A 14 kg (30 lb) roasted turducken
Sausage-stuffed turducken cut into quarters to show the internal layers

Turducken is a dish consisting of a deboned chicken stuffed into a deboned duck, further stuffed into a deboned turkey. Outside of the United States and Canada, it is known as a three-bird roast. Gooducken is an English variant,[1] replacing turkey with goose.

The word turducken is a portmanteau combining turkey, duck, and chicken. The dish is a form of engastration, which is a recipe method in which one animal is stuffed inside the gastric passage of another—twofold in this instance.[2]

The thoracic cavity of the chicken/game hen and the rest of the gaps are stuffed, sometimes with a highly seasoned breadcrumb mixture or sausage meat, although some versions have a different stuffing for each bird. The result is a fairly solid layered poultry dish, suitable for cooking by braising, roasting, grilling, or barbecuing.[3]

The turducken was popularized in America by John Madden, who promoted the unusual dish during NFL Thanksgiving Day games and, later, Monday Night Football broadcasts.[4] On one occasion, the commentator sawed through a turducken with his bare hand, live in the booth, to demonstrate the turducken's contents.[5][6] Madden ate his first on-air turducken on December 1, 1996, during a game between the New Orleans Saints and St. Louis Rams at the Superdome.[7]

Origin

Credit for the creation of the turducken is uncertain, though it is generally agreed to have been popularized by Cajun chef Paul Prudhomme. The most common claimant is Hebert's Specialty Meats in Maurice, Louisiana, whose owners Junior and Sammy Hebert say they created it in 1985 "when a local man brought his own birds to their shop and asked the brothers to create the medley".[8]

In the United Kingdom, a turducken is a type of ballotine called a "three-bird roast" or a "royal roast". The Pure Meat Company offered a five-bird roast (a goose, a turkey, a chicken, a pheasant, and a pigeon, stuffed with sausage), described as a modern revival of the traditional Yorkshire Christmas pie, in 1989;[9][10] and a three-bird roast (a duck stuffed with chicken stuffed with a pigeon, with sage and apple stuffing) in 1990.[9][10]

Gooducken is a goose stuffed with a duck, which is in turn stuffed with a chicken.[11]

Historical predecessors

In his 1807 Almanach des Gourmands, gastronomist Grimod de La Reynière presents his rôti sans pareil ("roast without equal")—a bustard stuffed with a turkey, a goose, a pheasant, a chicken, a duck, a guinea fowl, a teal, a woodcock, a partridge, a plover, a lapwing, a quail, a thrush, a lark, an ortolan bunting and a garden warbler—although he states that, since similar roasts were produced by ancient Romans, the rôti sans pareil was not entirely novel.[10][11][12] The final bird is very small but large enough to just hold an olive; it also suggests that, unlike modern multi-bird roasts, there was no stuffing or other packing placed in between the birds.

An early form of the recipe was "Pandora's cushion", a goose stuffed with a chicken stuffed with a quail.[12]

Another version of the dish is credited to French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord. The 1891 newspaper article French Legends Of The Table offers Quail à la Talleyrand:[13]

The following for instance, is Talleyrand's fanciful and somewhat roundabout way of roasting a quail. On a day of "inspiration gourmande" at his hotel in the Rue Saint-Florentin, Paris, he composed the following recipe: Take a plump quail, seasoned with truffles, and made tender by having been put into champagne. You put it carefully inside a young Bresse chicken; then sew up the opening, and put dabs of butter all over the chicken. Again, you put the chicken inside a fine Berri turkey, and roast the turkey very carefully before a bright fire. What will be the result? All the juice of the turkey is absorbed by the fowl, and all the juice of the fowl in its turn by the quail. After two hours roasting the fowl, which in reality is composed of three fowls, is ready, and you place the steaming trinity upon a dish of fine porcelain or chiseled silver. Then you pull the chicken out of the turkey, and the quail out of the chicken. The quail? Is it correct to talk of the quail, when this delicious, perfumed dish is indeed too good for any name? You take the quail as you would some sacred relic, and serve it hot, steaming, with its aroma of truffles, after having roasted it to a golden yellow by basting it diligently with the best Gournay butter.

In Hunan cuisine, the famed chef Liu Sanhe from Changsha invented a dish called sanceng taoji (Chinese: 三层套鸡), meaning "three-layer set chicken", consisting of a sparrow inside a pigeon inside a hen, along with medicinal herbs such as Gastrodia elata and wolfberries. He originally devised the dish to alleviate Lu Diping's ill concubine of headaches.[14] The book Passion India: The Story of the Spanish Princess of Kapurthula[15] (p. 295) features a section that recounts a similar dish in India in the late 1800s:

Invited by Maharajah Ganga Singh to the most extraordinary of dinners, in the palace at Bikaner, when Anita asks her host for the recipe of such a succulent dish, he answers her seriously, "Prepare a whole camel, skinned and cleaned, put a goat inside it, and inside the goat a turkey and inside the turkey a chicken. Stuff the chicken with a grouse and inside that put a quail and finally inside that a sparrow. Then season it all well, place the camel in a hole in the ground and roast it.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Iredale, Will (21 November 2004). "Three in one bird is big this Christmas" – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  2. ↑ "Engastration". Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  3. ↑ "Turkey Finds Its Inner Duck (and Chicken)", The New York Times, November 20, 2002. Accessed November 21, 2007
  4. ↑ "The Story of John Madden's Legendary Turducken", USA Today, November 29, 2017. Accessed November 4, 2019
  5. ↑ "PETA Gives Madden the Bird", New York Post, November 28, 2002. Accessed November 29, 2019
  6. ↑ "John Madden - Turducken 2002 Monday Night Football Eagles vs. 49ers". YouTube.
  7. ↑ "St. Louis Rams at New Orleans Saints - December 1st, 1996". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  8. ↑ Trillin, Calvin (November 2005). "Turducken Town". National Geographic. Washington. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2010.. Retrieved on October 13, 2016
  9. 1 2 Walker, Harlan (ed.). Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1990: feasting and fasting : proceedings. p. 35.
  10. 1 2 3 Williams, Anne. "Send a friend a meal on wheels", The Sunday Times (London), December 2, 1990.
  11. 1 2 Iredale, Will (November 21, 2004). "TimesOnline.co.uk Three-in-one bird is big this Christmas". The Times. London. Retrieved May 3, 2010. TimesOnline.co.uk. Retrieved on June 2, 2008
  12. 1 2 "Pandoras Cushion". Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  13. ↑ "French Legends Of The Table". The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957). Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia. 5 November 1891. p. 6. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  14. ↑ "传统湘菜：三层套鸡 - 中国在线".
  15. ↑ Moro, Javier (2006). Passion India: The Story of the Spanish Princess of Kapurthala. Translated by Peter J. Hearn, , First Circle Publishing, New Delhi, ISBN 8176211788
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