2013)[36]
 Maine (April 2013)[37]
 Massachusetts (August 2012)[23]
 Michigan (September 2017)[38]
 Rhode Island (May 2012)[39]
 Colorado (April 2019)[40]
Minnesota Minnesota (May 2020)[41]
Idaho Idaho (April 2021)[42]
 Kentucky (March 2016)[43]
 Mississippi (April 2014)[44]
 South Dakota (February 2014)[45]
 Tennessee (March 2014)[45]
 Wyoming (February 2014)[45]		  Vermont (April 2014)[46]  Arizona (January 2014)[47]
 New Mexico (February 2014)[48]

Other

In October 2012, the Australian state of New South Wales recognized Nagorno-Karabakh[49] however it was reaffirmed by the Australian Foreign Minister in November 2015 that the federal government of the Commonwealth of Australia does not, and supports Azerbaijan's claim to the state.[50] In 2017, The Australian Greens Party announced that it recognizes the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh).[51][52] In October 2020, the New South Wales Legislative Assembly recognized the independence of the Republic of Artsakh, 61 for and 2 against. The motion also condemned the attacks by Azerbaijan and Turkey against the indigenous Armenians of Artsakh during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[53]

In September 2014, the Basque parliament adopted a motion supporting Nagorno-Karabakh's right to self-determination.[54] In the Philippines, various politicians are in favor of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) recognition and have suggested for the cooperation of ASEAN (which includes ten Southeast Asian nations) in the recognition of the country, however, the current administration has yet to prioritize the issue due to an ongoing drug war and a shift to federalism.[55]

Before California recognized Nagorno-Karabakh in May 2014, three places within the state had already recognized it:

In addition, Highland is twinned with Berdzor and Montebello is twinned with Stepanakert.[60]

In November 2019, the French Communist Party urged the French Government to recognize the independence of Artsakh.[61] On 25 November 2020, the French Senate adopted a resolution to recognize the independence of Artsakh.

On 15 October 2020, the Italian city of Milan became the first ever large European city to recognize the Republic of Artsakh.[62] On 3 November 2020, the city of Palermo,[63] as well as Asolo,[64] Cerchiara di Calabria,[65] and the Italian region of Lombardy[66] followed.

On 24 October 2020, Nadia de León, the President of the Central American Parliament announced her support for the right of self-determination of Artsakh.[67]

On 5 November 2020, the city of Laval in Quebec recognized the independence of Artsakh.[68]

On 13 November 2020, the legislature of Uruguay's Montevideo Department unanimously recognized the independence of the Republic of Artsakh.[69]

Visa requirements for Artsakh citizens

Visa requirements for Artsakh citizens
  Artsakh
  Visa free access
  Admission refused

As Artsakh was not recognized by the majority of countries of the world (with the exceptions of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria, all of which are also mostly unrecognized), an Artsakh passport was not valid for travel to most countries in the world. However, as dual nationality is permitted, most citizens of Artsakh were entitled to an Armenian passport.

All members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations have agreed to abolish visa requirements for each other's citizens. Artsakh passports could be used to travel to South Ossetia[70] and Transnistria.[71] Artsakh signed a visa-waiver agreement with Abkhazia on 22 February 2016 and the agreement went into effect on 1 April 2016.[72] Citizens of Artsakh could also travel visa-free to neighboring Armenia.

Inter-parliamentary relations

  • On 26 February 2013, a parliamentary friendship group was established between the Republic of Artsakh and the Parliament of Lithuania.[73]
  • On 19 March 2013, a parliamentary friendship group was established with parliament members and senators of France.
  • In October 2014, a parliamentary friendship group was established between Artsakh and the European Parliament.[74]
  • In October 2017, parliamentary friendship groups were established with both the Parliament of Wallonia and Flemish Parliament in Belgium.
  • On 19 March 2019, an Artsakh-Canada Friendship Group was established between the National Assembly of Artsakh and the House of Commons of Canada.[75]
  • On 1 August 2019, an Artsakh-Australia Friendship Group was established between Artsakh and various Australian politicians including Federal Parliament Senators and Ministers, as well as the Premier of the State of New South Wales.[75]
  • On 8 December 2019, Artsakh National Assembly Speaker Ashot Ghulyan received First Vice President of Guatemala’s Congress, Felipe Alejos Lorenzana. The sides discussed establishing inter-parliamentary ties.[76]
  • In June 2020, a parliamentary friendship group was established between the Republic of Artsakh and members of the Parliament of Cyprus.[77]

International organisation participation

International conventions

In addition to the above, Artsakh was also a signatory to several international conventions and treaties, including:[81]

Representative offices

Countries with Republic of Artsakh representative offices

Artsakh maintained several representative offices abroad:[82][83][84][85]

Participation in international sports federations

Twin towns and sister cities

Map of Artsakh with major settlements labeled

There were numerous settlements in the territory with standing links to local communities in other countries. These links are known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Official website of the President of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. General Information about NKR". President.nkr.am. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам Archived 2011-08-11 at the Wayback Machine: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", - сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." - сказал он."
  3. ↑ "In detail: The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie". Pridnestrovie.net. 2010-05-26. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  4. ↑ "Uruguay may be the first to recognize Karabakh- Uruguay Deputy". Arka News Agency. 2012-11-14. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-01-02. Uruguay may be the first country to recognize Nagorno-Karabakh Republic's independence...
  5. ↑ "Tuvalu and Armenia". Panorama. 2012-12-14. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  6. ↑ "Full Day Hansard Transcript". Parliament of New South Wales. 2012-10-25. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2012-11-14. ...calls on the Commonwealth Government to officially recognise the independence of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh and strengthen Australia's relationship with the Nagorno-Karabakh and its citizens.
  7. ↑ "Navarre Parliament Says Artsakh Must Take Part in Talks". 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  8. ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh Republic will cease to exist from Jan 1 2024 - Nagorno-Karabakh authorities". Reuters. 2023-09-28. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
  9. ↑ "Foreign ministers A-D". rulers.org. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  10. ↑ "David Babayan appointed Foreign Minister of Artsakh – Public Radio of Armenia".
  11. ↑ Hughes, James (2002). Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict. London: Cass. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-7146-8210-5. Indeed, Nagorno-Karabakh is de facto part of Armenia.
  12. ↑ Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). "Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2016. The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.
  13. ↑ "Armenia expects Russian support in Karabakh war". Hürriyet Daily News. 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013. While internationally recognized as Azerbaijani territory, the enclave has declared itself an independent republic but is administered as a de facto part of Armenia.
  14. ↑ Central Asia and The Caucasus, Information and Analytical Center, 2009, Issues 55-60, Page 74, "Nagorno-Karabakh became de facto part of Armenia (its quasi-statehood can dupe no one) as a result of aggression."
  15. ↑ Deutsche Gesellschaft für auswärtige Politik, Internationale Politik, Volume 8, 2007 "... and Nagorno-Karabakh, the disputed territory that is now de facto part of Armenia ..."
  16. ↑ Cornell, Svante (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7656-3004-9. Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia. Officially, Karabakh and Armenia remain separate political entities, but for most practical matters the two entities are unified.
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  21. ↑ "Protocol on Cooperation and Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Pridnestrovien Moldavian Republic and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Transnistria. 4 July 2001. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
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  23. 1 2 "U.S. State Calls For Karabakh Recognition". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  24. ↑ http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=HP0987&item=1&snum=126 Archived 2013-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ http://senate.la.gov/sessioninfo/2013/RS/Journals/05-30-2013.pdf Archived 2016-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ White, Jeremy B. (8 May 2014). "Capitol Alert: California Assembly calls for Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08.
  27. 1 2 Mason, Melanie (5 May 2014). "Calif. lawmakers to weigh in on dispute between Armenia, Azerbaijan". LA Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  28. ↑ "Hawaii Recognizes Nagorno Karabakh Republic's Independence". March 30, 2016. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
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  31. ↑ "Protocol on Cooperation and Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Pridnestrovien Moldavian Republic and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 July 2001. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
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  33. ↑ "Georgia House Recognizes Independence of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". Asbarez. March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
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  35. ↑ "BREAKING: STATE OF NEW JERSEY RECOGNIZES ARTSAKH, CONDEMNS TURKISH-AZERBAIJANI AGGRESSION". Zartonk Media. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
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  40. ↑ "Colorado Senate Recognizes Artsakh, Commemorates Armenian Genocide". Asbarez.com. 2019-04-24. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  41. ↑ "State of Minnesota Recognizes the Republic of Artsakh | Toronto Hye". 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
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  43. ↑ "Kentucky State Senate Withdraws Pro-Azerbaijani Resolution". Asbarez. March 7, 2016. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Mississippi Senate rejected pro-Azerbaijani resolution". Times.am. April 10, 2014. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. 1 2 3 "Pro-Azerbaijani forces failed passing anti-Armenian resolution in Tennessee". Panorama.am. March 26, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  46. ↑ Laura Krantz (April 10, 2014). "Vermont Senate bows out of international squabble". Brattleboro Reformer. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
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  48. ↑ Sabina Ahmadova (February 14, 2014). "Senate of U.S. State of New Mexico adopts resolution on Azerbaijan". Trend News Agency. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Australia's largest state recognizes independence of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". News.am. 2012-10-25. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
  50. ↑ "EXP: Question time in federal parliament". 9News. 30 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
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  60. ↑ Wright, Pam. "Montebello's newest Sister City program has come under fire from an ambassador for the Republic of Azerbaijan." Whittier Daily News. November 19, 2005.
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  67. ↑ "The president of the Central American Parliament recognizes the independence of Artsaj". Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  68. ↑ "Canada's Laval recognizes independence of Karabakh". Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
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  87. ↑ "Permanent Representations | NKR". www.nkr.am. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  88. 1 2 "Permanent Representations | NKR". www.nkr.am. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  89. ↑ "Page of the Permanent Representative in Berlin". Retrieved 2010-12-29.
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  91. ↑ "Introduction to the Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in the United States of America". Retrieved 2009-12-21.
  92. ↑ "Permanent Representations | NKR". www.nkr.am. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  93. ↑ "City of Highland Reaffirms Commitment to Sister-City Partnership with Berdzor". asbarez.com. Asbarez. 2013-12-18. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
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  95. ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh president receives delegation of Les- Pennes-Mirabeau city". tert.am. Tert AM. 2014-07-09. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
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  97. ↑ "Leis aprovadas em SP levam Itamaraty a alertar cidades sobre mal-estar com o Azerbaijão". g1.globo.com (in Portuguese). G1 Globo. 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
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