Non-monogamy (or nonmonogamy) is an umbrella term for every practice or philosophy of non-dyadic intimate relationship that does not strictly hew to the standards of monogamy, particularly that of having only one person with whom to exchange sex, love, and/or affection. In that sense, "nonmonogamy" may be accurately applied to extramarital sex, group marriage, or polyamory.[1] It is not synonymous with infidelity, since all parties are consenting to the relationship structure, partners are often committed to each other as well as to their other partners and cheating is still considered problematic behavior with many non-monogamous relationships.[2]

More specifically, "nonmonogamy" indicates forms of interpersonal relationship, intentionally undertaken, in which demands for exclusivity (of sexual interaction or emotional connection, for example) are attenuated or eliminated, and individuals may form multiple and simultaneous sexual and/or romantic bonds.[3] This stands in contrast to monogamy, yet may arise from the same psychology.[4] According to Jessica Fern, a psychotherapist and the author of Polysecure: Attachment, Trauma and Consensual Nonmonogamy, as of September 2020, about 4% of Americans, nearly 16 million people, are "practising a non-monogamous style of relationship"[5] while the a 2016 study said that over 21% of Americans engaged in consensual non-monogamy at "some point in their lifetime."[6] In January 2020, a YouGov poll found that about one-third of US adults believe that "their ideal relationship is non-monogamous to some degree."[7]

Terminology

Many terms for non-monogamous practices are vague, being based on criteria such as "relationship" or "love" that are themselves subjectively defined. There are forms of non-monogamy whose practitioners set themselves apart by qualifiers, such as "ethically non-monogamous" which intends a distancing from the deceit or subterfuge they perceive in common cheating and adultery. This usage creates distinctions beyond the definitions of the words. For example, though some relations might literally be both polygamous and polyamorous, polygamy usually signifies a codified form of multiple marriage, based on established religious teachings such as Plural marriage, a form of polygyny associated with the Latter Day Saint movement in the 19th-century and with present-day splinter groups from that faith, as well as evangelical sects that advocate Christian Plural Marriage.[8][9]

Polyamory is based on the preferences of the participants rather than social custom or established precedent. There is no one 'right' way to engage in non-monogamy (although there are widely agreed on 'wrong' ways).[10][11] Because of this, the terms for the various kinds of relationships can be vague and sometimes interchangeable. but there are some distinctions that are worth defining. For example, swingers may intentionally avoid emotional and social connection to those—other than their primary partner—with whom they have sex, so may or may not be polyamorous but are non-monogamous.[12]

Some useful terms are Metamour or Meta, the common term for a person with whom a partner is shared, V-Structure, one person is equally involved with two partners,[13] and Triads / Quads. The latter is when three or four participants make up the primary partnership.[14][15][16]

An alternative to the blue, red, black, and yellow polyamory flag

Forms of non-monogamy are varied. They include a casual relationship, sometimes called friends with benefits,[17] which is a primarily physical relationship between two people with low expectations of commitment or emotional labor, and an open relationship (incl. open marriage), referring to one or both members of a committed (or married) couple have the express freedom to become sexually active with others,[18] Other forms include sexual activities involving more than two participants at the same time, referring to group sex[19][20][21] orgies,[22] and threesomes, a primarily sexual arrangement involving three people.[23][24] There's also relationship anarchy where participants are not bound by set rules in relationships other than whatever is explicitly agreed upon by the people involved,[25] and swinging, which refers to similar to an organized social activity, often involving some form of group sex and sometimes simply trading partners with other swingers.[26] There's also concepts such as Polyfidelity, where participants have multiple partners but restrict sexual activity to within a certain group,[27] and a situation where there is a main romantic relationship with all other relationships being second to it, known as primary/secondary.[14] One of the most well-known forms is polygamy,[28] where one person is married to multiple partners. This has two primary sub-forms: polyandry where a woman has multiple husbands,[29] group or conjoint marriage,[30] and polygyny, referring to a man has multiple wives.[31] The latter is more widespread in Africa than in any other continent,[32] especially in West Africa[33] and in North America, it is practiced by some Mormon sects, such as the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church).[34][35]

Although its sometimes confused with it, there is polyamory, referring to when participants have multiple romantic partners[36][37] It comes in various forms, such as hierarchical polyamory, where there is a primary romantic relationship with all other relationships being secondary to it, kitchen table polyamory which refers to people are expected to know one another and be comfortable in each others' company,[38][39] and parallel polyamory, with relationships between people who are kept separately, all may be aware of each other, but are not expected to be friends.[40] There is also group marriage, where several people form a single familial unit and each person considered to be married to all other members. Line families are a form of group marriage intended to outlive its original members by ongoing addition of new spouses[41] and poly families, which is similar to group marriage, but some members may not consider themselves married to all other members.[42]

Favorable preexisting conditions before non-monogamy

The most commonly used symbol is the heart and infinity. It has been altered to reflect personalities and tastes of those who have adopted the symbol for their own. Several versions of the infinity-heart are now used to signify non-monogamy.

Michael Shernoff cites two studies in his report on same-sex couples considering non-monogamy.[43] Morin (1999) stated that a couple has a very good chance of adjusting to non-exclusivity if at least some of the following conditions exist. This includes both partners wanting their relationship to remain primary, the couple having an established reservoir of good will, and a minimum of lingering resentments from past hurts and betrayals.[43] Other conditions include the partners in agreement on the question of monogamy/non-monogamy and the partners feeling similarly powerful and autonomous. Additionally, Green and Mitchell (2002) stated that direct discussion of the following issues can provide the basis for honest and important conversations, including openness versus secrecy, volition and equality versus coercion and inequality.[43] Other issues include clarity and specificity of agreements versus confusion/vagueness, honoring keeping agreements versus violating them, and how each partner views non-monogamy. According to Shernoff,[43] if the matter is discussed with a third party, such as a therapist, the task of the therapist is to "engage couples in conversations that let them decide for themselves whether sexual exclusivity or non-exclusivity is functional or dysfunctional for the relationship."

Public health and morality

The poly pride flag is, possibly, the first symbol created for the poly community and was created by Jim Evans.

The concepts of monogamy and marriage have been strongly intertwined for centuries, and in English-language dictionaries one is often used to define the other, as when "monogamy" is "being married to one person at a time."[44][45][46] A common antonym is polygamy, meaning to have more than one spouse at one time.[47] As a result, monogamy is deeply entrenched within many religions, and in social regulations and law, and exceptions are condemned as incursions on both morality and public health.

To some, the term non-monogamy semantically implies that monogamy is the norm, with other forms of relational intimacy being deviant and therefore somehow unhealthy or immoral.[48] This concern over sexually transmitted diseases is despite the common practice of regular testing and sharing of recent test results prior to engaging in sexual activity.

It is often assumed that people who participate in non-monogamous sexual relationships have a higher rate of STIs. Despite reporting a higher number of sexual partners, research suggests that the risk of transmitting STIs is no higher than they are among the monogamous population.[49] This is because the non-monogamous community is more likely to be regularly tested and more open about their results. The stigma of receiving a positive result is diminished, resulting in better treatment options and fewer people who are unwittingly transmitting the disease because they were not told by the person who gave it to them.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cf. "Monogamy" in Britannica World Language Dictionary, R.C. Preble (ed.), Oxford-London 1962, p. 1275:1. The practice or principle of marrying only once. opp. to digamy now rare 2. The condition, rule or custom of being married to only one person at a time (opp. to polygamy or bigamy) 1708. 3. Zool. The habit of living in pairs, or having only one mate; The same text repeats The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, W. Little, H.W. Fowler, J. Coulson (ed.), C.T. Onions (rev. & ed.,) Oxford 1969, 3rd edition, vol.1, p.1275; OED Online. March 2010. Oxford University Press. 23 Jun. 2010 Cf. Monogamy Archived 2015-06-23 at the Wayback Machine in Merriam-Webster Dictionary
  2. ↑ Balzarini, R. (2017). "Perceptions of primary and secondary relationships in polyamory". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0177841. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1277841B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177841. PMC 5436896. PMID 28542619.
  3. ↑ Labriola, Kathy (2001). "Are you open to an alternative lifestyle?". Cat & Dragon Communications. Archived from the original on November 10, 2001. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  4. ↑ Barker, Langdridge (2009). Barker, Meg; Landridge, Darren (eds.). Understanding Non-Monogamies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415652964.
  5. ↑ Kavanagh, Jess (September 19, 2020). "Building bridges: How polyamory made me a better friend, lover and person". Irish Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  6. ↑ Haupert, M.L.; Gesselman, Amanda N.; Moors, Amy C.; Fisher, Helen E. & Garcia, Justin R. (June 20, 2016). "Prevalence of Experiences With Consensual Nonmonogamous Relationships: Findings From Two National Samples of Single Americans". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 43 (4): 424–440. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2016.1178675. PMID 27096488. S2CID 6855648. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  7. ↑ Ballard, Jamie (January 31, 2020). "Millennials are less likely to want a monogamous relationship". YouGov. Archived from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  8. ↑ Nyami, Faith (February 11, 2018). "Cleric: Christian men can marry more than one wife". Daily Nation. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  9. ↑ Mamdani, Zehra (February 28, 2008). "Idaho Evangelical Christian polygamists use Internet to meet potential spouses". Deseret News. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  10. ↑ Sheff, Elisabeth A. (July 22, 2014). "7 Different Kinds of Non-Monogamy". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  11. ↑ Stuart-Ulin, Chloe Rose (September 10, 2018). "We asked 4 ethically non-monogamous daters what their terms are". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  12. ↑ X, Grace (April 15, 2015). "6 Varieties of Ethical Non-Monogamy". HuffPost. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  13. ↑ Mogilski, Justin K.; Reeve, Simon D.; Nicolas, Sylis C. A.; Donaldson, Sarah H.; Mitchell, Virginia E.; Welling, Lisa L. M. (2019). "Jealousy, Consent, and Compersion Within Monogamous and Consensually Non-Monogamous Romantic Relationships". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (6): 1811–1828. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1286-4. PMID 30607710. S2CID 58607786.
  14. 1 2 Erber, Ralph; Erber, Maureen (2017). Intimate Relationships: Issues, Theories, and Research. Web: Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781351615075.
  15. ↑ Bote, Joshua (February 14, 2020). "What you need to know about polyamory — including throuples — but were too afraid to ask". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  16. ↑ Burgum, Becky (June 7, 2020). "Polyamorous Relationships: A Definition of Polyamory, How It Works And Why It's Not All About Sex". Elle. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  17. ↑ Corbett, Sherry; Sherwin, Robert (1985). "Campus sexual norms and dating relationships: A trend analysis". The Journal of Sex Research. 21 (3): 258–274. doi:10.1080/00224498509551266.
  18. ↑ Canning, Kristin (April 2, 2018). "What's The Difference Between A Polyamorous And An Open Relationship?". Women's Health. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  19. ↑ Joyal, Christian C.; Cossette, Amélie; Lapierre, Vanessa (2015). "What Exactly Is an Unusual Sexual Fantasy?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (2): 328–340. doi:10.1111/jsm.12734. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 25359122. S2CID 33785479.
  20. ↑ LEHMILLER, DR. JUSTIN J. (2018). TELL ME WHAT YOU WANT : the science of sexual desire and how it can help you improve your sex ... life. ROBINSON. ISBN 978-1472142238. OCLC 1013584575.
  21. ↑ Bernstein, Elizabeth (25 June 2018). "New Research Delves Into Sexual Fantasies". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  22. ↑ Wojick, Helen (October 2010). "Swinger Survey Results on Difference Between Orgies and Group Sex". The Swingers Blog. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  23. ↑ Frayser, Suzanne G.; Whitby, Thomas J. (1995). Studies in Human Sexuality: A Selected Guide. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 340–341. ISBN 1563081318. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
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  27. ↑ Lane, S. Nicole (April 21, 2020). "Polyamory during a pandemic". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  28. ↑ Harper, Douglas (ed.). "Polygamy". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  29. ↑ Barash, David P. (March 26, 2016). "7 Different Kinds of Non-Monogamy". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  30. ↑ Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis. Berg. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84520-220-0.
  31. ↑ "Polygyny -- Definition of Polygyny at MerriamWebster". Merriam-Webster. 2020. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  32. ↑ Clignet, R., Many Wives, Many Powers, Northwestern University Press, Evanston (1970), p. 17.
  33. ↑ "African polygamy: Past and present". VoxEU & CEPR. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020.
  34. ↑ "LDS splinter groups growing". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Canadian polygamists found guilty". BBC News. July 25, 2017. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020.
  36. ↑ McCullough, Derek; Hall, David S. (27 February 2003). "Polyamory - What it is and what it isn't". Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. 6.
  37. ↑ Struyk, Tara (September 15, 2020). "7 Polyamorous Relationship Myths It's Time to Stop Believing". Glamour. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  38. ↑ "Parallel Polyamory, Kitchen Table Polyamory, and Knowing the Details or Not". Poly.Land. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  39. ↑ Kassel, Gabrielle (October 30, 2020). "What To Know About Vee Relationships, the Polyamorous Structure Some People Swear By". Well + Good. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  40. ↑ Mahler, Jess (August 4, 2016). "Kitchen Table Polyamory, Parallel Polyamory, and Etiquette". Jess Mahler. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  41. ↑ Labriola, Kathy (2017). "Creating a Line Family: Love, Abundance, and Belonging in the New Millennium [Review]". Kathy Labriola's website. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  42. ↑ Sheff, Elisabeth A. (October 28, 2013). "Polyamorous Families, Stigma, and Families of Origin". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Shernoff, M (2006). "Negotiated nonmonogamy and male couples" (PDF). Family Process. 45 (4): 407–18. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00179.x. ISSN 0014-7370. PMID 17220111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-29.
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  47. ↑ Overall, Christine (March 2019). "Monogamy, Nonmonogamy, and Identity". Hypatia. 13 (4): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01382.x. JSTOR 3810500. S2CID 144005911.
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  49. ↑ Jj, Lehmiller (October 2015). "A Comparison of Sexual Health History and Practices Among Monogamous and Consensually Nonmonogamous Sexual Partners". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (10): 2022–2028. doi:10.1111/jsm.12987. PMID 26395880. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
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