Funafuti
Atoll
Top: International Airport; Middle: Fetu Ao Lima (Morning Star Church); Bottom: Funafuti coastline
Flag of Funafuti
Flag
Aerial image of Funafuti atoll
Aerial image of Funafuti atoll
Map of the atoll
Map of the atoll
Funafuti is located in Tuvalu
Funafuti
Funafuti
Location of Funafuti atoll in Tuvalu
Coordinates: 08°31′S 179°12′E / 8.517°S 179.200°E / -8.517; 179.200
CountryTuvalu
Area
 • Total2.4 km2 (0.9 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)
 • Total6,320
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
ISO 3166 codeTV-FUN

Funafuti is the capital of the island nation of Tuvalu.[1][2] It has a population of 6,320 people (2017 census),[3] and so it has more people than the rest of Tuvalu combined, with approximately 60% of the population. It consists of a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 metres (66 and 1,312 feet) wide, encircling a large lagoon (Te Namo) 18 km (11 miles) long and 14 km (9 miles) wide. The average depth of the Funafuti lagoon is about 20 fathoms (36.5 metres or 120 feet).[4] With a surface area of 275 square kilometres (106.2 sq mi), it is by far the largest lagoon in Tuvalu. The land area of the 33 islets around the atoll of Funafuti totals 2.4 square kilometres (0.9 sq mi); taken together, they constitute less than one percent of the total area of the atoll. Cargo ships can enter Funafuti's lagoon and dock at the port facilities on Fongafale.

The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes said to be Fongafale or Vaiaku, but, officially, the entire atoll of Funafuti is its capital,[5] since it has a single government that is responsible for the whole atoll.

Fongafale

Tuvalu Meteorological Service station, Fongafale

The largest island is Fongafale. The island houses four villages and community meeting places. The Funafuti Falekaupule is the local council, with the Kaupule as the executive of the Falekaupule.[6] On Fongafale, the Funafuti Kaupule is responsible for approvals of the construction of houses or extension to an existing buildings on private land and the Lands Management Committee is the responsible authority in relation to lands leased by Government.[7] The installed PV capacity in Funafuti in 2020 was 735 kW compared to 1800 kW of diesel (16% penetration).[8]

Tausoa Lima Falekaupule is the traditional meeting house on Funafuti. Tausoalima means "hand of friendship" and Falekaupule means "traditional island meeting hall." There is the Funafuti Lagoon Hotel, and other guesthouses as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Fētu'ao Lima (Morning Star Church) of the Church of Tuvalu.

Other sites of interest are the remains of Japanese aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II. The airfield was constructed during World War II. It was adapted to serve as the Funafuti International Airport, which serves both as the airstrip for the flights from Fiji as well as providing a place for sporting and other recreational activities.

Offices of the Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation
Main street of Funafuti.

A major sporting event is the "Independence Day Sports Festival" held annually at Fongafale on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008, with teams coming to Funafuti from the outer islands to compete in the games.[9] Football in Tuvalu is played at club and national team level. The Tuvalu national football team trains at the Tuvalu Sports Ground on Funafuti and competes in the Pacific Games and South Pacific Games.

The Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu is located on Fongafale, together with the offices of the government departments and the government agencies, including the Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation, National Bank of Tuvalu, Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau, Tuvalu Meteorological Service, Tuvalu National Library and Archives and the Tuvalu Media Department that operates Radio Tuvalu. The police service has its headquarters and the jail on Fongafale. The High Court of Tuvalu is also located on Fongafale.

The Princess Margaret Hospital, the only hospital in Tuvalu, is located on Fongafale.

Villages on Funafuti

Funafuti Lagoon Hotel

Below is a list of the individual villages of the atoll, with each atoll's population according to the 2012 census:[3] by islet:

Aerial view of Tengako peninsula and Fongafale, Funafuti atoll, looking south
Tengako peninsula, Funafuti atoll, looking south

Central Fongafale islet

  • Fakaifou: 1,158 inhabitants
  • Senala: 1,207 inhabitants
  • Alapi: 1,029 inhabitants
  • Vaiaku: 638 inhabitants

Additional Fongafale islets

Islets off the Tengako peninsula in the north:

  • Lofeagai: 627 inhabitants
  • Teone: 570 inhabitants
  • Tekavatoetoe: 650 inhabitants

Funafala

  • Funafala: 50 inhabitants

Amatuku

  • Amatuku: 128 inhabitants

Funafuti Marine Conservation Area

In June 1996, the Funafuti Conservation Area was established along the western rim of the reef, encompassing six islets.[10] It has an area of 33 km2 (12 square miles), containing 20 per cent of the reef area of Funafuti. The land area of the six islets in the conservation area is 8 ha (20 acres). Below is a list of the islets in the conservation area, in order from north to south, with their estimated areas in hectares:

  • Tepuka Vilivili, 3
  • Fualopa, 2
  • Fuafatu, 0.2
  • Vasafua, 0.5
  • Fuakea, 1.5
  • Tefala, 1

The Funafuti Conservation Area is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) across the lagoon from the main island of Fongafale, and is accessed by boat.

Islands in Funafuti

There are at least 29 islets in the Funafuti atoll.[1] The largest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three of these islets are inhabited: Fongafale (the main island) in the east, Funafala in the south, and Amatuku in the north.

Passages of Funafuti Atoll

The atoll has several passages leading into its lagoon. The degree to which they are navigable varies. The passes are listed below, in roughly clockwise order, starting in the south, with Fongafale islet. The first two islets on the list are in the southern part of the Funafuti Atoll.[11]

  • Te Ava Pua Pua is the shallowest of the passages, 12.7 metres (7 fathoms) deep, lies on the southeastern side of the atoll, and runs between the islets of Funamanu (to the north) and Fale Fatu (to the south). It marks the border between Funafuti's southern and eastern sections.
  • Te Ava Fuagea (also known as Ava Amelia): This deep, narrow passage, 18.3 metres (10 fathoms) deep and 160 metres (525 feet) wide, lies on the southwestern side of the atoll, south of the islet of Fuafatu, and runs between the southern part of the atoll (to the west) and the islet of Vasafua (to the south).
  • Te Ava Papa lies just north of Te Ava Fuagea.
  • Te Ava Kum Kum lies in the middle of the western rim, south of Te Ava Tepuka Vili, between the islets of Tepuka Vili Vili (to the north) and Fualopa (immediately to the south).
  • Te Ava Tepuka Vili is a deep and narrow channel between the islets of Tepuka (to the north), and Tepuka Vili Vili (to the south).
  • Te Ava Tepuka and Te Avua Sari are two neighbouring passages in the northeast, between the islets of Te Afualiku (to the northeast) and Tepuka (to the southwest).
  • Te Ava i te Lape is the favoured entrance into the lagoon, although it is only 5.8 metres (31⁄4 fathoms) deep and barely 500 metres (1650 feet) wide. It is in the north of the atoll, and runs between the islets of Pava (to the east) and Te Afualiku (to the west).

Lagoon

The Funafuti atoll's lagoon (Te Namo in Tuvaluan) is 24.5 km (151⁄4 miles) long, north to south, and 17.5 km (103⁄4 miles) wide, east to west, and has an area of 275 km2 (106 sq. mi.), making it by far the largest lagoon in the nation of Tuvalu. It is about 52 metres (28 fathoms) deep in some places, but only 6 metres (31⁄4 fathoms) deep in other places (because it has several submerged rocks and reefs along its bottom, some of which are that close the surface). The deepest basin is in the northern part of the lagoon (the maximum recorded depth is 54.7 metres [30 fathoms]), while the southern part of the lagoon has a very narrow, shallow basin.[12]

Climate

Funafuti has a tropical rainforest climate (As defined by the Köppen climate classification system). Because it experiences frequent cyclones, it is not considered to have an equatorial climate. The town has no dry season: It sees an extraordinary amount of rainfall throughout the year. Funafuti has an average of about 3,500 millimetres (140 in) of precipitation annually, and no month in which less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) rain falls. As is common in many areas with a tropical rainforest climate, the temperature varies little during the year: Average daily temperatures hover around 28 °C (82 °F) year-round.

Climate data for Funafuti
1981–2000 for temperature mean; 1936–2000 for temperature extremes; 1951–1990 for average precipitation; 1947–1990 for average precipitation days; 1961–1990 for average relative humidity; 1978–1990 for mean daily sunshine hours
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.8
(92.8)		 34.4
(93.9)		 34.4
(93.9)		 33.2
(91.8)		 33.9
(93.0)		 33.9
(93.0)		 32.8
(91.0)		 32.9
(91.2)		 32.8
(91.0)		 34.4
(93.9)		 33.9
(93.0)		 33.9
(93.0)		 34.4
(93.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.7
(87.3)		 30.8
(87.4)		 30.6
(87.1)		 31.0
(87.8)		 30.9
(87.6)		 30.6
(87.1)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.7
(87.3)		 31.0
(87.8)		 31.2
(88.2)		 31.0
(87.8)		 30.8
(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 28.2
(82.8)		 28.1
(82.6)		 28.1
(82.6)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.4
(83.1)		 28.3
(82.9)		 28.1
(82.6)		 28.1
(82.6)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.4
(83.1)		 28.3
(82.9)		 28.2
(82.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 25.5
(77.9)		 25.3
(77.5)		 25.4
(77.7)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.8
(78.4)		 25.9
(78.6)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.8
(78.4)		 25.8
(78.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.8
(78.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 25.8
(78.4)
Record low °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6)		 22.2
(72.0)		 22.8
(73.0)		 23.0
(73.4)		 20.5
(68.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 16.1
(61.0)		 20.0
(68.0)		 21.0
(69.8)		 22.8
(73.0)		 22.8
(73.0)		 16.1
(61.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 413.7
(16.29)		 360.6
(14.20)		 324.3
(12.77)		 255.8
(10.07)		 259.8
(10.23)		 216.6
(8.53)		 253.1
(9.96)		 275.9
(10.86)		 217.5
(8.56)		 266.5
(10.49)		 275.9
(10.86)		 393.9
(15.51)		 3,512.6
(138.29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 20 19 20 19 18 19 19 18 16 18 17 19 223
Average relative humidity (%) 82 82 82 82 82 82 83 82 81 81 80 81 82
Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.8 161.0 186.0 201.0 195.3 201.0 195.3 220.1 210.0 232.5 189.0 176.7 2,347.7
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.3 7.1 7.0 7.5 6.3 5.7 6.4
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[13]

History

1900, Woman on Funafuti, Tuvalu, then known as Ellice Islands
Woman on Funafuti; photo by Harry Clifford Fassett (1900), American photographer

The oral history of Funafuti is that the founding ancestor came from Samoa.[14][15][16] The name of one of the islets, Funafala, means 'the pandanus of Funa' ("Funa" is a word meaning "chief" and is also found in the name of the atoll Funafuti).[17]

The first European to visit Funafuti was Arent Schuyler de Peyster. He was an American from New York, and captain of the armed brigantine or privateer vessel Rebecca, which was sailing under British colours.[18][19] In May 1819, de Peyster passed through the southern Tuvalu waters, and sighted Funafuti. He named it Ellice's Island, after an English politician, Edward Ellice, who was the member of parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca's cargo.[20]

In 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition, led by Charles Wilkes, visited Funafuti.[21] The United States claimed Funafuti based on the 1856 Guano Islands Act, and maintained this claim until 1983, when a treaty of friendship, concluded in 1979, went into effect.

In the 1850s, John (Jack) O'Brien became the first European to settle in Tuvalu. He became a trader on Funafuti and married Salai, the daughter of Funafuti's paramount chief.[22] with his name continuing on Funafuti.[23] Alfred Restieaux, a native of England, lived and worked as a trader on Funafuti from July 1881 until about 1888 or 1889.[24][25]

In 1882, members of the US Fish Commission visited Funafuti to investigate the formation of coral reefs on Pacific atolls, sailing there on the USFC Albatross. During that visit, Harry Clifford Fassett, the captain's clerk and a photographer, took pictures of people, communities, and scenery in Funafuti.[26]

Thomas Andrew, a photographer, visited Funafuti around 1885–86.[27]

In 1892, Captain Davis of HMS Royalist provided a report describing the traders and trading activities he observed on each of the islands he visited. Davis identified Jack O'Brien as a trader on Funafuti,[28] and O’Brien was also reported to be living on the atoll in 1896.[29]

In 1894 Count Rudolph Festetics de Tolna, his wife Eila (née Haggin), and her daughter Blanche Haggin visited Funafuti aboard the yacht Le Tolna.[30][31] The Count spent several days photographing men and woman of Funafuti.[32]

The population of Funafuti during the years 1860 to 1900 is estimated to have been between 280[33] and 300 people.[34] The Funafuti Post Office opened around 1911.[35]

During the Pacific War (World War II) the Ellice Islands were used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces.[36] The United States Marine Corps 5th Defense Battalion landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942;[37][38] the operation was kept secret until the Japanese discovered it for themselves on 27 March 1943.[39]

On Funafuti the islanders were shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build an airfield (now Funafuti International Airport), a 76-bed hospital and the naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale islet.[40][41]

Darwin's Drill

There is a site on Funafuti called Darwin's Drill, where boreholes were drilled in 1896, 1897 and 1898, by the Royal Society of London, as part of a scientific investigation designed to find out whether traces of shallow-water organisms could be found deep down in the coral. It was intended as a test of Charles Darwin's theory of coral atoll formation.[42][43] Professor Sollas, the leader of the 1896 expedition, published a report on the study of the atoll.[44] Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 expedition, and the leader of the 1897 expedition.[45][46] Photographers on the expeditions recorded people, communities and scenes at Funafuti.[47]

In respect of its role in testing the theory, Funafuti atoll was included by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022.[48]

Cyclones of 1883 and 1972

George Westbrook, a trader based on Funafuti, recorded a tropical cyclone that struck Funafuti on 23–24 December 1883. At the time the cyclone struck, he was the lone inhabitant of Fongafale, because Tema, a Samoan missionary, had taken everyone else to Funafala to work on erecting a church. The cyclone destroyed the buildings in Fongafale, including the church and the trading stores belonging to George Westbrook and Alfred Restieaux. Little damage occurred at Funafala, however, and the people returned to rebuild at Fongafale.[49][50]

Ocean side of Funafuti atoll showing the storm dunes, the highest point on the atoll.

In 1972, Funafuti lay in the path of Cyclone Bebe during the 1972–73 South Pacific cyclone season. Bebe was a pre-season tropical cyclone that hit the Gilbert, Ellice, and Fiji island groups.[51] The cyclone system was first spotted on 20 October. It intensified and grew in size through 22 October. At about 4 p.m. on Saturday the 21st, sea water bubbled through the coral on the airfield and rose to a height of about 5 feet (1.5 m). Cyclone Bebe continued to ravage the area through Sunday 22 October. The Ellice Islands Colony's ship Moanaraoi, which was in the lagoon, survived. However, three tuna boats were wrecked. Waves broke over the atoll. Five people died: two adults and a 3-month-old child were swept away by waves, and two sailors who had been in the wrecked tuna boats were drowned.[52] Cyclone Bebe knocked down 90% of the area's houses and trees. The storm surge created a wall of coral rubble along the ocean side of Fongafale and Funafala that was about 10 miles (16 km) long, and was about 10 feet (3.0 m) to 20 feet (6.1 m) thick at the bottom.[52][53][54][55] The storm surge also destroyed or contaminated the area's sources of fresh drinking water.

Educational institutions

Water storage tanks installed at Fetuvalu High School

Four tertiary institutions on Funafuti offer technical and vocational courses: Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI), Tuvalu Atoll Science Technology Training Institute (TASTII), Australian Pacific Training Coalition (APTC) and University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre.[56]

There are two junior schools, the Seventh Day Adventist Primary School and Nauti Primary School, which has a register of more than 900 pupils and is the largest primary school in Tuvalu (45 per cent of the total primary school enrolment).[57]

The Church of Tuvalu operates Fetuvalu Secondary School.[58][59] The University of the South Pacific (USP)[60] Extension Centre on Funafuti operates the Augmented Foundation Programme for sixth form students who pass their Pacific Secondary School Certificate (PSSC) so that the students can enter tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu. The Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI) is located on Amatuku motu (islet).

Transportation

Funafuti beach (2013)

Funafuti International Airport (IATA: FUN, ICAO: NGFU) is located on Fongafale.

Fiji Airways, the owner of Fiji Airlines (trading as Fiji Link) operates air transport services three times per week (on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday) between Suva and Funafuti. The flights originate in Nadi, and use ATR 72-600 aircraft, which can carry up to 68 passengers.

In addition, Air Kiribati operates one flight a week to Funafuti, using a Bombardier Dash 8 100 series aircraft, which can carry up to 35 passengers.[61]

Fongafale has port facilities and two passenger/cargo ships, Nivaga III and Manu Folau, which make roundtrips between Fongafale and the outer islands about once every three or four weeks, and also travel between Suva, Fiji,[62] and Funafuti about three or four times a year.

In 2015 the Japanese government donated a ship, the Nivaga III, to Tuvalu, to replace the Nivaga II, which had served Tuvalu since 1989.[63]

Constituency

Funafuti is one of the eight constituencies in Tuvalu, and elects two members of parliament. In the 2019 general election, Kausea Natano and Simon Kofe were re-elected to parliament.[64]

Funafuti constituency results
Party Candidate Votes %
Nonpartisan Kausea Natano 355 27.2
Nonpartisan Simon Kofe 374 28.6
Nonpartisan Tuafafa Latasi 349 26.7
Nonpartisan Soloseni Penitusi 158 12
Nonpartisan Luke Paeniu 70 5.3

Prominent local people

  • Sir Toaripi Lauti, GCMG PC (28 November 1928 – 25 May 2014): first Chief Minister of the Ellice Islands (from 2 October 1975 to 1 October 1978); first Prime Minister of Tuvalu (from 1 October 1978 to 8 September 1981); third Governor General of Tuvalu (from 1 October 1990 to 1 December 1993)
  • Sir Kamuta Latasi, KCMG OBE PC MP (born 1936): fourth Prime Minister of Tuvalu (from 1993 to 1996); Speaker of the Parliament of Tuvalu (2006 to September 2010, and December 2010 to March 2014)

See also

External sources

  • Hedley, Charles (1896). "General account of the Atoll of Funafuti" (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir. 3 (2): 1–72. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.487.
  • (in English) Kench, Thompson, Ford, Ogawa and McLean (2015). "GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2015184 (Changes in planform characteristics of 29 islands located on Funafuti's atoll rim)" (PDF). The Geological Society of America. Retrieved 22 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lambert, Sylvester M. "Young woman, member of the O'Brien family, Funafuti, Tuvalu". Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego. Retrieved 18 November 2017.

References

  1. 1 2 "Maps of Tuvalu". Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  2. ↑ Lal, Andrick. South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project – Funafuti atoll (PDF). SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Population of communities in Tuvalu". Thomas Brinkhoff. 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  4. ↑ Coates, A. (1970). Western Pacific Islands. H.M.S.O. p. 349.
  5. ↑ "Tuvalu country brief". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  6. ↑ "Funafuti Strategic Plan 2011–2015" (PDF). Funafuti Falekaupule. February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  7. ↑ "Pacific Aviation Investment Program (PAIP) Environmental Management Plan – Funafuti International Airport(FUN) and Road Interim Working Document" (PDF). AECOM. 13 November 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "REG (49450-028): Preparing Floating Solar Plus Projects under the Pacific Renewable Energy Investment Facility – Terms of Reference for Consulting Firm" (PDF). Asian Development Bank (ADB). December 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  9. ↑ Endou, Shuuichi (18 May 2011). "Tuvalu Games 2011". Tuvalu-News.TV. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  10. ↑ "Funafuti Reef Fisheries Stewardship Plan (FRFSP)" (PDF). Tuvalu Fisheries (Tuvalu Ministry of Natural Resources). 15 November 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  11. ↑ Admiralty Nautical Chart 2983 Tuvalu – Funafuti atoll. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO).
  12. ↑ "EU-SOPAC Project Report 50: TUVALU TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork undertaken from 19 September to 24 October 2004" (PDF). Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission c/o SOPAC Secretariat. October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  13. ↑ "Klimatafel von Funafuti / Tuvalu (Ellice-Inseln)" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  14. ↑ Prof. W. J. Sollas (11 February 1897). "The Legendary History of Funafuti" (PDF). Nature. 55: 353–355.
  15. ↑ Talakatoa O'Brien (1983). Tuvalu: A History, Chapter 1, Genesis. Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu.
  16. ↑ Kennedy, Donald G. (1929). "Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, Ellice Islands". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 38: 2–5. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  17. ↑ Hedley, Charles (1896). General account of the Atoll of Funafuti (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir 3(2): 1–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  18. ↑ De Peyster, J. Watts 1821–1907. Military (1776–'79) transactions of Major, afterwards Colonel, 8th or King's foot, Arent Schuyler de Peyster (with details of the discovery of the Ellice and de Peyster Islands in the Pacific Ocean, in May, 1819). Reproduction of original in: Bibliotheque nationale du Quebec. ISBN 0665040512.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ "The De Peysters". Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  20. ↑ Laumua Kofe, Palagi and Pastors, Tuvalu: A History, Ch. 15, Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu, 1983
  21. ↑ Tyler, David B. – 1968 The Wilkes Expedition. The First United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society
  22. ↑ "A Brief History of Tuvalu: Christianity and European Traders". Tuvaluislands.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  23. ↑ Lambert, Sylvester M. "Young woman, member of the O'Brien family, Funafuti, Tuvalu". Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  24. ↑ Resture, Jane. "Alfred Restieaux Manuscripts – Part 2". Jane Resture. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  25. ↑ Munro, Doug (1980). "Tom De Wolf's Pacific Venture: The Life History of a Commercial Enterprise in Samoa". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  26. ↑ "National Archives & Records Administration". Records of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  27. ↑ Andrew, Thomas (1886). "Washing Hole Funafuti. From the album: Views in the Pacific Islands". Collection of Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa). Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  28. ↑ Resture, Jane. "TUVALU HISTORY – 'The Davis Diaries' (H.M.S. Royalist, 1892 visit to Ellice Islands under Captain Davis)". Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  29. ↑ Hedley, Charles (1896). "General account of the Atoll of Funafuti" (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir. 3 (2): 1–72. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.487. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  30. ↑ Festetics De Tolna, Comte Rodolphe, Chez les cannibales: huit ans de croisière dans l'océan Pacifique à bord du, Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1903
  31. ↑ "The Aristocrat and His Cannibals" Count Festetics von Tolna's travels in Oceania, 1893–1896. musée du quai Branly. 2007.
  32. ↑ "Néprajzi Múzeum Könyvtára". The library of the Ethnographic Museum of Hungary. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  33. ↑ Newton, W. F. (1967). "The Early Population of the Ellice Islands". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 76 (2): 197–204.
  34. ↑ Bedford, Richard; Macdonald, Barrie; Monro, Doug (1980). "Population Estimates for Kiribati and Tuvalu". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 89 (1): 199.
  35. ↑ Premier Postal History. "Post Office List". Premier Postal Auctions. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  36. ↑ McQuarrie, Peter (1994). Strategic atolls: Tuvalu and the Second World War. Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury/ Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 0958330050.
  37. ↑ "Tuvalu (Ellice Islands)". Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  38. ↑ "Unsung battle: Fighting at Funafuti Atoll played an important role in World War II".
  39. ↑ "Occupation of Funafuti Atoll (Operation Fetlock), 2 October 1942".
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  41. ↑ Telavi, Melei (1983). "Chapter 18, War". In Larcy, Hugh (ed.). Tuvalu: A History. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 140–144.
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