A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism. Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between Capitalism and Communism (especially in Marxist-Leninist views). The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism; Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class.[1] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.

Theory

Leninism argues[2] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement. Some Marxists disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists. Some who continue to consider themselves Marxist–Leninists also oppose the vanguard despite disagreeing with the majority of left communism.[3] These critics insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.

Communist revolutions and coups throughout history

The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser known revolutions, a number of borderline cases have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.

Successful

Unsuccessful

Table of revolutions

Start date End date Duration Event(s) State Rebel group Revolutionary base area Deaths Result Notes
18 March 1871 28 May 1871 (72 days) Paris Commune[4]  France Paris 7,544 killed overall[5][6] Revolt suppressed[7]
  • Disbanding the Second National Guard
    by the French government
October 1915 5 June 1920[8] (4 years, 249 days) Jangal Movement Qajar Iran Jangal revolutionaries[9][10] Gilan province Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
24 April 1916 29 April 1916 (6 days) Easter Rising  United Kingdom Irish Republic Irish rebel forces Dublin 485 killed[12][13][14] Unconditional surrender of rebel forces, execution of most leaders [lower-alpha 1]
7 November 1917 7 November 1917 (1 day) October Revolution  Russia Bolsheviks
Petrograd Soviet
Left SRs
Red Guards
Anarchists[15]		 Petrograd Few wounded Red Guard soldiers[16] Bolshevik victory
Start of the Russian Civil War[17]
27 January 1918 15 May 1918 (109 days) Finnish Civil War  Finland Finland 38,300 killed[18] Finnish Whites victory
2 August 1918 11 June 1925 (6 years, 314 days) Canadian Labour Revolt  Canada Canada Failure of the revolt
9 November 1918 14 November 1918 (6 days) Red Week  Netherlands Faction of the Social Democratic Workers' Party[20] No revolution
29 October 1918 11 August 1919 (287 days) German Revolution of 1918–19[21]  Germany
 German Republic		 Communist revolutionaries:

Soviet Republics:

 Various regions of Germany 150–196[27]
23 March 1919 1 August 1919 (132 days) Hungarian Soviet Republic[lower-alpha 2]  Hungarian Republic  Hungary[28] Hungary 6,670 killed[29] [lower-alpha 3]
1 March 1921 11 July 1921 (133 days) Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Outer Mongolia		 Mongolian People's Party Outer Mongolia Mongolian communist victory
3 March 1921[30] 8 April 1921[31] (37 days) Labin mining strike and rebellion  Italy Labin Republic Istria 5[32] Strike suppressed. Miners acquitted of crimes.[33] [lower-alpha 4]
1 August 1927[34] 1 October 1949[35] (22 years, 62 days)  China Chinese Communist Party Communist-controlled China cca. 8 million Communist victory [lower-alpha 5]
22 January 1932[38] February 1932 (11 days) 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising Republic of El Salvador Communist Party of El Salvador
Pipil rebels		 Western El Salvador
Departments:
 10,000 – 40,000[39] Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people[40] [lower-alpha 6]
19 July 1936 25 May 1937 (311 days) Spanish Revolution of 1936  Spain CNT-FAI[41][42]

UGT

 Various regions of Spain – primarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain. Suppressed after ten-month period.
16 September 1942[43] 1945 (2 years, 320 days) National Liberation Movement[43] Albanian Kingdom National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement[44] Albania Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
16 August 1945 30 August 1945 (15 days) August Revolution[45] Empire of Vietnam Việt Minh Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam Việt Minh victory
19 December 1946 1 August 1954 (7 years, 226 days) First Indochina War  French Indochina DR Vietnam

Lao Issara (1945–1949)
Pathet Lao (1949–1954)[48] Khmer Issarak[48]

 400,000–842,707 total killed[50][51][52] DR Vietnam-allied victory[53] [lower-alpha 7]
2 April 1948[54] 16 April 1989[55] (41 years, 15 days Communist insurgency in Burma Shan State 3,000+ killed Burmese government victory[55]
16 June 1948 31 July 1960 (12 years, 46 days) Malayan Emergency Malayan Communist Party British Malaya 11,107[57][58] British-allied victory
26 July 1953[59] 1 January 1959[60] (5 years, 160 days) Cuban Revolution  Cuba 26th of July Movement[61]
Student Revolutionary Directorate
Second National Front of Escambray		 3,000[62] 26 July Movement victory [lower-alpha 8]
1 November 1955 30 April 1975[67] (19 years, 181 days) Vietnam War  South Vietnam Viet Cong Memot District (1966–72)
Lộc Ninh (1972–75)		 1,326,494–3,447,494[68] Communist victory
23 May 1959 2 December 1975 (16 years, 194 days) Laotian Civil War  Laos Lao People's Party

 North Vietnam

 Xam Neua 20,000–62,000 killed[69] Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory [lower-alpha 9]
19 July 1961 17 July 1979 (17 years, 364 days) Nicaraguan Revolution  Nicaragua FSLN

MAP-ML (1978–1979)

 Panama (1978–1979)[70][71]

 North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region 30,000+ killed FSLN military victory in 1979
  • Overthrow of Somoza government in 1979
  • Insurgency of the Contras
  • FSLN junta led by Daniel Ortega take power of Nicaragua in 1981[72]
  • Electoral victory of FSLN in 1984
 [lower-alpha 10]
c. December 1962 3 November 1990[73][74] (27 years, 338 days) Communist insurgency in Sarawak  Malaysia North Kalimantan Communist Party[74]
  • North Kalimantan People's Army
 Sarawak 400–500 killed Government victory
1965 1983 (18 years, 1 day) Communist insurgency in Thailand  Thailand Nakhon Phanom Province 6,762+ killed[80][81] Thai government victory
18 May 1967 Present (56 years, 246 days)  India Communist Party of India (Maoist) Red corridor Since 1997: 13,060–14,552[83][84] Ongoing [lower-alpha 11]
17 June 1968 2 December 1989 (21 years, 169 days)[85][86] Communist insurgency in Malaysia  Malaysia Malayan Communist Party Malay Peninsula and Sarawak[87] 367 Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed
17 January 1968 17 April 1975 (7 years, 91 days) Cambodian Civil War  Cambodia Communist Party of Kampuchea Ratanakiri Province 275,000–310,000 killed Communist victory [lower-alpha 12]
29 March 1969 Present[91] (54 years, 296 days) New People's Army rebellion  Philippines Communist Party of the Philippines[92] Samar 43,000+ killed (up to 2008) Ongoing[93] [lower-alpha 13]
21 October 1969 21 October 1969 (1 day) 1969 Somali coup d'état Somalia Somali Republic Somalia Supreme Revolutionary Council Mogadishu Supreme Revolutionary Council victory[95]
19 July 1970[96] 1 November 1970 (106 days) Teoponte Guerrilla  Bolivia Guerrilla de Teoponte (Ejército de Liberación Nacional)[96] Teoponte Municipality Bolivian government victory
5 April 1971 June 1971 (62 days) 1971 JVP insurrection Dominion of Ceylon JVP
  • State of Augestan
 Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province Official: 1,200
Estimated: 4,000–5,000[97][98]		 Ceylonese government victory[99][100]
  • Rebel leaders were captured and the remaining members surrendered
  • Ceylonese government re-established control of the entire island
  • Expulsion of North Korean diplomats
19 July 1971 22 July 1971 (4 days)[101] 1971 Sudanese coup d'état Democratic Republic of Sudan Revolutionary Council Khartoum Coup attempt fails
  • Nimeiry government restored
  • Anti-communist purges by government forces
  • Execution of rebelling officers
  • Execution of several Sudanese Communist Party leaders
  • Consolidation of Nimeiry's control
24 April 1972 Present (51 years, 270 days) Maoist insurgency in Turkey  Turkey Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
  • Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey

MKP-HKO-PHG

 Tunceli Province[102] 500+ Maoists killed Ongoing
7 November 1975[103] 7 November 1975 (1 day) 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état (Bengali: সিপাই-জানাটা বিপ্লব (Sepoy-Janata Biplob))  Bangladesh Template:Flagicon flagicon image Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal [104]
Biplobi Shainik Sangstha[105]		 Successful coup [lower-alpha 14]
27 April 1978[107] 28 April 1978 (2 days) Saur Revolution  Afghanistan People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Afghanistan 2,000[108] PDPA victory [lower-alpha 15]
13 March 1979 13 March 1979 (1 day) New Jewel Movement  Grenada FMLN Installation of the People's Revolutionary Government [lower-alpha 16]
15 October 1979 16 January 1992 (12 years, 94 days) Salvadoran Civil War  El Salvador FMLN Ayacucho Region 87,795+ killed[112] Chapultepec Peace Accords [lower-alpha 17]
17 May 1980 Present (43 years, 247 days) Internal conflict in Peru  Peru Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path
  • People's Guerilla Army
 Ayacucho Region 70,000+ killed Ongoing [lower-alpha 18]
25 January 1982 25 January 1982 (1 day) 1982 Amol uprising  Iran Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) Amol County 80–300 killed Iranian government victory
4 August 1983 4 August 1983 (1 day) Upper Voltan coup d'état[115][116]  Upper Volta Left-wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré 13 killed

[lower-alpha 19]

15 April 1987 29 December 1989 (259 days) 1987–1989 JVP insurrection  Sri Lanka Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 60,000–80,000 killed[120][121] Sri Lankan Government victory
  • Execution of Rohana Wijeweera
  • Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted
  • Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc
13 February 1996 21 November 2006 (10 years, 282 days) Nepalese Civil War  Nepal Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)[122] Rapti Zone 17,800 killed overall[123] Comprehensive Peace Accord[124] [lower-alpha 20]
August 2021 Present (2 years, 171 days) Myanmar civil war (2021–present)  Myanmar Myanmar Ongoing

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Communist revolution.

Notes

  1. ↑ While not explicitly Communist in Nature, the Easter Rising of 1916 was supported by Marxist groups such as the Irish Citizen Army.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Led by Béla Kun, defeated after five months.
  4. ↑ The anti-fascist, socialist Labin Republic uprising in modern-day Labin, Croatia, which pushed out Mussolini's fascist forces and established a socialist society in the city and surrounding towns.
  5. ↑ The Chinese Communist Revolution was the final stage of the Chinese Civil War, that resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in China in 1949.[35][37]
  6. ↑ The uprising, known as La matanza (the slaughter), was a Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí.
  7. ↑ The defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954, and brought the Communist Party of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh to power in North Vietnam. A victory followed closely by the protracted guerrilla warfare-dominated Vietnam War (1957–1975), which in turn led to the fall of Saigon and the driving-out of occupying United States military forces there, and the unification of North and South Vietnam by communist guerrilla forces into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The conflict drastically changed neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
  8. ↑ Nationalistic revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara which overthrew former president Fulgencio Batista and instated a Marxist–Leninist socialist regime later on in Cuba.[65] Even though Batista had been elected for his first term, he achieved power for his second term through a coup d'état.[66]
  9. ↑ The Laotian Civil War resulting in the victory of the communist Pathet Lao/Lao People's Revolutionary Party in Laos by 1975, eliminating a coalition government with anti-communists led to the establishment of the communist-administered Lao People's Democratic Republic.
  10. ↑ The Nicaraguan Revolution that overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and brought the Sandinistas to power in Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ The civil war in Cambodia ended with the Khmer Rouge revolution in 1975. The Communist Party of Cambodia and Pol Pot then ruled the country until 1979.
  13. ↑ Maoist-styled "Protracted People's War" in the Philippines.[94]
  14. ↑ After the new president, Ziaur Rahman, offered pay increases for the soldiers, most soldiers lost interest in the ideals of the revolution.[106]
  15. ↑ They were overthrown by the mujahideen in 1992.[111]
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ The FMLN (mainly composed of Marxist–Leninist guerrilla groups)[113] fought against the U.S. backed military government which suppressed the rebel movement by framing and mass murdering alleged Marxist–Leninist revolutionaries (El Mozote massacre).[114] The FMLN was inspired by the ideologies of Farabundo Martí and Vladimir Lenin.
  18. ↑ The internal conflict in Peru comprised two rebellions by two different Marxist organizations. One, the Shining Path, fought a bloody war beginning in 1980 with successive Peruvian governments, both democratic and authoritarian in nature. Another organization, known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), named after an Incan warrior Túpac Amaru began their own rebellion in 1982. The MRTA and Shining Path quickly became bitter enemies and fought one another as well as the government of Peru. Fighting goes on today with a small number of Shining Path cadres, however the movement has mostly been crushed and only operates in a very remote jungle region. The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was largely destroyed in 1997 after the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.
  19. ↑ After the formation of Burkina Faso, Thomas Sanka led many socialist policy implementations. One example is the suppression of most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. The chiefs were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed amongst the peasantry.[117] Blaise Compaoré later led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.[118][119]
  20. ↑ The Maoist Unified Communist Party of Nepal fought a fairly successful revolutionary war against the autocratic King of Nepal. In 2006 peace was declared, and an agreement was reached that the Maoists would join an interim government.

References

  1. ↑ Engels, Friedrich (October–November 1847). The Principles of Communism – via Marxists Internet Archive. Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.
  2. ↑ Lenin, V.I. (1972) [18–23 March 1919]. "Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.)". Lenin's Collected Works. Vol. 29 (4th English ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 141–225 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  3. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (March 12, 2013). "Noam Chomsky on Revolutionary Violence, Communism and the American Left". Pax Marxista (Interview). Interviewed by Christopher Helali. Archived from the original on July 29, 2015 – via chomsky.info.
  4. ↑ Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  5. ↑ Milza, Pierre (2009a). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  6. ↑ "annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 [Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875
  7. ↑ "Third Party Address [The Paris Commune]". Marxists Internet Archive. May 1871.
  8. ↑ Dailami, Pezhmann (April 10, 2012) [15 December 2008]. "Jangali Movement". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 534–544. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  9. ↑ Katouzian, Homa (1981). The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926–1979. London: MacMillan. p. 75.
  10. ↑ Amirahmadi, Hooshang (2012). The Political Economy of Iran under the Qajars: Society, Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations 1799 to 1921. London: I.B. Tauris. p. xiv.
  11. ↑ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. ISBN 978-1566637046.
  12. ↑ "1916 Necrology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2017.
  13. ↑ "1916 list". Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017.
  14. ↑ Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916. Irish Times. 1916. p. 52.
  15. ↑ "Russian Revolution". History Channel. April 20, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
    "Июльский кризис" [July Crisis]. Nabat (in Russian). No. 1. September 2000. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2023 – via Azarov.net.
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  17. ↑ Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 111–116. ISBN 9780393301953.
  18. ↑ Paavolainen 1966, Paavolainen 1967, Paavolainen 1971, Upton 1980, pp. 191–200, 453–460, Eerola & Eerola 1998, National Archive of Finland 2004 Archived 10 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Roselius 2004, pp. 165–176, Westerlund & Kalleinen 2004, pp. 267–271, Westerlund 2004a, pp. 53–72, Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118
  19. ↑ Kealey, G. S. (1984). "1919: The Canadian Labor Revolt". Plowing / Le Travail. 13: 11–44.
  20. ↑ Bouwman, R. (1981). "Troelstra en het succes van zijn mislukte revolutie" [Troelstra and the success of his failed revolution]. Socialisme en democratie (in Dutch). Amsterdam. 38 (7/8): 23.
  21. ↑ Hoffrogge, Ralf (2014). "Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution". In Müller, Richard (ed.). The Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-21921-2.
  22. ↑ Hoffrogge, Ralf (2011). "From Unionism to Workers' Councils – The Revolutionary Shop Stewards in Germany 1914–1918". In Ness, Immanuel; Azzellini, Dario (eds.). Ours to Master and to Own: Worker's Control from the Commune to the Present. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
  23. ↑ Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-0820486062.
  24. ↑ Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-1400878802.
  25. ↑ Schröder, Ulrich; Kuckuk, Peter (2017). Bremen in der Deutschen Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Räterepublik, Restauration [Bremen in the German Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Soviet Republic, Restoration] (in German). Falkenberg. p. 48. ISBN 978-3954941155.
  26. ↑ Pryce, Donald B. (June 1977). "The Reich Government versus Saxony, 1923: The Decision to Intervene". Central European History. Cambridge University Press. 10 (2): 112–147. JSTOR 4545794. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  27. ↑ Jones, Mark (2016). Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–199. ISBN 978-1-107-11512-5 – via Google Books.
  28. ↑ Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4). ISSN 0012-8449.
  29. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. pp. 344–345. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0 – via Google Books.
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  31. ↑ Stallaerts, Robert (2009). Historical Dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7363-6.
  32. ↑ Osmanagić, Danijel (August 3, 2021). "100 let Labinske republike" [100 years of the Republic of Labin]. Zgodovina na dlani (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  33. ↑ "Labinska republika" [Labin Republic]. Istarska enciklopedija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  34. 1 2 Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 295. ISBN 9781598844153. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  35. 1 2 3 Yang, Benjamin; Saich, Tony (2016). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-56324-154-3.
  36. ↑ Benton, Gregor (1999). New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941. University of California Press. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-520-21992-2.
  37. ↑ Perry, Elizabeth J. (2018). "Is the Chinese communist regime legitimate?". In Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael (eds.). The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  38. ↑ Ching, Erik (October 1998). "In Search of the Party: The Communist Party, the Comintern, and the Peasant Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador" (PDF). The Americas. Greenville, South Carolina: Furman University. 55 (2): 204–239 [205–206]. doi:10.2307/1008053. JSTOR 1008053. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
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  42. ↑ Dolgoff, Sam (1974). The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939. Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-919618-20-6.
  43. 1 2 Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at war, 1939-1945 (illustrated ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
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