East Chadic
Geographic
distribution
southern Chad and northern Cameroon
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Subdivisions
  • East Chadic A
  • East Chadic B
Glottologeast2632
East Chadic per Newman (1977)

The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon.[1]

Speakers of various East Chadic languages are locally known as Hadjarai peoples.[2][3] The largest East Chadic language is Nancere.[4]

Languages

The branches of East Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.[5]

The East Chadic B classification follows that of Lovestrand (2012).

Peust (2018), however, has a somewhat different phylogenetic classification for East Chadic.[4] The most striking change is the repositioning of Mokilko (B.2) from East Chadic B to East Chadic A, where it now constitutes the first branch to separate, followed by Lele-Nancere (A.2.1). Within East Chadic B, he treats the Mubi group (B.1.2) as the first primary branching, with all the rest forming a subgroup divided between Dangla (B.1.1) in the north and Barain plus Sokoro (B.3 and B.4) in the south.

East Chadic A is distributed primarily in Tandjilé and neighbouring regions. East Chadic B is distributed primarily in Guéra and neighbouring regions.[10]

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[11]

ClassificationLanguage12345678910
A, A.1Somraimə́nsə́rsúbùwōdə̄kubìwúrɡə́ súbù (4 + 3) ?də̀ná sə́r (10–2)də̀ná mə́n (10–1)mwàtʃ
A, A.1Tumakmə̀nhɛ̀sùbwōrīùsìùɡìɗáksùbwāwār (2 x 4) ?bìsāmə̄n (10–1) ?kwàr
A, A.2Gabripɔ̀nwɔ̄sùbūpɔ́rbúbàyjūrɡúmārɡə́tə́nɡɛ̄sə́mɔ̀tʃ
A, A.2, 1Kimrépɔnsubupɔrbubaidʒidʒurɡəmmarɡədiŋɡɛsəmwɔdʒ
A, A.2, 1Lelepínàsúbàpórìŋbàyménèŋmátòlíŋjuruɡùcélàɡoro
A, A.2, 1Nancerepə̀nàsùwœ̀sàbpə̄ríbàymə̀nə̀màtàlpə̄rpə̄ndə̄tʃélə̄ɡùwàrə̀
A, A.3Keramə́náɓásísóópewááɗewííɗíw / suŋku mə́nákə́nə́kísééɗaásəɡə̀ntámbə̀làmánhòr / suŋku ɓásí
A, A.3Kwang (Kwong)mɪnraisɪpaiwuɗaiwiʔyɪmsɪdəəŋbʊkʊrkaudabɪdaamnarukop
B, B.1, 1Bidiya (Bidiyo) (1)kesiɗisubaŋpaɗaŋbeeyʼeŋpeŋkeyʼ (5 + 1)pisiɗaŋ (5 + 2)porpoɗ (2 x 4)peŋdaorro
B, B.1, 1Bidiyo (Bidiya) (2)keʔeŋ (masculine), kaɗya (feminine)siɗìsubaŋpaaɗaŋbèeʔeŋpénkeʔ (5 + 1)píisit (5 + 2)porpoɗ (2 x 4)pendaɔ̀rrɔ̀
B, B.1, 1Dangla (Dangaléat)ɾákkísɛ́ɛrɔ́súbbàpooɗíbɛɛɗyìbidyɡèɗypɛ̀ɛ́síràpóɗpóɗparkàɔ̀rɔ̀kì
B, B.1, 1Mawa (1)pəniɾapsuppaːtbijbyaːpat (5 + 1) ?byamatpatpat (2 x 4)kwapinikara (10–1) ?kwaːjan
B, B.1, 1Mawa (2)pənnirapsuppatbiibiaapan (5 + 1) ?biamatpatpat (2 x 4)kuapinikara (10–1) ?kuayan
B, B.1, 1Migama (1)káƴìséèràsúbbàpóoɗíbéeƴábízɡíƴÍpàysáràpóppóɗí (2 x 4)párnàkáƴÍ (10–1)ʔórrò
B, B.1, 1Migama (2)káɗyìséèràsúbbàpóoɗíbéeɗyábízɡíɗyìpàysáràpóppóɗí (2 x 4)pârnàkáɗyì (10 -1)ʔôrrò
B, B.1, 1Mogumkɛ̀ (m), kā (f)sɛ̀suppootbeymikpayseporpidebarkɛtorrok
B, B.1, 1Ubipiinamuɗusuɓapoɗabɛɛjabɛɛpɛne (5 + 1)bɛɛmuɗu (5 + 2)porpoɗa (2 x 4)kojpane (litː 'koj = hand')orok
B, B.1, 2Mubi (1)fínísìrsúɓàfádàbíɗyàìstàlàbéesírfàrbàtférbínìkúrúk
B, B.1, 2Mubi (2)finisirsubafadabijaistalabesirfarbad [farbat]ferbinekuruk
B, B.1, 2Zerenkelpínnésiirísùbbàpáɗɗábíƴƴáistalabèèsiripaarpaɗìpaarpinòkúrúkí
B, B.2Mukulusò(ò) / só(ó)sìréáɗópìɗépáá(t)zóó(t)sárá(t)ɡéssírèɡéssá(t)kòòmá(t)
B, B.3Bareinpaniŋsidisubupududawsudasumaniŋ (5 + 1)dasisidi (5 + 2)dasusubu (5 + 3)dasumpudu (5 + 4)kur
B, B.3Sokorokéttì / ker̃ímóɗùsúbàpaʔáɗàbiʔàbépinibémoɗùbéʃíbabépʌɗʌ̀ór̃kà

References

  1. "Glottolog 4.7 – East Chadic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  2. Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-313-27918-7.
  3. Chapelle, Jean (1981). Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 178–179. ISBN 2-85802-169-4.
  4. 1 2 Peust, Carsten (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). doi:10.24425/for.2018.124686.
  5. Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms); Buso deleted as a separate branch per Hammarström (2015)
  6. 1 2 Languages in both the Nancere and Gabri branches go by the names of Kimre and Gabri. The two branches together are sometimes also called Gabri.
  7. Lovestrand, Joseph (2012). "Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B)" (PDF). SIL Electronic Working Papers 2012-004. SIL International.
  8. Kujargé appears to have ties with the Mubi languages, but perhaps not genetic ones. Its classification is uncertain.
  9. Previously classified as Dangla
  10. Oxfam and Office National de Développement Rural (ONDR). 2016. Atlas de la vulnérabilité dans le Guera. Première partie: synthèse regional. 2nd edition (updated from 2013 edition). PASISAT (Projet d'Appui à l'Amélioration du Système d'Information sur la Sécurité Alimentaire au Tchad).
  11. Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
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