Stop Line 3 protests
Stop Line 3 protesters outside the Minnesota State Capitol in 2018
Date2016 – present
Location
Minnesota, the Mississippi River
Caused byEnbridge Line 3
Goals
  • Protection of water and climate
  • Preservation of treaty rights
  • Revocation of water permits
  • Cancellation of the pipeline
MethodsNon-violent direct action, civil disobedience
Parties
Lead figures

Al Monaco (Enbridge CEO)

Casualties
Arrestedover 773[1][2][3]
Charged248[4][3]

The Stop Line 3 protests are an ongoing series of demonstrations in the U.S. state of Minnesota against the expansion of Enbridge's Line 3 oil pipeline along a new route. The new route was completed in September 2021, and was operational on 1 October 2021.[5] Indigenous people have led the resistance to the construction of the pipeline, which began following the project's approval in November 2020. Opponents of the pipeline expansion, called water protectors, have established ceremonial lodges and resistance camps along the route of the pipeline. Enbridge has funded an escrow account that law enforcement agencies may draw on for pipeline-related police work. Organizers have arranged marches and occupations of Enbridge construction sites. Following the blockade of an Enbridge pump station on June 7, 2021, nearly 250 people were arrested. Invoking treaty rights, organizers established an encampment at the headwaters of the Mississippi River at a site where Enbridge intends to bury the pipeline.

Background

Treaty rights

Pre-contact map of Anishinaabe lands

The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes treaties as the "supreme Law of the Land".[6] Treaties between Anishinaabe bands and the United States government guaranteed certain treaty rights for their members, namely the rights to harvest wild rice, fish, hunt, and gather medicinal plants on ceded lands.[7][8] These rights were upheld in the U.S. Supreme Court case Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians.[9]

Both the existing Line 3 pipeline and the proposed expansion cross lands ceded in treaties.[10] In the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe, the Ojibwe Bands of Lake Superior and the Mississippi River ceded lands in the Arrowhead Region while retaining hunting, fishing and gathering rights. In the 1855 Treaty of Washington, two Ojibwa bands ceded land but retained their usufructuary rights. Additional tribal lands were ceded in the 1863 Treaty of Old Crossing, though the rights to hunt, fish and gather were retained.[11]

Enbridge and Line 3

Line 3 replacement project route through Minnesota

Enbridge is a Canadian corporation that maintains vast pipeline networks in the United States. The Enbridge Line 5 pipeline, which was responsible for the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill, had its 1953 easement revoked by Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer in November 2020 due to concerns over the potential impact of a spill to the Great Lakes.[12][13][14]

The Line 3 pipeline was built by the Lakehead Pipeline Company (now Enbridge) in the 1960s. It was the source of the Line 3 oil spill in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, the worst inland oil spill in U.S. history, which spilled 1.7 million gallons of crude into a tributary of the Mississippi River.[15] It was also the source of the second worst oil spill in Minnesota history, when 1.3 million gallons of crude spilled near Argyle, Minnesota.[16]

Deterioration of the existing Line 3 pipeline has resulted in structural deformities that have rendered the pipeline prone to recurring leaks and oil spills.[17] As a preventative measure in 2008, Enbridge halved the capacity of the pipeline to 390,000 barrels per day.[18]

Anti-pipeline protests in the 2010s

During the 2010s in the United States, grassroots campaigns against proposed pipelines received widespread media attention. An Indigenous-led campaign against the Dakota Access Pipeline centered at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation evolved from a small protest camp to spark an international movement against pipeline projects.[19] Following resistance to the proposed Sandpiper pipeline, which would have passed through Mississippi River headwaters and wild rice habitat in Minnesota, Enbridge cancelled the project, withdrawing its application in 2016.[20]

Following years of opposition to the Keystone XL pipeline,[21] the Biden administration revoked its permit in January 2021.[22]

Proposed expansion

In 2015, Enbridge announced that it sought to increase the capacity of its pipeline network by rerouting Line 3 through a newly constructed, larger pipeline along a different, existing utility corridor.[18] The new, 36" wide, 340-mile[18] pipeline section is being constructed along a route through the watersheds and ancestral Anishinaabe tribal lands in northern Minnesota, passing between the Leech Lake Indian Reservation, the Red Lake Indian Reservation, and the White Earth Indian Reservation. Enbridge anticipates the completed $7.3 billion pipeline expansion[23] will transport around 760,000 barrels of tar sands oil per day.[18]

Arguments against the pipeline

Environmental concerns

Principal among the environmental concerns over the pipeline is the possibility of an oil spill. The route of the new pipeline runs through "some of the most pristine woods and wetlands in North America",[24] crossing over 200 bodies of water, including the headwaters of the Mississippi River, lakes, streams, and wetlands. The route proposed by Enbridge passes over 3,400 acres (14 km2) of water in treaty-protected lands that support wild rice habitat.[10]

Tar sands oil, heavier than regular crude, is among the world's most carbon-intensive fossil fuels.[25] Enbridge's environmental impact statement for Line 3 states that the environmental impact of the oil carried by the pipeline will be equivalent to the emissions of 45 coal-fired power stations when burned, with some 200 million tons of greenhouse gases released every year.[18]

"Man camps" and sex trafficking

In the years before the approval of the project, pipeline opponents raised concerns that increased sex trafficking along the pipeline's new route would add to the crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women.[26][27] Minnesotans living in areas where Enbridge is constructing the pipeline expansion have voiced concerns about the effect of "man camps" that house temporary workers.[28] The arrival of highly paid, out-of-state men employed by infrastructure companies such as Enbridge often precipitates rises in crime, particularly prostitution, human trafficking, and drug trafficking.[29][30] Enbridge denied it was a problem, saying that the company "absolutely rejects the allegation that human trafficking will increase in Minnesota as a result of the Line 3 replacement project."[26]

Two contractors employed by Enbridge were arrested during a sex trafficking sting in Itasca County, Minnesota in February 2021.[31][32] In March 2021 it was reported that a Thief River Falls nonprofit shelter had been providing services for multiple women who alleged they were assaulted by Enbridge employees. Staff of the shelter also reported instances of their daughters being sexually harassed near an Enbridge camp.[28] Another two Enbridge employees were arrested in a sex trafficking sting in Bemidji in June 2021.[33][34]

Treaty violations

Tribal representatives say the pipeline expansion, which passes through treaty-protected lands, is a violation of their tribal sovereignty. The new route for the expanded pipeline runs through watersheds that support traditional wild rice habitat, a food source important to Ojibwe culture.[18]

Protests

Protesters march toward the headwaters of the Mississippi River, carrying a pipeline

Resistance to the Line 3 pipeline expansion is led by Indigenous women and two-spirit people.[35] Ojibwe-led groups including Giniw Collective, Camp Migizi, Red Lake Treaty Camp, RISE Coalition, and Honor the Earth among others have been at the center of resistance.[36] Demonstrators and protesters organizing in opposition to the pipeline refer to themselves as "water protectors"[37] and follow a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience that includes direct actions.[38] Organizers aim to convince the Biden administration to revoke or suspend the pipeline project's federal clean water permit.[23] Minnesota Governor Tim Walz has not taken a firm stance on the pipeline expansion, which received federal approval under the Trump administration.[18][23]

Opposition to the pipeline persisted throughout the years-long permit process and continued as legal challenges to the project were mounted.[39][18] Opponents of the pipeline organized protests, at one point making an encampment outside of the offices of the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission.[17]

After the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers gave final approval for the project, it was granted a Minnesota Pollution Control Agency construction storm water permit on November 30, 2020.[40] Construction of the pipeline immediately commenced.

Resistance camps and demonstrations

Winona LaDuke speaks near the headwaters of the Mississippi River

Community organizers have established ceremonial lodges[41] and resistance camps along the length of pipeline. Among them is the Welcome Water Protectors Center which serves as an introduction to other camps.[32]

Protesters gathered at one of the first construction sites for the pipeline in Aitkin County, Minnesota on January 9, 2021. Eight people were arrested for trespassing. Weeks after the protest, the Aitkin County Sheriff's Office charged some movement leaders with misdemeanors, using video livestreamed on Facebook as evidence. Those charged included Winona LaDuke, Tara Houska, Shanai Matteson, and Tania Aubid.[42]

Tania Aubid of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe engaged in a hunger strike in March 2021.[32]

The single "No More Pipeline Blues (On This Land Where We Belong)", written by Larry Long, was released on Earth Day in 2021. The track includes vocals from the Indigo Girls, Bonnie Raitt, Mumu Fresh, Pura Fé, and U.S. poet laureate Joy Harjo.[43] A June 2021 concert called Protect the Water featured several musicians performing on a pontoon floating on the Mississippi River including the Indigo Girls as well as singer-songwriters Keith Secola and Annie Humphrey.[44]

Giniw Collective

Giniw Collective is an Indigenous-women, two-spirit led collective focused on reconnecting to and directly defending the earth founded by Tara Houska in June 2018.[45][46] The group hosted thousands of water protectors at its camp, called Namewag Camp, located just off the Line 3 route over three years, and provided training in decolonization and non-violent direct action resistance.[45] Tensions with law enforcement reached a breaking point when on June 28, 2021, two weeks after the blockade of the Two Inlets Pump Station located in Hubbard County, Hubbard County Sheriffs attempted to block Giniw Collective and their guests from entering Namewag Camp.[47] The Center For Protest Law and Litigation later won an injunction against the Hubbard County Sheriff for illegally blocking the group's home.[48]

In addition to direct actions, Giniw Collective launched the #DefundLine3 campaign in February 2021, as a founding member of Stop The Money Pipeline Coalition.[49] The collective invited and hosted several members of "the Squad" to Namewag Camp and to meet with tribal leaders in early September to draw awareness to the Line 3 fight, including Representative Ilhan Omar, Representative Rashida Tlaib, Representative Cori Bush, and Representative Ayanna Pressley.[50]

Camp Migizi

Camp Migizi is a resistance camp against the pipeline founded by Taysha Martineau in Cloquet, Minnesota[51] on the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation. Martineau crowdfunded $30,000 to purchase an acre of land along the planned route of the expanded pipeline.[52] The Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa initially opposed the new pipeline, but ceased their opposition following the approval of the project.[53]

Treaty People Gathering

Following an invitation from leaders of the opposition to Line 3, around 2000 water protectors gathered for the Treaty People Gathering at the Pure Bliss Ranch on the White Earth Indian Reservation from June 5 to 8, 2021. Attendees learned about treaty rights,[54] non-violent direct action, and attended prayer gatherings and drum circles. The gathering culminated in two separate Indigenous-led direct actions against the pipeline on June 7, a march to the headwaters of the Mississippi River and the blockade of an Enbridge pump station.[18]

Mississippi River headwaters action

Following a march to the headwaters of the Mississippi River on June 7, 2021, protesters chalked messages on a bridge near a Line 3 construction site

Following an interfaith prayer gathering at LaSalle Lake the morning of June 7, over 1,000 people marched along County Highway 40 to the headwaters of the Mississippi River near a planned crossing of the pipeline. Speakers at the event included Winona LaDuke, actress and activist Jane Fonda, and climate change activist Bill McKibben. Resilient Indigenous Sisters Engaging (RISE) Coalition co-founders Dawn Goodwin and Nancy Beaulieu were also among those to speak. Dakota and Diné elder Tom B.K. Goldtooth guided those who had gathered to the river.[55] Protesters chalked the highway with a message asking President Biden to honor treaties and stop the pipeline. Pipe and water ceremonies were held before elders walked across river marshes to the Enbridge construction site.

Fire Light Camp

The Fire Light Camp was established on June 7 by tribal members and protesters at the site where Enbridge plans to bury its pipeline underneath the headwaters of the Mississippi River. As a multi-day prayer commenced, over 100 people set up camp, pitching tents along an Enbridge matting platform positioned over the river.[18] Enbridge sent a letter to the Clearwater County Sheriff on June 12, 2021, saying that the people there were trespassing.[56]

Two Inlets pumping station blockade

On the morning of June 7, 2021, protesters scaled metal fencing to enter an Enbridge pump station about 20 miles north of Park Rapids, Minnesota off of Highway 71.[18][12] In a non-violent direct action, dubbed "peanut butter" by the activists,[12] hundreds of protesters dug trenches[4] and set up blockades with trees and poles along the pump station's access road while about two dozen people chained themselves to the bulldozers and other heavy machinery at the site.[57][12] Multiple blockade devices made from steel cable and bamboo were placed along the road.[58] An old fishing boat used to block the entrance to the site bore the name "Good Trouble", after the expression used by the late civil rights leader John Lewis.[59]

Attendees of the pump station blockade included Tara Houska as well as actors Jane Fonda, Taylor Schilling, Rosanna Arquette and Catherine Keener.[60][12][61]

Rotor washing incident

During the occupation of the pump station, protesters were "rotor washed" by a Customs and Border Protection helicopter after local law enforcement called for its assistance.[37] While the Northern Lights Task Force maintained that the helicopter was there to issue a dispersal warning and that the rotor washing was unintentional, video taken by an MPR News reporter showed the helicopter repeatedly performing a maneuver where it hovered about 20 feet off the ground for extended periods, while the wash from its rotor kicked up clouds of dust and debris towards the crowd and the people chained up on the ground.[62][18] After a clip of the incident went viral, the CBP released a statement saying that there would be an investigation into the actions of the helicopter team.[62]

Arrests and charges

After the road to the Two Inlets pump station was barricaded by protesters, police officers formed a line to protect the Enbridge equipment.

Following the rotor washing incident, police officers clad in riot gear arrived at the site.[12] Dozens were arrested as police deployed a Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD), a sonic weapon.[18] By the next morning over 100 protesters were thought to have been arrested.[12] Ultimately, 247 people were arrested. 68 were released after receiving citations for unlawful assembly and public nuisance while another 179 were charged with trespassing, a gross misdemeanor,[4] and taken in buses and vans to various county jails. Hubbard County Sheriff Cory Aukes announced that arrestees would be transferred to other counties, as there was not enough room in the county jail to hold them all.[18] Los Angeles Times journalist Alan Weisman was arrested, strip-searched, and had his equipment confiscated while he was detained for hours by the Hubbard County Sheriff's Department.[63]

Bank protests

Opponents of Line 3 have pressured banks who are financing the pipeline expansion to cut ties with Enbridge. Banks funding the pipeline include JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Citigroup, the Royal Bank of Canada, and Toronto-Dominion Bank.[64]

State capitol protests

About 1,000 protesters held three days of demonstrations at the Minnesota State Capitol beginning on August 25, 2021, where the building had been surrounded by security fencing. Protesters called on Minnesota Governor Tim Walz and U.S. President Joe Biden to revolk permits and end the pipeline project. Volunteers erected several teepees on the capitol grounds, which Minnesota State Patrol officers had them remove when the protest permit expired on August 27, resulting in a stand off with law enforcement. Four people were arrested for obstruction.[2]

On August 28, 2021, protesters of the Line 3 oil pipeline marched peacefully from the Minnesota State Capitol building to outside the Minnesota Governor's Residence to advocated for treaty rights and sovereignty of Indigenous lands. At the governor's residence, several people chained themselves to a fence and gate, and officials issued a dispersal order and several people declined to leave the area. In response, Minnesota State Patrol officers arrested and charged 69 people for disorderly conduct, riot, and threats of violence.[3]

DC protests

Vandalism of Jackson Monument

The Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square just to the north of the White House was vandalized with the words "Expect Us" on Indigenous Peoples' Day (also Columbus day), Monday, October 11, 2021. Protestors had been chanting "respect us or expect us" in response to protesting the Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota that runs through lands owned by Indigenous tribes who are concerned that the pipeline could spill and ruin the land they use to farm.[65]

Enbridge response

Funding of police activities

The Northern Lights Task Force, an interagency law enforcement coalition, was established following state approval of the Line 3 expansion. The task force is funded by Enbridge and includes multiple law enforcement agencies, including Sheriff's departments from counties along the route of the pipeline.[18] Enbridge established an escrow account in May 2020 that allows law enforcement agencies to draw funds for policing costs related to the pipeline. As of March 2022, the escrow account has dispensed over $7.7 million to Minnesota law enforcement agencies, including $2.2 million to Minnesota's Department of Natural Resources.[66] The Cass County Sheriff's Office alone drew over $327,000 of funding for policing costs by April 2021.[67] Center for Protest Law and Litigation lawyer Mara Verheyden-Hilliard criticized the account, saying it incentivizes law enforcement "to take action against peaceful opponents of the pipeline". Protesters have reported aerial surveillance by drones and being tailed by law enforcement in vehicles. Prior to booking arrestees, Hubbard County Sheriff Cory Aukes handcuffs people inside of dog kennel-like cages in his facility's garage bays.[67]

Law enforcement personnel prepared for demonstrations for months. Officers from 12 counties converged at Camp Ripley in September 2020 for a 12-hour training scenario called Operation River Crossing.[25] Following the final approval of the pipeline in November 2020, the task force established the Northeast Emergency Operations Center, a regional headquarters for law enforcement response.[25] From the beginning of construction in December 2020 until June 2021, the task force made over 70 arrests.[18]

Aitkin County Sheriff Daniel Guida and county officials have monitored the social media posts of Stop Line 3 protesters. Guida has posted tables of protest events on Facebook, including details of several pipeline protests with locations, their hosts, and estimates of the number of attendees.[42]

Statements

Following protests in June 2021, Enbridge spokesperson Michael Barnes compared the blockade of the pump station to the January 6 insurrection at the U.S. Capitol.[37] He said that the pipeline expansion had been 60% completed and that the protests had not had a major impact on construction.[18] Enbridge CEO Al Monaco has said that the pipeline expansion is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2021.[18] According to Enbridge, as of June 2021, around 4000 workers are constructing the pipeline at five different project areas in Minnesota.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stephenson, Wen (July 6, 2021). "Stop the Enbridge Ecocide!". The Nation.
  2. 1 2 "4 Line 3 protesters arrested at Minnesota Capitol". Star Tribune. 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  3. 1 2 3 "Nearly 70 people arrested during Line 3 protest outside Governor's Residence in St. Paul". Minnesota Public Radio. 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  4. 1 2 3 Kolpack, Dave (June 9, 2021). "Police say nearly 250 arrested in Minnesota pipeline protest". AP News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Enbridge says Line 3 replacement complete, opens Friday". MPR News. 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  6. ↑ Fletcher, Matthew L.M. (2014). "Treaties as Recognition of a Nation-to-Nation Relationship". Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations (1st ed.). Washington, DC. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-58834-479-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ↑ Erlinder, Peter (April 23, 2010). "Ojibwe treaty rights can benefit us all". MPR News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  8. ↑ Piette, Joe (May 10, 2021). "Anishinaabe people, allies resist Enbridge Line 3 pipeline". Workers World. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  9. ↑ Text of Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians, 526 U.S. 172 (1999) is available from: Findlaw  Justia  Library of Congress  Oyez (oral argument audio) 
  10. 1 2 Herr, Alexandria (June 9, 2021). "The Line 3 pipeline protests are about more than climate change". Grist. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  11. ↑ Carter, Katie; Montgomery, Maggie; Houg, Dan (July 8, 2020). "Supreme Law of the Land: Bob Shimek discusses the Old Crossing Treaty of 1863". KAXE. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Partlow, Joshua (June 8, 2021). "Pipeline protesters seize Minnesota construction site in bid to stop $4 billion project". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  13. ↑ Mannion, Annemarie (May 7, 2021). "Line 5 Deadline Looms as Enbridge, Mich. Governor Dig in Over Shutdown Threat". Engineering News-Record. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  14. ↑ Flesher, John; Nichols, Anna Liz (May 11, 2021). "Whitmer threatens profit seizure if pipeline keeps operating". AP News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  15. ↑ Siple, Julie; Wareham, Bill; Kraker, Dan; Nelson, Cody (June 20, 2018). "Rivers of Oil, Episode 2: The largest inland spill". MPR News. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Company Revises Minnesota Oil Spill Upward to 1.7 Million Gallons". AP News. March 13, 1991. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021.
  17. 1 2 Kraker, Dan; Nelson, Cody (June 18, 2018). "What's the Line 3 oil pipeline proposal all about?". MPR News. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Tabuchi, Hiroko; Furber, Matt; Davenport, Coral (June 7, 2021). "Police Make Mass Arrests at Protest Against Oil Pipeline". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  19. ↑ Gunderson, Dan (April 1, 2021). "'I live with Standing Rock in my heart': Massive pipeline protest resonates 5 years later". MPR News. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  20. ↑ Hughlett, Mike (September 2, 2016). "Enbridge Energy pulling plug on Sandpiper pipeline". Star Tribune.
  21. ↑ Flesher, John; Brown, Matthew (April 28, 2021). "Oil pipeline disputes raise tensions between U.S. and Canada". AP News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  22. ↑ Gillies, Rob (January 20, 2021). "Keystone XL pipeline halted as Biden revokes permit". AP News. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  23. 1 2 3 Kolpack, Dave (June 7, 2021). "Oil pipeline foes protest Enbridge's Line 3 in Minnesota". AP News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  24. ↑ Weir, Bill (March 19, 2021). "As spring thaws the Minnesota ice, a new pipeline battle fires up". CNN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  25. 1 2 3 Brown, Alleen (March 23, 2021). "Minnesota Police Ready for Pipeline Resistance as Enbridge Seeks to Drill Under Rivers". The Intercept. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  26. 1 2 Johnson, Brooks (January 8, 2021). "Sex trafficking could spike near Enbridge pipeline project, Minnesota warns". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  27. ↑ Eischens, Rilyn (June 29, 2021). "Two Line 3 workers arrested in human trafficking sting". Minnesota Reformer.
  28. 1 2 Eischens, Rilyn (March 8, 2021). "Shelter reports assaults, harassment linked to Line 3 pipeline workers". Minnesota Reformer. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  29. ↑ Sari, Horwitz (September 28, 2014). "Dark side of the boom". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  30. ↑ Martin, Nick (October 15, 2019). "The Connection Between Pipelines and Sexual Violence". The New Republic. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  31. ↑ Johnson, Brooks (February 24, 2021). "Pipeline workers among those arrested in sex trafficking sting". Star Tribune.
  32. 1 2 3 Moran, Lydia (March 25, 2021). "Tania Aubid, Water Protector". Minnesota Women's Press. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  33. ↑ Thompson, Darren (June 28, 2021). "Two Enbridge Line 3 Workers Arrested in Human Trafficking Sting Operation in Northern Minnesota". Native News Online.
  34. ↑ "2 Line 3 Oil Pipeline Workers Fired After Sex Sting Arrests". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. June 28, 2021.
  35. ↑ Lake, Osprey Orielle; Quaid, Katherine (May 24, 2021). "Indigenous Women Lead the Movement to Stop Line 3 Pipeline: "This is Everything We Have" - Ms. Magazine". Ms. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Permits And Protests: The Fight Against The Line 3 Pipeline In Minnesota". Climate-XChange. 2021-03-30. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  37. 1 2 3 Brown, Alleen; Richards, Sam (June 8, 2021). "Low-Flying DHS Helicopter Showers Anti-Pipeline Protests With Debris". The Intercept. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  38. ↑ Marohn, Kirsti (June 10, 2021). "Line 3 state water permits challenged in court". MPR News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  39. ↑ Kraker, Dan (June 3, 2019). "MN court says PUC didn't weigh Line 3 spill potential". MPR News. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  40. ↑ "Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Project Gets Final Approval From Minnesota Regulators". CBS Minnesota. Associated Press. November 30, 2020. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  41. ↑ Townsend, Melissa (December 23, 2020). "Line 3 Construction Stops in Aitkin County - Minnesota Native News". Minnesota Native News.
  42. 1 2 Taft, Molly (June 10, 2021). "Cops Use Facebook to Target Line 3 Protest Leaders, New Docs Reveal". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  43. ↑ Riemenschneider, Chris (April 22, 2021). "Bonnie Raitt and Indigo Girls join Minnesota activists in new Line 3 protest song". Star Tribune.
  44. ↑ Walsh, Jim (June 30, 2021). "On the river: Indigo Girls and Line 3 activists host Protect the Water concert in Aitkin County". MinnPost.
  45. 1 2 "Tara Houska — Giniw Collective, American Climate Leadership Awards 2021 Finalist". ecoAmerica. 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  46. ↑ Tabuchi, Hiroko; Furber, Matt; Davenport, Coral (2021-06-07). "Police Make Mass Arrests at Protest Against Oil Pipeline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  47. ↑ "Giniw Collective objects as Hubbard County Sheriff's Office barricades Indigenous camp". InForum. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  48. ↑ "UPDATE: Victory for Line 3 Water Protectors! Court issues restraining order against Hubbard County & Sheriff to end police blockade of Line 3 camp". The Center for Protest Law and Litigation. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  49. ↑ Pipeline, Stop the Money (2021-02-08). "Announcing the #DefundLine3 Campaign". Stop the Money Pipeline. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  50. ↑ Thompson, Darren (4 September 2021). "Four Democratic U.S. Congresswomen Visit Line 3 Resistance Camp in Northern Minnesota". Native News Online. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  51. ↑ Valdez, Lyanne (January 20, 2021). "Inside look at Migizi, line 3 resistance camp in Cloquet". KBJR. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  52. ↑ Kraker, Dan (March 25, 2021). "Line 3 construction brings complication, controversy to Fond du Lac Reservation". MPR News. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  53. ↑ Johnson, Brooks; Hughlett, Mike (June 10, 2021). "Native American contractors' letter seeks end to 'destructive and unlawful protests' over Line 3 pipeline". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  54. ↑ Pember, Mary Annette (June 2, 2021). "Treaties offer new aid in environmental fights". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  55. ↑ Jones, Justine (June 10, 2021). "48 Hours at the Largest Protest Against Line 3 Yet". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine.
  56. ↑ Thompson, Darren (June 14, 2021). "Minnesota Court of Appeals Upholds Permits for Enbridge's Line 3; With Eviction Notice Due to Expire, Water Protectors Vow to Stay Camped at the Banks of the Mississippi". Native News Online.
  57. ↑ Kraker, Dan; Frost, Evan (June 7, 2021). "Line 3 foes in northern MN block road, chain themselves to equipment". MPR News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  58. ↑ Schiano, Chris (June 10, 2021). "Indigenous-Led Blockades Occupy Line 3 Pipeline Sites". Unicorn Riot. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  59. ↑ Frost, Evan (June 8, 2021). "Protesters maintain blockade overnight at Line 3 pipeline site". MPR News. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  60. ↑ "Pipeline foes gear up for large northern Minnesota protest". The Independent. June 6, 2021. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  61. ↑ "Activists Jane Fonda, Tara Houska battle Line 3 pipeline that could harm tribal lands, environment". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  62. 1 2 Shirley, Hannah (June 9, 2021). "Border Protection helicopter team under investigation for rotor washing Line 3 protesters". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  63. ↑ "Journalist Alan Weisman arrested, strip-searched while covering anti-pipeline protest in Minnesota". Committee to Protect Journalists. June 11, 2021. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  64. ↑ Marsh, Alastair; Bochove, Danielle (July 1, 2021). "Dear Bank CEO, You Are Cordially Invited to Defund This Pipeline". Bloomberg.
  65. ↑ Severi, Misty (October 11, 2021). "'Respect us or expect us': Andrew Jackson statue vandalized in front of White House". Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  66. ↑ Tribune, Mike Hughlett Star. "DNR files $2.2M bill for policing during Enbridge Line 3 construction". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  67. 1 2 Wilson, Timothy E. (April 19, 2021). "Canadian pipeline giant accused of paying U.S. police to harass activists". National Observer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
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