Soviet-made Oscar-class submarine of the Russian Navy. The doors for the P-700's inclined launch tubes are visible flanking the sail.
An official USN rendering of an Ohio-class submarine firing Tomahawk missiles.

A cruise missile submarine is a submarine that carries and launches cruise missiles (SLCMs consisting of land-attack cruise missiles and anti-ship missiles) as its primary armament. Missiles greatly enhance a warship's ability to attack surface combatants and strike land targets; although torpedoes are a more discrete option for submerged submarines, missiles give a much longer stand-off range, shorter time to impact the target, as well as the ability to engage multiple targets on different headings at the same time. Many cruise missile submarines retain the capability to deploy nuclear warheads on their missiles, but they are considered distinct from ballistic missile submarines due to the substantial differences between the two weapons systems' flight characteristics; cruise missiles fly aerodynamically using flight surfaces like wings or fins, while a ballistic missile uses its engine power alone as it may exit the atmosphere.

The United States Navy's hull classification symbols for cruise missile submarines are SSG and SSGN – the SS denotes submarine, the G denotes guided missile, and the N denotes that the submarine is nuclear-powered.

The earliest designs of cruise missile submarines had to surface to launch their missiles, while later designs could do so underwater via dedicated vertical launching system (VLS) tubes. Many modern attack submarines can launch cruise missiles (and dedicated anti-ship missiles) from their torpedo tubes while some designs also incorporate a small number of VLS canisters, giving an overlap between cruise missile submarines and traditional attack submarines. Nonetheless, vessels classified as attack submarines are designed to use torpedoes as their main armament and have a more multi-role mission profile due to their greater speed and maneuverability, in contrast to cruise missile submarines which are typically larger, slower boats carrying larger amounts of missiles, oftentimes possessing a special compartment dedicated solely to the cruise missile tubes.

U.S. Navy

USS Ohio undergoing conversion to a cruise missile submarine

The U.S. Navy's first cruise missile submarines were developed in the early 1950s to carry the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile. The first of these was a converted World War II era Gato-class submarine, USS Tunny, which was fitted with a hangar capable of carrying a pair of Regulus missiles. Tunny was used as a test-bed for developing techniques of use for the missile system, before a second boat, USS Barbero was subsequently converted. Starting in 1957, these two boats undertook the first nuclear deterrent patrols.[1]

Subsequently, two larger diesel submarines of the Grayback-class were purpose built for the carriage of the Regulus missile, with each capable of accommodating up to four missiles, while a further boat, the nuclear-powered USS Halibut, could carry up to five missiles. Between September 1959 and July 1964, the five Regulus missile boats undertook deterrent patrols in the Pacific Ocean,[2] in concert with the newly commissioned George Washington-class ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) in the Atlantic, until sufficient SSBNs were in service to replace them.

From 2002 to 2008, the U.S. Navy modified the four oldest Ohio-class submarines: Ohio, Michigan, Florida, and Georgia into SSGNs. The conversion was achieved by installing VLS in a multiple all-up-round canister (MAC) configuration in 22 of the 24 missile tubes, replacing one Trident missile with seven smaller Tomahawk cruise missiles. The two remaining tubes were converted to lockout chambers for use by special forces personnel. This gave each converted submarine the capability to carry up to 154 Tomahawks. The large diameter tubes can also be modified to carry and launch other payloads, such as UAVs or UUVs although these capabilities have not yet been fully implemented. In addition to generating a significant increase in stand-off strike capabilities, this conversion also counts as an arms reduction towards the START II treaty,[3][4] because it reduces the number of nuclear weapons that are forward-deployed. USS Florida (SSGN-728) launched cruise missiles against Libyan targets as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn in March 2011.

The future Block V Virginia-class submarines are slated to supplement and eventually replace the Ohio SSGNs when they are retired; the USS Ohio itself is more than 40 years old.[5]

Soviet Navy/Russian Navy

The Soviet Navy (and its successor, the Russian Navy) has operated a wide variety of dedicated cruise missile submarines (unbolded project numbers were prototypes/never entered military service):

Soviet and Russian submarine classes
Entered Service NATO reporting name Project Name and Number Ship Class (US) Planform Missiles carried
1957 (Modified) Zulu П611 SSG 1 x П-10[6]
1958 Whiskey Single Cylinder П613 SSG 1 x П-5 Пятёрка (SS-N-3 Shaddock)
1962

1964

 (Modified) Whiskey 613А

613АД

 SSG 1 x П-70 Аметист (SS-N-7 Starbright)[7]
1960 Whiskey Twin Cylinder 644 SSG 2 x П-5 Пятёрка (SS-N-3 Shaddock)

2 х П-5Д under Project 644Д[8] and 2 х П-7 under Project 644-7[9]

1961 Whiskey Long Bin 665 SSG 4 x П-5 Пятёрка (SS-N-3 Shaddock)
1963 Juliett 651

651К

 SSG 4 х П-5/6 Пятёрка (SS-N-3 Shaddock)
1986 (Modified) Juliett 651Э SSGN 4 х П-5/6 Пятёрка (SS-N-3 Shaddock)
1960 Echo I 659 SSGN 6 x П-5 Пятёрка (SS-N-3 Shaddock)
1963 Echo II 675 SSGN 6 x П-5/6 Пятёрка (SS-N-3 Shaddock)

Later 8 x P-500 Базальт (SS-N-12 Sandbox) under the 675МК and 675МУ program and 8 x P-1000 Вулкан under Project 675МКВ

1969 Papa 661 "Anchar" SSGN 10 x П-70 Аметист (SS-N-7 Starbright)
1967 Charlie I 670 "Skat" SSGN 8 x П-70 Аметист (SS-N-7 Starbright)
1973 Charlie II 670M "Skat" SSGN 8 x П-120 Малахит (SS-N-9 Siren)
1992+ (scrapped underway) Charlie III 06704 "Chaika-B" SSGN 8 x 3 П-800 Оникс (triple-tube inserts)
1980 Oscar I 949 "Granit" SSGN 24 x П-700 Гранит (SS-N-19 Shipwreck)
1986 Oscar II 949A "Antey" SSGN 24 x П-700 Гранит (SS-N-19 Shipwreck)

Plans for Project 949АМ upgrade to fit missiles compatible with UKSK VLS; П-800 Оникс, Клуб, 3M22 Циркон; triple-tube inserts (3 x 24)

1987 Yankee Notch 667AT "Grusha" SSGN/SSN 32 x РК-55 Гранат (SS-N-12 Sampson)
1989 (missile program cancelled) Yankee Sidecar 667M "Andromeda" SSGN 12 x П-750 Метеорит (SS-NX-24 Scorpion)
2013 Yasen 885 "Yasen" SSGN П-800 Оникс, Калибр family, 3М22 Циркон
2021 Yasen-M/Yasen-II 885М Yasen-M SSGN П-800 Оникс, Калибр family, 3М22 Циркон

Khruschev encouraged the development of missiles in the Soviet Union; thus the issues of effective nuclear deterrence and delivery and US Carrier Strike Groups were to be solved through advances in missilery. Submerged submarines are more concealable than surface ships; missiles carried upon them were therefore safer from attack by NATO surface fleets, land-based aircraft, and long-range patrol bombers. Thus the strategic and tactical strike missions were solved through the equipment of submarines with large, long-range cruise missiles: first through the modification of existing boats, then by boats being built for the task.

The Whiskey variants and Echo I cruise missile submarines deployed with a nuclear land attack version of the P-5 Pyatyorka (SS-N-3 Shaddock) from the late 1950s to 1964, concurrently with the US Regulus force, until the strategic land attack mission was transferred entirely to the SSBN force. Along with the Julietts and Echo IIs, these continued as SSGs or SSGNs with an antiship variant of the P-5 until circa 1990. The Echo Is were an exception; they could not accommodate the anti-ship targeting radar and served as SSNs after the land attack missiles were withdrawn.[10]

Apart from true guided-missile submarines, late-Soviet attack submarines could launch various types of torpedo tube-launched missiles starting with the RK-55 and continuing with the Kalibr family of missiles. Cruise-missile capable Soviet submarines may have a different designation to incapable sister boats (Victor III (Project 671RTM) boats became Project 671RTMK as they gained this ability, K for Крылатая ракета; cruise missile).[11] Due to standardization of torpedo tube diameters, which are 533 mm, modern Russian attack submarine classes (even the diesel Kilo and Lada) are capable of launching long-range strategic cruise missiles from their torpedo tubes, without needing specialized compartments for missile tubes.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Friedman since 1945, p. 183
  2. ↑ "Patrol Insignia for Regulus veterans" (PDF). Navy Nuclear Weapons Association. Summer 1997. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  3. ↑ Congressional Research Service (18 July 2005). "Navy Trident Submarine Conversion (SSGN) Program:Background and Issues for Congress". Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  4. ↑ Ronald O'Rourke. "SSGN: A "Second Career" for the Boomer Force". Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  5. ↑ "U.S. Navy's Virginia Class Submarines to Get 76% More Firepower". 15 July 2021.
  6. ↑ "Проект П611 (NATO – "Zulu-?")". deepstorm.ru. Deep Storm. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  7. ↑ "Проекты 613А и 613АД (NATO – "Whiskey"?)". deepstorm.ru. Deep Storm. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  8. ↑ "Проект 644(NATO – "Whiskey Twin Cylinder")". deepstorm.ru. Deep Storm. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  9. ↑ "Проект 644(NATO – "Whiskey Twin Cylinder")". deepstorm.ru. Deep Storm. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  10. ↑ Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 343–345, 396–402
  11. ↑ "Проект 671РТМ и 671РТМК «Щука» (NATO – "Victor-III")". deepstorm.ru. Deep Storm. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  12. ↑ Wertheim, Eric. "Russia's Kilo-class Submarine: Improved And More Deadly Than Ever". usni.org. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  13. ↑ Starchak, Maxim. "Russian Navy to upgrade vessels with Kalibr cruise missiles". defensenews.com. Defense News. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
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