Gimbap
Sliced vegetable gimbap
Place of originKorea
Main ingredientsGim, bap
VariationsChungmu-gimbap, samgak-gimbap
Korean name
Hangul
김밥
Revised Romanizationgimbap
McCune–Reischauerkimbap
IPA[ki(ː)m.bap̚]~[ki(ː)m.p͈ap̚]

Gimbap (Korean: 김밥; lit. Gim rice; IPA: [kim.p͈ap̚]), also romanized as kimbap, is a Korean dish made from cooked rice, vegetables, fish, and meat rolled in gim—dried sheets of seaweed—and served in bite-sized slices.[1] The origins of gimbap are debated. Some sources suggest it originates from Japanese norimaki, introduced during Japanese colonial rule,[2][3][4][5] while others argue it is a modernized version of bokssam from the Joseon era.[6] The dish is often part of a packed meal, or dosirak, to be eaten at picnics and outdoor events, and can serve as a light lunch along with danmuji (yellow pickled radish) and kimchi. It is a popular take-out food in South Korea and abroad[7] and is known as a convenient food because of its portability.

Etymology

Gim (김) refers to edible seaweed in the genus Porphyra and Pyropia. Bap (밥) broadly refers to cooked rice. The compound term gimbap is a neologism; it was not a part of the Korean language until the modern era. A similar dish, cooked rice rolled with gim, was called bokssam (복쌈; 福-) in the Joseon era (1392–1897).[8][9]

The term gimbap was used in a 1935 Korean newspaper article[10] but at the time, the loanword norimaki was used as well. Norimaki, borrowed from the name of a similar Japanese dish, was part of the Japanese vocabulary that entered into the Korean language during Japanese occupation (1910–1945). The two words were used interchangeably until gimbap was made the universal term, as part of efforts to clear away remnants of Japanese colonialism and purify the Korean language.[11]

History

The origins of gimbap are debated.[12] One commonly accepted theory suggests that the dish is derived from the introduction of the Japanese sushi variant makizushi to Korea during the Japanese occupation of Korea. During that period, Korean cuisine adopted Western food and drink, as well as some Japanese food items such as bento (dosirak in Korean) or sushi rolled in sheets of seaweed.[2][13][14][15] Since then, gimbap has become a distinct dish, often utilizing traditional Korean flavors, as well as sesame oil, instead of rice vinegar.[16][17] This theory is supported by a newspaper from 1935, in which the term gimbap first appeared in Korea.[10]

An alternative theory, suggested in the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, published by the Academy of Korean Studies, is that the food was developed from the long-established local tradition of rolling bap (cooked rice) and banchan (side dishes) in gim.[12][18][19] Production of gim (김) in Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces is reported in books from the fifteenth century, such as Gyeongsang-do Jiriji and Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam.[20][21] Yeoryang Sesigi (열양세시기), a Joseon book written in 1819 by Kim Mae-sun (김매순), refers to cooked rice and filling rolled with gim as bokssam (복쌈; transcribed using the hanja 縛占, pronounced bakjeom in Korean).[8][9] One other theory suggests that gimbap was introduced to Japan during the Baekje period, where it eventually developed into norimaki.[22][23]

Regardless, gimbap and makizushi now refer to distinct dishes in Japan and Korea: the former called kimupapu (キムパプ) in Japanese and the latter called gimchobap (김초밥; "gim sushi") or norimaki (노리마키) in Korean. Gimbap is usually rolled with several ingredients and is seasoned with sesame oil, while makizushi is usually rolled with one ingredient (cucumber or raw tuna) and is seasoned with rice vinegar.

Ingredients and preparation

Gim and bap are the two basic components of gimbap. While short-grain white rice is most commonly used, short-grain brown rice, black rice, or other grains may also serve as the filling.

Some varieties of gimbap include cheese, spicy cooked squid, kimchi, luncheon meat, pork cutlet, pepper, or spicy tuna. The gim may be brushed with sesame oil or sprinkled with sesame seeds. In one variation, sliced pieces of gimbap may be lightly fried with an egg coating, which can allow stale gimbap to be eaten.

Fillings vary, often with vegetarian and vegan options.[24] Popular ingredients include danmuji (yellow pickled radish), ham, beef, imitation crab meat, egg strips, kimchi, bulgogi, spinach, carrot, burdock root, cucumber, canned tuna, or kkaennip (perilla leaves).[25][26]

Cheese gimbap and tuna gimbap
Gimbap with meat

To make the dish, gim sheets are toasted over low heat, cooked rice is lightly seasoned with salt and sesame oil, and vegetable and meat ingredients are seasoned and stir-fried or pan-fried. The toasted gim is then laid on a gimbal—a bamboo gimbap roller—with a thin layer of cooked rice placed evenly on top. Other ingredients are placed on the rice and rolled into a cylindrical shape, typically 3–4 centimetres (1.2–1.6 in) in diameter. The rolled gimbap is then sliced into bite-sized pieces.[27]

Gimbal, bamboo gimbap roller
Arranging the ingredients
Rolling gimbap

Variants

Chungmu-gimbap
  • Chungmu-gimbap (충무김밥) — Originating from the seaside city of Chungmu (currently Tongyeong), the dish features thinner rolls with an unseasoned surface and only rice as the filler ingredient. It is served with spicy ojingeo-muchim (squid salad) and seokbakji (radish kimchi).[28]
  • Mayak-gimbap (마약김밥) — A specialty of Gwangjang Market in Seoul. Mayak translates as "drug", a reference to its allegedly addictive and concentrated flavour. Small gimbap filled with carrots, spinach, and danmuji (yellow pickled radish) is sprinkled with ground sesame seeds and dipped in its pairing sauce, made from soy sauce and mustard.
  • Samgak-gimbap (삼각김밥) — Literally "triangle gimbap". This variety is similar to Japanese onigiri and is sold in convenience stores in South Korea.[29] Fillings vary greatly; the expiration date is one day; it typically provides between 600 and 850 kilojoules (140 and 200 kcal) of food energy.
  • Nude gimbap (누드김밥) — Unlike traditional gimbap, while the ingredients of nude gimbap go inside the gim, the rice wraps around the outside, similar to a california roll. However, unlike a california roll, nude gimbap still uses traditional gimbap ingredients.
  • Yukhoe gimbap (육회김밥) — This variety is similar to the Japanese raw seafood makizushi but uses yukhoe—a Korean raw meat dish with pickled radish, kkaennip, and scallion.

Restaurant franchises

Many South Korean fast food restaurant franchises specialize in gimbap and noodles. Among the chains are Gimbap Cheonguk (김밥천국), Kobongmin Gimbabin (고봉민김밥人), Chungmu Gimbab Matjuk (충무김밥ᄆᆞᆺ죽), Teacher Kim (바르다김선생), Gimbap Nara (김밥나라), Gimgane (김家네), Gobong Gimbap (고봉김밥), Jongro Gimbap (종로김밥), Rolling Rice, Gimbap King (김밥 King), and Charles Sutbul Gimbap (찰스숯불김밥).[30]

See also

References

  1. ↑ National Institute of Korean Language (30 July 2014). "주요 한식명(200개) 로마자 표기 및 번역(영, 중, 일) 표준안" (in Korean). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  2. 1 2 Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2002). Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: China-India relations to Hyogo. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-80617-7. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021. This process was initiated during the Japanese occupation (1910-1945), when Western food and drink, such as bread, confectionery, and beer, became popular in Korean cities, and a Western-style food processing industry in Korea began. Some Japanese food items were also adopted into Korean cuisine at that time, such as tosirak (the assorted lunch box) and sushi rolled in sheets of seaweed, which was popular in Korea under the name of kimbap.
  3. ↑ Brunner, Anne (2011). Algas/ Algae: Sabores Marinos Para Cocinar/ Marine Flavors for Cooking (in Spanish). Editorial HISPANO EUROPEA. ISBN 978-84-255-1977-2. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021. En Corea, los gimbaps son derivados de los maki sushis japoneses, pero generalmente estan rellenos de arroz con aceite de sesamo y carne. [In Korea, gimbaps are derived from the Japanese maki sushi, but they are usually stuffed with rice with sesame oil and meat.]
  4. ↑ 김밥 [Gimbap] (in Korean). 한국민족문화대백과[Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture]. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. 일본음식 김초밥에서 유래된 것으로 [(Gimbap is) derived from Japanese norimaki]
  5. ↑ 국립국어연구원 [National Institute of Korean languages] (2002). 우리 문화 길라 잡이: 한국인 이 꼭 알아야할 전통 문화 233가지 [Guide To Our Culture: 233 kinds of Korean traditional culture for you to know] (in Korean). 학고재 [Hakgojae]. p. 479. ISBN 89-85846-97-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021. 일본 음식인 김초밥 에서 유래 한 것으로 [(Gimbap is) derived from Japanese norimaki]
  6. ↑ "김밥". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  7. ↑ Alexander, Stian (21 January 2016). "UK's new favourite takeaway has been revealed – and it's not what you'd think". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  8. 1 2 Kim, Maesun (1819). Yeoryang Sesigi 열양세시기(洌陽歲時記) [Records of Seasonal Festivities around the Capital]. Joseon Korea.
  9. 1 2 Park, Jung-bae (12 October 2016). "[박정배의 한식의 탄생] 1819년엔 '福쌈'이라 불려… 이젠 프리미엄 김밥도". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  10. 1 2 "휴지통". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 14 January 1935. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2017 – via Naver. 문어 점복에 김밥을 싸먹고 목욕한후 바위등에 누으면 얼화만수——
  11. ↑ "노리마키(海苔卷)". National Institute of Korean Language (in Korean). Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  12. 1 2 "Kimbap: Colorful Korean Rolls Fit for a Picnic | Institute of Culinary Education". www.ice.edu. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  13. ↑ Brunner, Anne (2011). Algas/ Algae: Sabores Marinos Para Cocinar/ Marine Flavors for Cooking (in Spanish). Editorial Hispano Europea. ISBN 978-84-255-1977-2. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021. En Corea, los gimbaps son derivados de los maki sushis japoneses, pero generalmente estan rellenos de arroz con aceite de sesamo y carne. [In Korea, gimbaps are derived from the Japanese maki sushi, but they are usually stuffed with rice with sesame oil and meat.]
  14. ↑ 김밥 [Gimbap] (in Korean). 한국민족문화대백과[Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture]. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. 일본음식 김초밥에서 유래된 것으로 [(Gimbap is) derived from Japanese norimaki]
  15. ↑ 국립국어연구원 [National Institute of Korean languages] (2002). 우리 문화 길라 잡이: 한국인 이 꼭 알아야할 전통 문화 233가지 [Guide to Our Culture: 233 kinds of Korean traditional culture for you to know] (in Korean). 학고재 [Hakgojae]. p. 479. ISBN 89-85846-97-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021. 일본 음식인 김초밥 에서 유래 한 것으로 [(Gimbap is) derived from Japanese norimaki]
  16. ↑ 日?フ?ズ株式?社 Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine フ?ドジャ?ナリスト 平松洋子「日本から韓?へ?わった食べ物」
  17. ↑ 日本の太?きが由?で、近代以降に韓?でも食べられるようになりました。2005年5月13日 西日本新聞 Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Kim, Chun-ryun (18 August 2015). 김밥. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  19. ↑ "What is the origin of kimbap?". behgopa. 14 August 2018. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  20. ↑ Ha, Yeon; Geum, Yu; Gim, Bin (1425). Gyeongsang-do Jiriji 경상도지리지(慶尙道地理志) [Geography of Gyeongsang Province] (in Korean). Joseon Korea.
  21. ↑ Yi, Haeng (1530) [1481]. Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam 신증동국여지승람(新增東國輿地勝覽) [Revised and Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea]. Joseon Korea. Archived from the original on 27 March 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  22. ↑ David Levinson; Karen Christensen, eds. (2002). Encyclopedia of modern Asia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-80617-7. OCLC 49936055.
  23. ↑ Kungnip Kugŏ Yŏn'guwŏn; 국립 국어 연구원 (2002). Uri munhwa killa chabi: Han'gugin i kkok arayahal chŏnt'ong munhwa 233-kaji (Ch'op'an ed.). Sŏul-si: Hakkojae. ISBN 89-85846-97-3. OCLC 51294057.
  24. ↑ Goldberg, Lina (23 March 2012). "Asia's 10 greatest street food cities". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  25. ↑ Cho, Joy (3 January 2021). "Kimbap: Colorful Korean rolls fit for a picnic". Salon. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  26. ↑ Kwak, Darun (9 September 2020). "Kimbap Recipe". NYT Cooking. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  27. ↑ "gimbap" 김밥. Korean Food Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  28. ↑ "Chungmu-gimbap" 충무김밥. Doopedia (in Korean). Doosan Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  29. ↑ Choi, Hyun-joo (18 May 2017). "Republic of convenience stores". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  30. ↑ Lee, Chang-sun (5 December 2016). "[김밥 프랜차이즈 브랜드평판] 1위 김밥천국, 2위 고봉민김밥인, 3위 충무김밥". The Korea Financial Times (in Korean). Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
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