This partial list of graphs contains definitions of graphs and graph families. For collected definitions of graph theory terms that do not refer to individual graph types, such as vertex and path, see Glossary of graph theory. For links to existing articles about particular kinds of graphs, see Category:Graphs. Some of the finite structures considered in graph theory have names, sometimes inspired by the graph's topology, and sometimes after their discoverer. A famous example is the Petersen graph, a concrete graph on 10 vertices that appears as a minimal example or counterexample in many different contexts.

Individual graphs

Highly symmetric graphs

Strongly regular graphs

The strongly regular graph on v vertices and rank k is usually denoted srg(v,k,λ,μ).

Symmetric graphs

A symmetric graph is one in which there is a symmetry (graph automorphism) taking any ordered pair of adjacent vertices to any other ordered pair; the Foster census lists all small symmetric 3-regular graphs. Every strongly regular graph is symmetric, but not vice versa.

Semi-symmetric graphs

Graph families

Complete graphs

The complete graph on vertices is often called the -clique and usually denoted , from German komplett.[1]

Complete bipartite graphs

The complete bipartite graph is usually denoted . For see the section on star graphs. The graph equals the 4-cycle (the square) introduced below.

Cycles

The cycle graph on vertices is called the n-cycle and usually denoted . It is also called a cyclic graph, a polygon or the n-gon. Special cases are the triangle , the square , and then several with Greek naming pentagon , hexagon , etc.

Friendship graphs

The friendship graph Fn can be constructed by joining n copies of the cycle graph C3 with a common vertex.[2]

The friendship graphs F2, F3 and F4.

Fullerene graphs

In graph theory, the term fullerene refers to any 3-regular, planar graph with all faces of size 5 or 6 (including the external face). It follows from Euler's polyhedron formula, V  E + F = 2 (where V, E, F indicate the number of vertices, edges, and faces), that there are exactly 12 pentagons in a fullerene and h = V/2  10 hexagons. Therefore V = 20 + 2h; E = 30 + 3h. Fullerene graphs are the Schlegel representations of the corresponding fullerene compounds.

An algorithm to generate all the non-isomorphic fullerenes with a given number of hexagonal faces has been developed by G. Brinkmann and A. Dress.[3] G. Brinkmann also provided a freely available implementation, called fullgen.

Platonic solids

The complete graph on four vertices forms the skeleton of the tetrahedron, and more generally the complete graphs form skeletons of simplices. The hypercube graphs are also skeletons of higher-dimensional regular polytopes.

Truncated solids

Snarks

A snark is a bridgeless cubic graph that requires four colors in any proper edge coloring. The smallest snark is the Petersen graph, already listed above.

Star

A star Sk is the complete bipartite graph K1,k. The star S3 is called the claw graph.

The star graphs S3, S4, S5 and S6.

Wheel graphs

The wheel graph Wn is a graph on n vertices constructed by connecting a single vertex to every vertex in an (n  1)-cycle.

Wheels .

Other graphs

This partial list contains definitions of graphs and graph families which are known by particular names, but do not have a Wikipedia article of their own.

Gear

G4

A gear graph, denoted Gn, is a graph obtained by inserting an extra vertex between each pair of adjacent vertices on the perimeter of a wheel graph Wn. Thus, Gn has 2n+1 vertices and 3n edges.[4] Gear graphs are examples of squaregraphs, and play a key role in the forbidden graph characterization of squaregraphs.[5] Gear graphs are also known as cogwheels and bipartite wheels.

Helm

A helm graph, denoted Hn, is a graph obtained by attaching a single edge and node to each node of the outer circuit of a wheel graph Wn.[6][7]

Lobster

A lobster graph is a tree in which all the vertices are within distance 2 of a central path.[8][9] Compare caterpillar.

Web

The web graph W4,2 is a cube.

The web graph Wn,r is a graph consisting of r concentric copies of the cycle graph Cn, with corresponding vertices connected by "spokes". Thus Wn,1 is the same graph as Cn, and Wn,2 is a prism.

A web graph has also been defined as a prism graph Yn+1, 3, with the edges of the outer cycle removed.[7][10]

References

  1. David Gries and Fred B. Schneider, A Logical Approach to Discrete Math, Springer, 1993, p 436.
  2. Gallian, J. A. "Dynamic Survey DS6: Graph Labeling." Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, DS6, 1-58, January 3, 2007. Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. Brinkmann, Gunnar; Dress, Andreas W.M (1997). "A Constructive Enumeration of Fullerenes". Journal of Algorithms. 23 (2): 345–358. doi:10.1006/jagm.1996.0806. MR 1441972.
  4. Weisstein, Eric W. "Gear graph". MathWorld.
  5. Bandelt, H.-J.; Chepoi, V.; Eppstein, D. (2010), "Combinatorics and geometry of finite and infinite squaregraphs", SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, 24 (4): 1399–1440, arXiv:0905.4537, doi:10.1137/090760301, S2CID 10788524
  6. Weisstein, Eric W. "Helm graph". MathWorld.
  7. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2008-08-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. "Google Discussiegroepen". Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  9. Weisstein, Eric W. "Lobster". MathWorld.
  10. Weisstein, Eric W. "Web graph". MathWorld.
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