Ostinato from Radiohead's "Creep" features modal mixture, common tones between adjacent triads (B between G & B, C and G between C+ & C−), and an emphasis on subdominant harmony (IV = C in G major).[1]

A riff is a repeated chord progression or refrain in music (also known as an ostinato figure in classical music); it is a pattern, or melody, often played by the rhythm section instruments or solo instrument, that forms the basis or accompaniment of a musical composition.[2] Though riffs are most often found in rock music, heavy metal music, Latin, funk, and jazz, classical music is also sometimes based on a riff, such as Ravel's Boléro. Riffs can be as simple as a tenor saxophone honking a simple, catchy rhythmic figure, or as complex as the riff-based variations in the head arrangements played by the Count Basie Orchestra.

David Brackett (1999) defines riffs as "short melodic phrases", while Richard Middleton (1999)[3] defines them as "short rhythmic, melodic, or harmonic figures repeated to form a structural framework". Rikky Rooksby states: "A riff is a short, repeated, memorable musical phrase, often pitched low on the guitar, which focuses much of the energy and excitement of a rock song."[4]

BBC Radio 2, in compiling its list of 100 Greatest Guitar Riffs, defined a riff as the "main hook of a song", often beginning the song, and is "repeated throughout it, giving the song its distinctive voice".[5]

Use of the term has extended to comedy, where riffing means the verbal exploration of a particular subject, thus moving the meaning away from the original jazz sense of a repeated figure that a soloist improvises over, to instead indicate the improvisation itself—improvising on a melody or progression as one would improvise on a subject by extending a singular thought, idea or inspiration into a bit, or routine.[6]

Etymology

The term riff entered musical slang in the 1920s (Rooksby, ibid, p. 6) and is used primarily in discussion of forms of rock music, heavy metal or jazz. "Most rock musicians use riff as a near-synonym for musical idea" (Middleton 1990, p. 125).

The etymology of the term is not clearly known. Ian Anderson, in the documentary "A World Without Beethoven",[7] states (repeatedly) that "riff" is the abbreviation of "repeated motif." Other sources propose riff as an abbreviation for "rhythmic figure" or "refrain".[8]

Usage in jazz, blues and R&B

In jazz, blues and R&B, riffs are often used as the starting point for longer compositions. Charlie Parker used riff on "Now's the Time". Blues guitarist John Lee Hooker used riff on "Boogie Chillen" in 1948.[9]

The riff from Charlie Parker's bebop number "Now's the Time" (1945) re-emerged four years later as the R&B dance hit "The Hucklebuck". The verse of "The Hucklebuck", which was another riff, was "borrowed" from the Artie Matthews composition "Weary Blues". Glenn Miller's "In the Mood" had an earlier life as Wingy Manone's "Tar Paper Stomp". All these songs use twelve-bar blues riffs, and most of these riffs probably precede the examples given (Covach 2005, p. 71).

In classical music, individual musical phrases used as the basis of classical music pieces are called ostinatos or simply phrases. Contemporary jazz writers also use riff- or lick-like ostinatos in modal music and Latin jazz.

Riff-driven

The term "riff-driven" is used to describe a piece of music that relies on a repeated instrumental riff as the basis of its most prominent melody, cadence, or (in some cases) leitmotif. Riff-driven songs are largely a product of jazz, blues, and post-blues era music (rock and pop).[10] The musical goal of riff-driven songs is akin to the classical continuo effect, but raised to much higher importance (in fact, the repeated riff is used to anchor the song in the ears of the listener). The riff/continuo is brought to the forefront of the musical piece and often is the primary melody that remains in the listener's ears. A call and response often holds the song together, creating a "circular" rather than linear feel.[11]

A few examples of riff-driven songs are "Whole Lotta Love" and "Black Dog" by Led Zeppelin,[12][13] "Day Tripper" by The Beatles,[14] "Brown Sugar" and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by The Rolling Stones,[15] "Smoke on the Water" by Deep Purple,[14][16] "Back in Black" by AC/DC,[14][16] "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana,[14][16] "Johnny B Goode" by Chuck Berry,[14][16] "Back in the Saddle" by Aerosmith,[17] and "You Really Got Me" by The Kinks.[14][16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Capuzzo, Guy. Neo-Riemannian Theory and the Analysis of Pop-Rock Music, pp. 186–187, Music Theory Spectrum, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 177–199. Autumn 2004. Capuzzo uses "+" to indicate major and "−" to indicate minor (C+, C−).
  2. ↑ New Harvard Dictionary of Music (1986) p. 708. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  3. ↑ Middleton, Richard (2002) [1990]. Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
  4. ↑ Rikky Rooksby (2002). Riffs: How to create and play great guitar riffs. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-87930-710-2.
  5. ↑ BBC Radio 2 website.
  6. ↑ "Definition of RIFF". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  7. ↑ "A World Without Beethoven? | Music Documentary with Sarah Willis (Full length)". YouTube.
  8. ↑ "Definition of riff". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  9. ↑ Best Guitar Riffs. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  10. ↑ Rolling Stone (1992). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll (3 Sub ed.). Random House. p. 61. ISBN 978-0679737285.
  11. ↑ Horner, Bruce (Editor), Swiss, Thomas (Editor) (1999). Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture (Paperback ed.). Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 143. ISBN 978-0-631-21264-5. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Fast, Susan; et al. (2001). In the house of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the power of Rock Music (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 0-19-511756-5. The song (Black Dog) represents a defining moment in the genre of hard rock, combining the elements of speed, power, an artful and metrically clever riff
  13. ↑ "The Greatest Songs Ever! Black Dog". Blender Magazine. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "50 Greatest Guitar Riffs Of All Time". NME. October 25, 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  15. ↑ Bogdanov, Vladimir; et al. (2003). All Music Guide to the Blues. Backbeat Books. p. 477. ISBN 0-87930-736-6.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Chilton, Martin (October 22, 2018). "15 Of The Best Guitar Riffs". Udiscovermusic. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  17. ↑ Gallucci, Michael. "Top 10 Joe Perry Aerosmith Riffs". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 2022-10-21.

Sources

  • Covach, John. "Form in Rock Music: A Primer", in Stein, Deborah (2005). Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5.
  • Homo, Bruce; Swiss, Thomas (1999). Form and Music: Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21263-9.
  • Middleton, Richard (2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
  • Rooksby, Rikky (2002). Riffs: How to create and play great guitar riffs. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-710-2.
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