Friedel's salt
Names
IUPAC name
Calcium chloroaluminate
Other names
Friedel's salt

Calcium aluminium chlorohydrate
Calcium aluminium chlorohydroxide

Calcium aluminium oxychloride
Identifiers
Properties
Ca2Al(OH)6(Cl, OH) · 2 H2O
Appearance White solid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Friedel's salt is an anion exchanger mineral belonging to the family of the layered double hydroxides (LDHs). It has affinity for anions as chloride and iodide and is capable of retaining them to a certain extent in its crystallographical structure.

Composition

Friedel's salt is a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of general formula:

Ca2Al(OH)6(Cl, OH) · 2 H2O

or more explicitly for a positively-charged LDH mineral:

[Ca2Al(OH)6]+  (Cl–, OH–) · 2 H2O

or by directly incorporating water molecules into the Ca,Al hydroxide layer:

[Ca2Al(OH)6 · 2 H2O]+  (Cl–, OH–)

where chloride and hydroxide anions occupy the interlayer to compensate the excess of positive charges.

In the cement chemist notation (CCN), considering that

2 OH− ⇌ O2− + H2O,

and doubling all the stoichiometry, it could also be written in CCN as follows:

3CaO·Al2O3·Ca(O,Cl2) · 11 H2O

A simplified chemical composition with only Cl– in the interlayer, and without OH–, as:

Ca2Al(OH)6(Cl) · 2 H2O

can be also written in cement chemist notation as:[1]

3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2 · 10 H2O

Friedel's salt is formed in cements initially rich in tri-calcium aluminate (C3A). Free-chloride ions directly bind with the AFm hydrates (C4AH13 and its derivatives) to form Friedel's salt.

Importance of chloride binding in AFm phases

Friedel's salt plays a main role in the binding and retention of chloride anions in cement and concrete. However, Friedel's salt remains a poorly understood phase in the CaO–Al2O3–CaCl2–H2O system. A sufficient understanding of the Friedel's salt system is essential to correctly model the reactive transport of chloride ions in reinforced concrete structures affected by chloride attack and steel reinforcement corrosion. It is also important to assess the long-term stability of salt-saturated Portland cement-based grouts to be used in engineering structures exposed to seawater or concentrated brine as it is the case for radioactive waste disposal in deep salt formations.

Another reason to study AFm phases and the Friedel's salt system is their tendency to bind, trap and to immobilise toxic anions, such as B(OH)−4, SeO2−
3, and SeO2−
4, or the long-lived radionuclide 129I−, in cementitious materials. Their characterization is important to conceive anion getters and to assess the retention capacity of cementitious buffer and concrete barriers used for radioactive waste disposal.

Chloride sorption and anion exchange in AFm phases

Friedel's salt could be first tentatively represented as an AFm phase in which two chloride ions would have simply replaced one sulfate ion. This conceptual representation based on the intuition of a simple stoichiometric exchange is very convenient to remind but such a simple mechanism likely does not directly occur and must be considered with caution:

2 Cl− + 3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4 · 11 H2O   →   3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2 · 11 H2O + SO2−
4

Indeed, the reality appears to be more complex than such a simple stoichiometric exchange between chloride and sulfate ions in the AFm crystal structure. In fact, it seems that chloride ions are electrostatically sorbed onto the positively charged [Ca2Al(OH)6 · 2H2O]+ layer of AFm hydrate, or could also exchange with hydroxide ions (OH–) also present in the interlayer. So, the simple and "apparent" exchange reaction first presented here above for the sake of ease does not correspond to the reality and is an oversimplified representation.[2]

Similarly, Kuzel’s salt could seem to be formed when only 1 Cl– ion exchanges with 1/2 SO2−
4 in AFm (half substitution of sulfate ions):[3]

1 Cl− + 3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4 · 11 H2O   →   3CaO·Al2O3·1/2CaSO4·1/2CaCl2 · 11 H2O + 1/2 SO2−
4

Glasser et al. (1999) proposed to name this half-substituted salt in honor of his discoverer: Hans-Jürgen Kuzel.[4]

However, Mesbah et al. (2011) have identified two different types of interlayers in the crystallographic structure they have determined and it precludes the common anion exchange reaction presented here above as stated by the authors themselves in their conclusions:[3]

Kuzel's salt is a two-stage layered compound with two distinct interlayers, which are alternatively filled by chloride anions only (for one kind of interlayer) and by sulfate anions and water molecules (for the other kind of interlayer). Kuzel's salt structure is composed of the perfect intercalation of the Friedel's salt structure and the monosulfoaluminate structure (the two end-members of the studied bi-anionic AFm compound). The structural properties of Kuzel's salt explain the absence of extended chloride to sulfate or sulfate to chloride substitution.
The staging feature of Kuzel's salt certainly explains the difficulties to substitute chloride and sulfate: the modification in one kind of interlayer involves a modification in the other kind of interlayer in order to preserve the electroneutrality of the compound. The two-stage feature of Kuzel's salt implies that each interlayer should be mono-anionic.

So, if the global chemical composition of Friedel's salt and Kuzel's salt corresponds well respectively with the stoichiometry of a complete substitution, or a half substitution, of sulfate ions by chloride ions in the crystal structure of AFm, it does not tell directly anything on the exact mechanism of anion substitution in this complicated system. Only detailed and well controlled chloride sorption, or anion exchange, experiments with a complete analysis of all the dissolved species present in aqueous solution (also including OH–, Na+ and Ca2+ ions) can decipher the system.

Discovery

Friedel's salt discovery is relatively difficult to trace back from the recent literature, simply because it is an ancient finding of a poorly known and non-natural product. It has been synthesised and identified in 1897 by Georges Friedel, mineralogist and crystallographer, son of the famous French chemist Charles Friedel.[5] Georges Friedel also synthesised calcium aluminate (1903) in the framework of his work on the macles theory (twin crystals). This point requires further verification.[6]

Formation

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Friedel's Salt". mindat.org. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  2. ↑ Suryavanshi, A.K.; Scantlebury, J.D.; Lyon, S.B. (1996). "Mechanism of Friedel's salt formation in cements rich in tri-calcium aluminate". Cement and Concrete Research. 26 (5): 717–727. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(96)85009-5. ISSN 0008-8846.
  3. 1 2 Mesbah, Adel; François, Michel; Cau-dit-Coumes, Céline; Frizon, Fabien; Filinchuk, Yaroslav; Leroux, Fabrice; Ravaux, Johann; Renaudin, Guillaume (2011). "Crystal structure of Kuzel's salt 3CaO·Al2O3·½CaSO4·½CaCl2·11H2O determined by synchrotron powder diffraction". Cement and Concrete Research. 41 (5): 504–509. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.015. ISSN 0008-8846.
  4. ↑ Glasser, F.P.; Kindness, A.; Stronach, S.A. (June 1999). "Stability and solubility relationships in AFm phases". Cement and Concrete Research. 29 (6): 861–866. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00055-1. ISSN 0008-8846.
  5. ↑ Friedel, Georges (1897). "Sur un chloro-aluminate de calcium hydraté se maclant par compression". Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie. 19: 122–136.
  6. ↑ Biography of Georges Friedel by F. Greandjean on annales.org., in French.

Further reading

  • Bai, J.; S. Wild; B. B. Sabir (2003). "Chloride ingress and strength loss in concrete with different PC–PFA–MK binder compositions exposed to synthetic seawater". Cement and Concrete Research. 33 (3): 353–362. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00961-4.
  • Birnin-Yauri, U. A.; F. P. Glasser (1998). "Friedel's salt, Ca2 Al(OH)6 (Cl, OH) · 2H2O: its solid solutions and their role in chloride binding". Cement and Concrete Research. 28 (12): 1713–1723. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00162-8.
  • Bothe, James V.; Paul W. Brown (June 2004). "PhreeqC modeling of Friedel's salt equilibria at 23 ± 1 °C". Cement and Concrete Research. 34 (6): 1057–1063. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.016.
  • Brown, P. W.; S. Badger (2000). "The distributions of bound sulfates and chlorides in concrete subjected to mixed NaCl, MgSO4, Na2SO4 attack". Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (10): 1535–1542. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00386-0.
  • Brown, P. W.; A. Doerr (2000). "Chemical changes in concrete due to the ingress of aggressive species". Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (3): 411–418. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00266-5.
  • Chatterji, S. (1995). "On the applicability of Fick's second law to chloride ion migration through portland cement concrete". Cement and Concrete Research. 25 (2): 299–303. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(95)00013-5.
  • Csizmadia, J.; G. Balázs; F. D. Tamás (2001). "Chloride ion binding capacity of aluminoferrites". Cement and Concrete Research. 31 (4): 577–588. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00458-6.
  • Dousti, A; M. Shekarchi; R. Alizadeh; A. Taheri-motlagh (2011). "Binding of externally supplied chlorides in micro silica concrete under field exposure conditions". Cement and Concrete Composite. 33 (10): 1071–1079. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.002.
  • Mohammed, T. U.; H. Hamada (2003). "Relationship between free chloride and total chloride contents in concrete". Cement and Concrete Research. 33 (9): 1487–1490. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00065-6.
  • Nakamura, A.; E. Sakai; K. Nishizawa; Y. Ohba; M. Daimon (1999). "Sorption of chloride-ion, sulfate-ion and phosphate-ion in calcium silicate hydrates". Journal of the Chemical Society: 415–420.
  • Nielsen, E. P.; M. R. Geiker (2003). "Chloride diffusion in partially saturated cementitious material". Cement and Concrete Research. 33 (1): 133–138. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00939-0.
  • Pitt, J. M.; M. C. Schluter; D. Y. Lee; W. Dubberke (1987). Sulfate impurities from deicing salt and durability of Portland cement mortar. Transportation Research Board.
  • Reddy, B.; G. K. Glass; P. J. Lim; N. R. Buenfeld (2002). "On the corrosion risk presented by chloride bound in concrete". Cement and Concrete Composites. 24 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00021-X.
  • Suryavanshi, AK; RN Swamy (1998). "Influence of penetrating chlorides on the pore structure of structural concrete". Cement, Concrete and Aggregates. 20 (1): 169–179. doi:10.1520/CCA10451J.
  • Suryavanshi, A. K.; J. D. Scantlebury; S. B. Lyon (1996). "Mechanism of Friedel's salt formation in cements rich in tri-calcium aluminate". Cement and Concrete Research. 26 (5): 717–727. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(96)85009-5.
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