Highway 413 marker

Highway 413

     GTA West Corridor      Highway 410 and 427 extensions (proposed)
Route information
Maintained by Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
Length52 km[1] (32 mi)
History
  • Proposed January 2002[2]
  • Cancelled February 9, 2018[3]
  • Revived November 2018[4]
Major junctions
West end  Highway 401 / 407 ETR in Halton Hills
Major intersections Highway 410 south in Caledon
 Highway 427 south near Bolton
East end Highway 400 in Vaughan
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
Highway system
← Highway 412→ Highway 416

King's Highway 413, known as the GTA West Corridor or GTA West until 2021, is a proposed 400-series highway and bus transitway in the western Greater Toronto Area of the Canadian province of Ontario. The approximately 52-kilometre (32 mi) route is currently undergoing planning and analysis under an environmental impact assessment (EA) by both the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and the Government of Ontario, as well as the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. If approved, a new four-to-six lane controlled-access highway would be built between the existing interchange of Highway 401 and the 407 ETR at the Halton–Peel boundary, and Highway 400 north of Vaughan. In addition, two new extensions would be built to connect Highway 410 and Highway 427 with Highway 413.

The proposed highway would serve as an outer ring road around the built-up areas of Brampton and Vaughan that would permit traffic travelling between Southwestern Ontario and Ontario's cottage country or Northern Ontario to bypass much of the Greater Toronto Area. However, the highway has attracted criticism for its environmental impacts, including concerns about its footprint on designated farmland in the Greenbelt, and its implications to encourage urban sprawl and induced demand.

Planning for the corridor began in the mid 2000s. However the EA was suspended in 2015, and the project shelved in February 2018 by the Liberal government of Kathleen Wynne. Following the 2018 Ontario general election in June of that year, the new Progressive Conservative government of Doug Ford announced the resumption of the suspended EA in November. Since then, several of the municipalities along the route have voiced their opposition to its construction.

Route description

The proposed route of Highway 413 was confirmed in the Technically Preferred Route report, which was published by Aecon and released on August 7, 2020.[5] The approximately 52 km (32 mi) route would consist of a four-to-six lane freeway as well as a transitway situated within a 170-metre (560 ft)-wide right-of-way.[1][6] Fifteen interchanges were proposed. Four of the interchanges, including both termini, would be freeway-to-freeway. The corridor would arch around the west and north sides of the rural–urban fringe of Brampton, skirting the boundary between the regions of Halton and Peel before proceeding northwest into York Region.[5][7]

The southwestern end would be at a freeway-to-freeway connection at the existing interchange between Highway 401 and Highway 407ETR at the tripoint of Halton Hills, Milton and Mississauga.[8] It would meander northward, entering Brampton at an interchange with Winston Churchill Boulevard. Crossing the Credit River immediately east of Georgetown, it would gradually curve northwest to parallel Old School Road east of Heritage Road. It would interchange with Regional Road 107 (Bovaird Drive), which becomes Highway 7 to the west beyond the Brampton–Halton Hills boundary. Midway between Bovaird Drive and the next interchange at Peel Regional Road 14 (Mayfield Road), the freeway would cross the CN Halton Subdivision, which carries the Kitchener line of GO Transit.[5][7]

A four-lane divided highway (dual carriageway) curves over a wooded stream. A subdivision looms on a hill in the distance.
The Highway 410 extension, opened in 2009, would be bypassed by the construction of Highway 413.

Beyond Mayfield Road, Highway 413 would make a broad curve to the northeast into Caledon, passing Peel Regional Road 1 (Mississauga Road). Travelling roughly parallel to and midway between Mayfield Road and Peel Regional Road 9 (King Street), it would pass northwest of Snelgrove after interchanges with Chinguacousy Road and Highway 10.[5][7] To the east of Snelgrove, a new extension of Highway 410, bypassing 4 km (2.5 mi) of the extension south of Snelgrove that opened November 16, 2009, would meet Highway 413 at a freeway-to-freeway interchange.[9][10] To the east would be an incomplete interchange with Bramalea Road. After interchanges with Peel Regional Road 7 (Airport Road) and Peel Regional Road 8 (The Gore Road), the route would curve east to pass between the town of Bolton and the Brampton neighbourhood of Castlemore. An interchange at Humber Station Road would provide access to Mayfield Road, which Highway 413 would cross.[5][7]

Highway 413 would cross the Peel–York regional boundary at Regional Road 50 (former Highway 50) immediately north of York Regional Road 49 (Nashville Road; former Highway 49), where it would encounter a freeway-to-freeway interchange with an extension of Highway 427 northward from Major Mackenzie Drive West (York Regional Road 25).[5] Curving northeast, the proposed route would encounter the CP MacTier Subdivision before crossing over the Humber River at the location of the Humber Valley Heritage Trail.[11] Between the main branch and east branch of the Humber River would be an interchange with York Regional Road 27 (former Highway 27) north of Kleinburg. The final several kilometres would travel east, midway between Kirby Road and King Vaughan Road. After an incomplete interchange with Weston Road (York Regional Road 56) it would end at a freeway-to-freeway interchange with Highway 400.[5][7]

History

2002 to 2018

The GTA West Corridor was first conceived as the GTA East–West Economic Corridor by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) in its Central Ontario Strategic Transportation Directions study in January 2002.[2] The North–South Corridor Feasibility Study, prepared for the MTO and City of Brampton in September 2003, was first to recommend acquiring land for a future "higher order transportation facility" around Brampton.[12] The report identified the need for a controlled-access highway as part of the city's ultimate transportation plan to serve western Brampton. Land was subsequently set aside for the next several years while the MTO analysed the need for both corridors.[13]

In 2005, the Government of Ontario passed the Places to Grow Act, which set forth consistent urban planning principles across the province for the following 25 years. The Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe was released in June of the following year as a framework for implementing the act,[14] with a future transportation corridor identified north of Highway 401 between Guelph and Vaughan.[15] Following the submission of a Terms of Reference on June 15, 2007, an EA began[note 1] on March 4, 2008, to establish conceptual routes for additional transportation infrastructure to interconnect the GTA West economic centres (Milton, Brampton and Vaughan) with Guelph and Waterloo Region.[17][18] The early concepts for the GTA West Corridor considered five different options, including two extending as far west as Guelph without intersecting Highway 401 or Highway 407.[19] When combined with the planned Highway 7N west of Guelph, they would have resulted in a parallel freeway to the north of Highway 401 between Kitchener/Waterloo and Vaughan.[note 2]

Simultaneously, the City of Brampton appealed an amendment of the Halton Region Official Plan to the Ontario Municipal Board. As a result, the North–South Corridor Feasibility Study evolved into the Halton–Peel Boundary Area Transportation Study (HPBATS), which commenced on April 11, 2007.[22][23] HPBATS recommended a north–south route, known as the Halton–Peel Freeway, east of Georgetown and west of Brampton as a complementary project that would connect in the north with the potential GTA West Corridor. The completed study and its recommendations were submitted to the MTO in late April 2010.[24] In 2012 the provincial EA recommended that the GTA West should follow a broadly similar corridor to the Halton–Peel Freeway.[25]

An aerial photograph of Highway 407 travelling north through farmland towards an interchange with Highway 401. Subdivisions of Mississauga are visible to the right.
Stage 1 of the GTA West EA concluded with the recommendation that the Highway 401 and Highway 407 ETR interchange (pictured, facing north) serve as the western terminus of the proposed freeway.

Stage 1 of the EA concluded with the release of the GTA West Transportation Development Strategy Report in November 2012. The report indicated limited demand for and the considerable environmental consequences of a new crossing of the Niagara Escarpment. It recommended not proceeding further with a new route over the escarpment, instead favouring a connection to Highway 401 west of Mississauga, including the route of the proposed Halton–Peel Freeway. An alternative route, connecting with Highway 401 west of Milton and travelling between 5 Side Road and 10 Side Road through Halton Hills, was also not carried forward, with the MTO instead electing to widen Highway 401 to 12 lanes between Milton and Mississauga.[26][27]

Stage 2 of the GTA West EA began in February 2014, intended to further refine the study corridor to a preliminary design.[28] However, by this point public opposition to the corridor began to appear, with the group Environmental Defence starting a campaign against the proposed highway by 2015.[29] On December 16, 2015, Minister of Transportation Steven Del Duca announced the suspension of the EA process.[30] A three-member advisory panel[note 3] was formed in October 2016 to assess alternative approaches to meet projected traffic levels.[32] The suspension was opposed by the municipalities of Vaughan, King, York Region, Caledon and Peel Region,[33] as well as Brampton.[34] The advisory panel report was released on May 29, 2017,[35] recommending that the EA be stopped, and the "development of a single transportation plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe" proceed in its place.[36] The panel also recommended that the provincial government negotiate with the private operators of the 407 ETR to encourage the routing of more truck traffic onto that route, alleviating congestion on the 401, and negating the need for the GTA West.[37] Consequently the Ontario government cancelled the GTA West Study on February 9, 2018.[38][39][40] In the run up to the 2018 provincial election, the Progressive Conservatives stated that they would complete the EA of the project if elected.[41]

2018 to present

The 2018 Ontario general election, held on June 7, 2018, ended the 15-year tenure of the Ontario Liberal Party and saw Premier Kathleen Wynne defeated by the Progressive Conservatives (PCs) under Doug Ford.[42] As part of the PCs Fall Economic Statement, released in November 2018, the government committed to the campaign pledge of resuming the suspended EA for the GTA West Corridor, "in order to speed up travel and alleviate traffic congestion".[4] The EA was subsequently resumed on June 5, 2019.[43][44] In September and October of that year, a series of Public Information Centres were held in which the preferred route and interchange locations were announced.[45] This route, with modifications,[note 4] was confirmed publicly by the provincial government on August 7, 2020.[47] The EA for the corridor was expected to be complete by the end of 2022.[48]

On February 3, 2021, Jonathan Wilkinson, the federal Minister of Environment and Climate Change announced that he had received a request for the project to undergo an EA at the federal level,[49] following a formal request from Environmental Defence.[50][51][52] On May 3, 2021, Wilkinson announced that a federal EA would take place.[53][54][55] In response, provincial Minister of Transportation Caroline Mulroney stated that she would work with the federal government to address “newly found concerns" on potential adverse effects on species at risk.[55]

Funding was committed to the project as part of the fall economic statement on November 1, 2021.[56] That month, the GTA West began to be referred to by the Government of Ontario as Highway 413 for the first time.[57] The highway was a contentious issue during the 2022 Ontario general election, with the Liberal, NDP and Green Party pledging to cancel the project if elected.[58] The three NDP MPPs in Brampton were defeated by their PC counterparts in the election.[59]

In early 2023, 467 landowners along the planned route received letters requesting permission to enter their property for "intrusive and nonintrusive fieldwork" to assess the suitability of their property for the project.[60] The inspections will be conducted between March 2023 and the end of 2024.[60]

Impacts and environmental concerns

The highway has attracted criticism from municipalities, politicians, campaign groups and the public regarding its potential impacts.[61][62][63]

Environmental groups have criticised the significant impact that the highway would have on the environment. In addition to increasing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, opponents claim the highway would disrupt woodlands, waterways, wetlands, wildlife habitats and species at risk.[64][65] The highway will travel through both the Greenbelt, the Whitebelt (an area of land left unprotected from development when the Greenbelt was established in 2005) and the Humber and Credit watersheds. [66] According to the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, the highway would specifically impact 85 waterways, 220 wetlands, 10 different species at risk and hundreds of acres of vulnerable wildlife habitat.[64]

Urban planning critics claim the highway will encourage urban sprawl through induced demand,[67][68] as research shows that building new highways tends to attract more drivers and fails to improve congestion levels on other roads.[69] Consequently, they claim it would increase car dependency in surrounding areas and ultimately only save commuters around 30 to 60 seconds of travel time.[38] Other groups, such as the National Farmers Union have concerns about the impacts of the highway on agricultural land, as the highway would be built on around 2,000 acres of Class 1 and 2 farmland – the most productive designation.[70] A planning land use expert noted that "agricultural land is valued as low as C$18,000 an acre, but residential land is easily worth C$1 million an acre" and that billions of dollars could be made if farmland adjacent to the highway was rezoned as land for development.[66] Avison Young, a real estate services firm, estimated around 62,000 acres (250 km2) of developable land is available located within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the 16 proposed interchanges.[71] In 2021, a Toronto Star investigation noted that 3,300 acres (13 km2) of land along the route was owned by 8 major property developers, several of which had donated to Doug Ford's Progressive Conservative government.[72]

Other critics have noted the high cost of building the highway – the cost of construction in 2012 was estimated at C$4.7 billion, with recent estimates around C$6 billion.[61] It is unclear whether the highway would be tolled, similar to Highway 407, Highway 412 and Highway 418.[73] As an alternative to a new freeway, stakeholders have suggested investing in local transportation improvements. Some proposed suggestions include improvements to local roads, truck priority lanes on Highway 407, public transit investments including GO Transit Regional Express Rail and widening of existing highways.[62][74] Others have suggested working with the owners of Highway 407 to increase capacity on that highway instead.[37] A study commissioned by the previous provincial government stated that the highway would save all drivers in Greater Golden Horseshoe approximately 30 seconds of travel time, regardless of whether their trip used the highway or not. The Ministry of Transportation contends that the Highway 413 will save drivers up to 30 minutes if their trip uses the full length of the highway.[75]

Perspectives

Lawn sign opposing the highway's construction

The majority of local municipalities have opposed the project, including Mississauga,[1] Vaughan,[76] Halton Hills,[63] Halton Region,[63] Peel Region,[77] King Township[78] and Orangeville.[79] Brampton and Caledon withdrew their support of the fast-tracked environmental assessment.[63][80] The NDP opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, the Green Party of Ontario[81] and Ontario Liberal Party have stated that they would scrap the highway following the next provincial election.[82][83] Despite the corridor not directly impacting the City of Toronto itself, Toronto City Council passed a resolution in March 2021 condemning the proposed highway.[84]

Supporters of the freeway include Regional Municipality of York[85] as well as the Progressive Conservative government.[41] Several non-governmental organizations such as the Ontario Trucking Association,[86] the Building Industry and Land Development Association (BILD),[87] and the Association of Municipalities of Ontario also continue to support the project.[88] The Toronto Metropolitan University Centre for Urban Research and Land Development (CUR) also specifically supported the streamlining of the EA process, noting that “It is simply taking too long to bring critical infrastructure improvements such as roads, transit, sewers and water to completion".[89]

Exit list

The following table lists the proposed exits along Highway 413, as shown in the Preferred Route.[45][47]   

DivisionLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes
HaltonMilton – Halton Hills – Mississauga boundary00.0  Highway 401 / 407 ETR
Halton – Peel boundaryHalton Hills – Brampton boundary42.5 Regional Road 19 (Winston Churchill Boulevard)
PeelBrampton74.3
Bridge over the Credit River
95.6 Regional Road 107 (Bovaird Drive)Former Highway 7[note 5]
Brampton – Caledon boundary138.1 Regional Road 14 (Mayfield Road)
Caledon1912Chinguacousy Road
2214 Highway 10 (Hurontario Street) – Orangeville
2616 Highway 410 southDiversion of Highway 410 on east side of Snelgrove
2717Bramalea RoadPartial-access interchange with westbound exit and eastbound entrance
3019 Regional Road 7 (Airport Road) – Caledon East
3522 Regional Road 8 (The Gore Road)
3723Humber Station Road – Bolton
YorkVaughan4025 Highway 427 south
4427 Regional Road 27 (Highway 27) – Kleinburg, NobletonFormer Highway 27[note 6]
5132 Regional Road 56 (Weston Road)Partial-access interchange with eastbound exit and westbound entrance
5232 Highway 400
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  •       Proposed

Notes

  1. ↑ "Subsection 13(1) of the Environmental Assessment Act allows a person to apply to the Minister of the Environment to approve a class environmental assessment with respect to a class of undertakings. The application consists of a proposed terms of reference and subsequently a class environmental assessment."[16]
  2. ↑ Both options 4-4 and 4-5 would have connected the Hanlon Expressway with Highway 400.[20] Highway 7N will connect Kitchener/Waterloo with the north end of the Hanlon Expressway.[21]
  3. ↑ The three-member GTA West Advisory Panel consisted of former Deputy Minister of the Environment Gail Beggs, environmental lawyer Rodney Northey, and Ryerson urban planning professor Dr. Matthias Sweet.[31]
  4. ↑ As a result of an approved subdivision proposal north of the GTA West Corridor, the Coleraine Drive interchange was moved to Humber Station Road.[46][47]
  5. ↑ The Bovaird Drive portion of Highway 7 was transferred to the Regional Municipality of Peel on November 28, 2001.[90]
  6. ↑ York Regional Road 27 carries the name "Highway 27",[91] despite not being a provincial highway since January 1, 1998.[92]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fox, Chris (February 25, 2021). "Mississauga Council Formally Opposes Hwy. 413 as Crombie Warns of 'Disastrous Impact on Environment'". CP24. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  2. 1 2 Paradigm Transportation Solutions Limited (September 20, 2004). Caledon Transportation Needs Study (PDF) (Report). Regional Municipality of Peel. p. 26. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  3. ↑ Frisque, Graeme (February 10, 2018). "Wynne Government Kills Plans for GTA West Highway After Lengthy and Expensive Planning Process". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  4. 1 2 Ministry of Finance (November 15, 2018). "Chapter I, Section C: Respecting Consumers And Families". Ontario Economic Outlook and Fiscal Review (Report). Government of Ontario. p. 73. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 WSP (August 7, 2020). "Preferred Route Announcement" (PDF). GTA West Study (Press release). Aecom. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  6. ↑ Al-Shibeeb, Dina (August 7, 2020). "Ontario Government Confirms Preferred Route for GTA West Corridor". Vaughan Citizen. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Google (March 15, 2021). "GTA West Corridor – Length and Route" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  8. ↑ Crawley, Mike (October 16, 2021). "Doug Ford's PCs believe Highway 413 is a winning issue in next election". CBC News. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  9. ↑ "GTA West Transportation Corridor – Route Planning and EA Study – Stage 2 – Presentation to Town of Caledon Council". Aecom. July 7, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  10. ↑ Abrey, Heather (November 20, 2009). "Hwy 410 Extension Causing Confusion". Caledon Enterprise. North Peel Media Group. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  11. ↑ Al-Shibeeb, Dina (February 22, 2021). "'Shame on Ford government': Vaughan and King Residents Urge York Region to Axe Support for $6B GTA Highway". Vaughan Citizen. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  12. ↑ "Status Report – Bram West Secondary Plan and North West Brampton Future Urban Development Area Corridor Protection Area – Official Plan and Zoning Bylaw Amendments – City of Brampton" (PDF). City of Mississauga. August 30, 2005. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  13. ↑ "By-Law Number 360-2005" (PDF). City of Brampton. November 14, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Overview". Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe, 2006. Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Schedule 2". Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe 2006. Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  16. ↑ Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. "Part A Preparing the Terms of Reference and Class Environmental Assessment". Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  17. ↑ McCormick Rankin (July 2007). "GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Terms of Reference" (PDF). GTA West Study. Aecom. pp. 1–4. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  18. ↑ Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (March 4, 2008). "Approval of the Terms of Reference for the GTA West Transportation Corridor Environmental Assessment". Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  19. ↑ "Will Halton Hills Become the Byway for a New Highway?". Burlington Post. June 10, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via InsideHalton.com.
  20. ↑ McCormick Rankin & URS (November 2012). "4.4. Road Based Improvement Alternatives". GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Study – Transportation Development Strategy Report (PDF) (Report). Aecom. pp. 45–49. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  21. ↑ "Project Background". New Highway 7 – Kitchener to Guelph. WSP. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  22. ↑ iTrans Consulting (May 2010). Halton–Peel Boundary Area Transportation Study Amended Final Report Executive Summary (PDF) (Report). p. ii. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  23. ↑ City of Brampton Transportation and Transit Master Plan Sustainable Update (PDF) (Report). iTrans Consulting. November 2009. pp. 23–24. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  24. ↑ Tallyn, Lisa (April 27, 2010). "Report Calls for New Freeway and Norval Bypass" (PDF). The Independent. Halton Hills. p. 1. Retrieved March 20, 2021 – via OurOntario.ca.
  25. ↑ "GTA West Transportation Corridor". The Town of Halton Hills. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  26. ↑ McCormick Rankin & URS (November 2012). "5.8. Summary of Evaluation Findings of 2011/2012 Additional Analysis". GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Study – Transportation Development Strategy Report (PDF) (Report). Aecom. p. 158. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  27. ↑ McCormick Rankin & URS (November 2012). "6.4. New / Expanded Roadway Infrastructure". GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Study – Transportation Development Strategy Report (PDF) (Report). Aecom. p. 172. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  28. ↑ Planning and Infrastructure Services Committee (March 30, 2015). GTA West Transportation Corridor Route Planning and Environmental Assessment Study, Stage 2 (PDF) (Report). Committee of the Council of The Corporation of the City of Brampton. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  29. ↑ Javed, Noor (January 2, 2015). "Proposed highway to pave parts of Greenbelt proving controversial". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 23, 2021. "We see this as a lose-lose proposal," said Susan Lloyd Swail, the Greenbelt Program Manager with Environmental Defence. "There will be a loss to the Greenbelt, a loss of farmland, waterways and forests," said Swail.
  30. ↑ "Ontario to Review Greater Toronto Area West Corridor Project". Government of Ontario. December 16, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  31. ↑ "Advisory Panel Members". GTA West Corridor Review. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  32. ↑ Belgrave, Roger (October 7, 2016). "Ontario Seeks Public Input On Alternatives to Proposed GTA-West Highway". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  33. ↑ Martin-Robbins, Adam (May 1, 2017). "Fate of Future 400-Series Highway Through Vaughan Still Up in Air". Vaughan Citizen. Retrieved March 17, 2021 – via YorkRegion.com.
  34. ↑ Criscione, Peter (November 8, 2016). "Brampton Wants Province to Revive GTA-West Highway Plans". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  35. ↑ GTA West Advisory Panel (May 29, 2017). GTAW Advisory Panel's Letter (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  36. ↑ GTA West Advisory Panel (May 29, 2017). GTA West Corridor Advisory Panel Report (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  37. 1 2 Webster, Paul (December 19, 2020). "Doug Ford Plans to Start Building a New Superhighway Near the 401 Next Year. Why Not Move All the Trucks to the 407 Toll Highway Instead?". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  38. 1 2 "Ontario's Proposed Highway 413 is a $6-Billion Sprawl Accelerator". Globe and Mail. February 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  39. ↑ Bradley, Dave (February 9, 2018). "Province Scraps Plans for Highway 413". Newstalk 1010. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  40. ↑ "Ontario Not Moving Forward with Highway for GTA West Corridor". Government of Ontario. February 9, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  41. 1 2 "Plan For The People". Ontario PC Party. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  42. ↑ Grenier, Éric (June 8, 2018). "Doug Ford Promised to Deliver the GTA for the Ontario PCs and That's What He Did". CBC News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  43. ↑ Frisque, Graeme (June 6, 2019). "Brampton Council Applauds Ford Government's Hwy. 413/GTA West Corridor Reboot". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  44. ↑ Moore, Oliver (November 3, 2019). "Ontario PCs Revive Plans for GTA West Highway Amid Questions of Suitability in Changing Transportation Future". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  45. 1 2 "Preferred Interchange Locations" (PDF). GTA West Study. September 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  46. ↑ Marychuk, Marta (July 29, 2020). "Caledon Council Hears Options for GTA West Corridor". Caledon Enterprise. Retrieved March 24, 2021 – via Toronto.com.
  47. 1 2 3 "Ontario Making Travel Easier Across York, Peel and Halton Regions" (Press release). Government of Ontario. August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  48. ↑ Frisque, Graeme (November 14, 2019). "Province Says No Timeline Yet for GTA West Highway". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  49. ↑ "GTA West Project". Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. February 18, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  50. ↑ Bowman, Laura (February 3, 2021). "GTA West – Request for Designation of Project" (PDF). Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  51. ↑ "Environmental Groups Ask Ottawa to Intervene on Controversial Highway Projects". BarrieToday.com. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  52. ↑ Chaarani, James (February 27, 2021). "Caledon Requests Federal Environmental Assessment of GTA West Highway: But Do Feds Have Jurisdiction?". Toronto.com. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  53. ↑ Wilkinson, Jonathan (May 3, 2021). "My Statement On the Designation Request for the GTA West Project". Twitter. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  54. ↑ "Minister's Response on the Designation Request for the GTA West Project". Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  55. 1 2 Bailey, Ian; Moore, Oliver; Stone, Laura (May 3, 2021). "Environmental concerns spur Ottawa to consider Highway 413 assessment". Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  56. ↑ Artuso, Antonella (November 4, 2021). "New Highways in Fast Lane". Toronto Sun. p. 7.
  57. ↑ McKenzie-Sutter, Holly (November 10, 2021). "Ford government shows support for controversial Highway 413 with campaign-style route visit". Global News. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  58. ↑ Jones, Allison (May 4, 2022). "Ontario leaders kick off election campaign by debating proposed 413 highway". CityNews. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  59. ↑ Pecar, Steve (June 3, 2022). "Brampton rides the blue wave as all five ridings now belong to Doug Ford". insauga. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
  60. 1 2 Benzie, Robert; Javed, Noor (February 3, 2023). "Doug Ford government asks hundreds of landowners for 'permission' to evaluate Highway 413 site". Toronto Star. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  61. 1 2 McGillivray, Kate (February 25, 2021). "Plan for New 400-Series Highway Draws Growing Pressure from Across the GTA to Hit the Brakes". CBC News. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  62. 1 2 Is Building Highway 413 the Best Option for Moving People & Goods in the GTA West Region? (PDF) (Report). Environmental Defence. August 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  63. 1 2 3 4 McIntosh, Emma (March 12, 2021). "Ford Government's Hwy. 413 Dreams Fade As Another Municipality Pulls Support". National Observer. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  64. 1 2 "Response to Inaccurate Media Coverage of TRCA's Stance Regarding the Proposed GTA West Highway". Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Stop the 413". Environmental Defence. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  66. 1 2 Webster, Paul (November 24, 2020). "Highway 413: The Opposition Reloads". In the Hills. Retrieved March 18, 2021. "Agricultural land is valued as low as $18,000 an acre, but residential land is easily worth $1 million an acre," says Susan Lloyd Swail, a King City-based land-use planning expert who opposes the highway. "There are hundreds of millions of dollars to be made right now simply by rezoning farmlands around the new freeway into development lands. And there are billions more to be made in the future from developing those lands into ever more residential and industrial sprawl.
  67. ↑ Javed, Noor (January 2, 2015). "Proposed Highway to Pave Parts of Greenbelt Proving Controversial". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  68. ↑ Javed, Noor (January 30, 2015). "GTA West Highway: Forward Thinking or Retro Mistake?". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  69. ↑ Duranton, Gilles; Turner, Matthew A. (September 4, 2009). "The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US cities" (PDF). University of Toronto, Department of Economics. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  70. ↑ "Highway 413". Ontario Farmland Trust. October 1, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  71. ↑ "GTA West Multimodal Transportation Corridor Fact Sheet". Avison Young. 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  72. ↑ Buist, Steve; Javed, Noor; McIntosh, Emma (April 3, 2021). "Friends with benefits? An inside look at the money, power and influence behind the Ford government's push to". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved November 2, 2021. The group of developers own 39 properties covering 3,300 acres that are conservatively valued at nearly half a billion dollars, according to land registry documents. Most of the developers in the group are also prolific PC donors, contributing at least $813,000 to support the party since 2014.
  73. ↑ WSP. "Frequently Asked Questions – GTA West". GTA West Study. Aecom. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  74. ↑ Broadley, Laura (October 15, 2020). "'It's Just Going to Ruin Everything': King, Vaughan Groups Team Up to Fight Hwy. 413". YorkRegion.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  75. ↑ Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. "Time Savings - Highway 413". Highway 413. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2023. The 30-second figure is from a study done in 2017 that looked at the average time savings across the entire Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH). It includes every trip on every road in every region – including places that are nowhere near the proposed Highway 413...People who travel the full length of the highway – from Vaughan to Milton – would save up to 30 minutes each way.
  76. ↑ "Vaughan Withdraws Support for New 400-Series Highway". 680 News. March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  77. ↑ "Region of Peel votes to oppose GTA West Highway despite efforts of Brampton & Caledon mayors". Yahoo News Canada. March 12, 2021. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021.
  78. ↑ Pavilons, Mark (April 7, 2021). "King Township Withdraws Support for GTA Corridor". King Weekly Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021 – via Yahoo! News Canada.
  79. ↑ Wells, Tabitha (November 13, 2020). "'GTA West does not align with Orangeville's priorities': Council opposes Highway 413 through Caledon, Vaughan, Milton". Orangeville.com. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  80. ↑ "Caledon Calls On Province for Public Consultations On Highway 413 Plan". Toronto Star. March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  81. ↑ "Mississauga Formally Opposes New 400-Series GTA Highway Proposed by Ontario Government". CTV News. February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021. The leaders of the NDP, the Green Party and the Liberal Party have also said that they would not proceed with the project if elected.
  82. ↑ "NDP Will Scrap Sprawl-Inducing GTA West Highway Plan if Elected in 2022". Yahoo News Canada. January 28, 2021. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  83. ↑ "Ontario Liberals Pledge to Cancel Hwy 413, Build and Repair Schools Instead". CTV News Toronto. March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  84. ↑ "Toronto City Council Votes to Oppose Provincial Plans for Highway 413 in Northwest GTA". CBC News. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  85. ↑ Hale, Alan S (March 18, 2021). "York Region reconfirms its support of GTA West highway corridor". NewmarketToday.ca. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  86. ↑ "OTA Voices Support for New GTA West Highway". Truck News. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  87. ↑ "BILD: GTA West Corridor is a Much Needed Link". Toronto Sun. December 12, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  88. ↑ Webster, Paul (February 13, 2021). "Doug Ford's Planned Superhighway is a 'slam Dunk' for Developers — But Some Say It Will Be an Economic Disaster". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  89. ↑ "CUR supports GTA West Corridor EA streamlining". Daily Commercial News. August 31, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2021. Without the proposed streamlining of the process it would be the year 2023 or beyond before the preliminary design study for the corridor is completed, it is simply taking too long to bring critical infrastructure improvements such as roads, transit, sewers and water to completion, or to ensure serviced sites in built-up urban and greenfield areas are available to meet the demands of new residents and businesses.
  90. ↑ Hunt, Geoff (July 12, 2001). "Council Minutes". Peelregion.ca. Regional Municipality of Peel. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  91. ↑ Aecom (April 2012). City of Vaughan Transportation Master Plan – Existing Transportation Conditions, Trends and Future Plans – Appendix D (PDF) (Report). City of Vaughan. p. 10. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  92. ↑ Highway Transfers List – "Who Does What" (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. June 20, 2001. pp. 4, 13–14.
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