Stephan's Quintet
Clockwise from upper left: NGC 7320, NGC 7319, NGC 7318 (a and b), NGC 7317
Observation data (Epoch J2000)
Constellation(s)Pegasus
Right ascension22h 35m 57.5s[1]
Declination+33° 57′ 36″[1]
Brightest memberNGC 7318B[1]
Number of galaxies5[1]
Other designations
HCG 92, Arp 319, VV 288,[1] SQ[2]

Stephan's Quintet is a visual grouping of five galaxies of which four form the first compact galaxy group ever discovered.[2] The group, visible in the constellation Pegasus, was discovered by Édouard Stephan in 1877 at the Marseille Observatory.[3] The group is the most studied of all the compact galaxy groups.[2] The brightest member of the visual grouping (and the only non-member of the true group) is NGC 7320, which has extensive H II regions, identified as red blobs, where active star formation is occurring.

Four of the five galaxies in Stephan's Quintet form a physical association, a true galaxy group, Hickson Compact Group 92, and will likely merge with each other. Radio observations in the early 1970s revealed a filament of emission between the galaxies in the group. This same region is also detected in the faint glow of ionized atoms seen in the visible part of the spectrum as a green arc.

Space telescopes have provided new insight into the nature of the filament, which is now believed to be a shock-wave in the intergalactic gas, caused by one galaxy (NGC 7318B) falling into the center of the group at several million kilometres per hour.

Stephan's Quintet was selected as one of the five cosmic objects observed by the James Webb Space Telescope as part of the release of its first official science images.[4]

Emissions

X-rays

Stephan's Quintet. The blue arc across the top center is a shock caused by colliding intergalactic gas. Image Credits: X-ray (blue): NASA/CXC/CfA/E. O'Sullivan Optical (brown): Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope/Coelum

As NGC 7318B collides with gas in the group, a huge shock wave bigger than the Milky Way spreads throughout the medium between the galaxies, heating some of the gas to temperatures of millions of degrees where they emit X-rays detectable with the NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory.[5][6][7]

Molecular hydrogen emission

The NASA Spitzer Space Telescope, which detects infrared radiation, discovered a very powerful molecular hydrogen signal from the shock wave between the galaxies. This emission is one of the most turbulent formations of molecular hydrogen ever seen, and the strongest emission originates near the center of the green area in the visible light picture discussed earlier. This phenomenon was discovered by an international team led by scientists at the California Institute of Technology and including scientists from Australia, Germany and China. The detection of molecular hydrogen from the collision was initially unexpected because the hydrogen molecule is very fragile and is easily destroyed in shock waves of the kind expected in Stephan's Quintet. However, one solution is that when a shock front moves through a cloudy medium like the center of the group, millions of smaller shocks are produced in a turbulent layer, and this can allow molecular hydrogen to survive.

Earthbound monochrome (sdss-g filtered) image of Stephan's Quintet from the Liverpool Telescope

Redshift

NGC 7320 indicates a small redshift (790 km/s) while the other four exhibit large redshifts (near 6,600 km/s). Since galactic redshift is proportional to distance, NGC 7320 is only a foreground projection[2] and is ~39 million light-years[2] from Earth, making it a possible member of the NGC 7331 group, versus the 210–340 million light-years of the other four.[8]

NGC 7319 has a type 2 Seyfert nucleus.

Photo of the area of the Hubble photo, with the various galaxies labeled by NGC number
The galaxies in the vicinity of Stephan's Quintet. The rectangle indicates the area covered by the 1998–99 Hubble Space Telescope image below.

A sixth galaxy, NGC 7320C, probably belongs to the Hickson association: it has a redshift similar to the Hickson galaxies, and a tidal tail appears to connect it with NGC 7319.[9]

Detail of the quintet in a photo by Hubble Space Telescope, 1998–99. Credits: NASA/ESA

Infrared

Using its Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI), the James Webb Space Telescope shows details shrouded by dust in visible light including large shock waves and tidal tails in four of the five galaxies, and previously hidden areas of star formation. These new details will contribute to insights on galaxy evolution. [10]

Four galaxies (Missing is NGC 7317) of Stephan's Quintet using MIRI by James Webb Space Telescope

Members

Members of the Hickson Compact Group 92
Name Type[11] R.A. (J2000)[11] Dec. (J2000)[11] Redshift (km/s)[11] Apparent Magnitude[11]
NGC 7317 E4 22h 35m 51.9s +33° 56′ 42″ 6,599 ± 26 +14.6
NGC 7318a
(UGC 12099)		 E2 pec 22h 35m 56.7s +33° 57′ 56″ 6,630 ± 23 +14.3
NGC 7318b
(UGC 12100)		 SB(s)bc pec 22h 35m 58.4s +33° 57′ 57″ 5,774 ± 24 +13.9
NGC 7319 SB(s)bc pec 22h 36m 03.5s +33° 58′ 33″ 6,747 ± 7 +14.1
NGC 7320c (R)SAB(s)0/a 22h 36m 20.4s +33° 59′ 06″ 5,985 ± 9 +16.7

The angelic figures at the beginning of the 1946 holiday film It's a Wonderful Life are based on images of Stephan's Quintet.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for HCG 92. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Moles, M.; Marquez, I.; Sulentic, J. W. (1998). "The observational status of Stephan's Quintet". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 334: 473–481. arXiv:astro-ph/9802328. Bibcode:1998A&A...334..473M.
  3. ↑ Stephan, M. E. (1877). "Nebulæ (new) discovered and observed at the observatory of Marseille, 1876 and 1877, M. Stephan". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 334–339. Bibcode:1877MNRAS..37..334S. doi:10.1093/mnras/37.6.334.
  4. ↑ Garner, Rob (2022-07-08). "NASA Shares List of Cosmic Targets for Webb Telescope's 1st Images". NASA. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
  5. ↑ "Chandra :: Photo Album :: Stephan's Quintet :: 08 May 03". chandra.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  6. ↑ Than 2006-03-07T11:18:00Z, Ker (7 March 2006). "What a Shock! Galaxies Caught Colliding". Space.com. Retrieved 2019-12-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ "Gigantic cosmic cataclysm in Stephan's Quintet of galaxies". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  8. ↑ "Stephan's Quintet". pages.astronomy.ua.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  9. ↑ "National Optical Astronomy Observatory: Stephan's Quintet". www.noao.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-12-24. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  10. ↑ "Stephan's Quintet (MIRI Image)". James Webb Space Telescope. 2022-07-12. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for various galaxies. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  12. ↑ "Stephan's Quintet". ESA/Hubble Space Telescope. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  13. ↑ Rice, Tony (2019-12-22). "Classic film 'It's a Wonderful Life' features angelic galaxies". WRAL. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
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