الحضارم | |
|---|---|
 Flag proposed by the 'Hadhrami League' in May 2013 to represent Hadramout Region as part of the federalization of Yemen. | |
 Hadhramout Region in Yemen | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, Southeast Asia Yemen (mainland)
 Somaliland (de facto) | |
| Languages | |
| L1: Hadhrami Arabic L2: Swahili, Somali, Indonesian, Malay | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Arabs, other Afro-Asiatic people |
The Hadharem (Arabic: حضارم, romanized: ḥaḍārim) or the Hadhrami (Arabic: حضرمي, romanized: ḥaḍramī, singular) are an Arab sub-ethnic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in South Arabia, which is part of modern-day eastern Yemen. They speak Hadhrami Arabic. Among the two million inhabitants of Hadhramaut, there are about 1,300 distinct tribes.
Social hierarchy
As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or sayyids, who trace their descent to Muhammad. These are followed by the sheikhs and then the Bedouins: peasants who belong to tribes and who live mainly from agriculture and trading. Finally, at the bottom of the hierarchy are al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants").
Language
The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.
Diaspora
Hadhrami immigrants in Surabaya (Indonesia), 1920
Hadhrami Arab neighborhood in Surabaya, 1880
Hadharem of Palembang, 22 February 1937
The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the Sabaeans, who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami seamen to emigrate in large numbers around the Indian Ocean basin, including the Horn of Africa, the Swahili Coast, the Malabar Coast, Hyderabad in South India, Sri Lanka, and Maritime Southeast Asia.[1]
Hadharem in the Arabian Gulf
Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and on the coast of the Red Sea. The money changers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have historically been of Hadhrami origin.[2]
Hadhrami East Africans
South Semitic Kingdom of Hadramawt in 400 BC
The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.[3] During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.[4] They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates.[5]
Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in Mozambique, Comoros, and Madagascar.[6]
Hadhrami Jews
The vast majority of the Hadhrami Jews now live in Israel.[7]
List of Hadhrami Diaspora
- Sri Lankan Moors[8]
- Arab Filipino
- Arab Indonesian
- Arab Malaysian
- Arab Singaporean
- Chaush, India
- Sodagar (Gujarati Shaikh)
- Konkani Muslims of the Konkani division of Maharashtra[9] (partially)[10]
- Nawayath, of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka, India; Barkas, Hyderabad, India[9][10]
- Mappila of Kerala, India[9][10]
- Hadhrami Jews in Israel and abroad
- The Surti Sunni Vohra Community in Gujarat that are partially of Hadhrami descent[9][10]
- Lemba people who claim Jewish ancestry via Hadramaut's historic Jewish population
Notable people
Yemen
- Mohammed A. Al-Hadhrami, the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Yemen
- Waleed salam Bills wad Bin Hilabi
- Abd Al-Rahman Ali Al-Jifri, politician
- Abdulaziz Al-Saqqaf, human-rights activist
- Faisal Bin Shamlan, politician
- Habib Ali al-Jifri, Islamic scholar
- Habib Umar bin Hafiz, Islamic scholar
- Habib Abdullah bin Alwi al-Haddad, Sufi saint
- Imam Muhammad al-Faqih Muqaddam, founder of Ba'alawi Sufi order
- Sayyid Abu Bakr Al-Aidarus (saint)
- Syed Alwi Jamalullail, wali
Swahili Coast
- Awadh Saleh Sherman, Kenya, businessman
- Najib Balala, Kenya, Minister of Tourism
- Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, President of Comoros
- Habib Salih, Lamu, Kenya, religious scholar
- Khadija Abdalla Bajaber, Mombasa, Kenya, poet and novelist
- Mohamed Saleh Bawazir, businessman and philanthropist
- Taiba Ali Bajaber, former Mayor of Mombasa
- Bushra Mohamed, British-Kenyan, Architect, Academic & Writer
North Africa
- Artega tribe, Babkeer, Sudan
Horn of Africa
- Mohammed Al Amoudi, Ethiopia, businessman
Erstwhile Hyderabad State(Deccan)
- General El Edroos,last Army general of hyderabad state
- Shaik Salman Bin Abdul Jabbar Bawazeer, A.C Guards, Hyderabad, India
- Sulaiman Areeb, Hyderabad, India, poet
- Awaz Sayeed, Hyderabad, India, Urdu writer and poet
- Abdulla Bin Ali Bahazab [Hyderabad,
India],
Indonesia
- Abdurrahman Baswedan, Journalist
- Abdurrahman Shihab, Academic and Politician
- Najwa Shihab, Journalist and tv presenter
- Abu Bakar Bashir, founder of Jamaah Islamiyah
- Ali Alatas, former Foreign Minister
- Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Saqqaf, novelist and poet
- Alwi Shihab, former Foreign Minister, special envoy to Middle East and OIC[11]
- Anies Baswedan, scholar, former Education Minister, Governor of Jakarta (2017-)
- Nadiem Anwar Makarim, Minister of Education and Culture
- Fadel Muhammad al-Haddar, former Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
- Fuad Hassan, Minister of Education and Culture
- Hamid Algadri, a figure in Indonesian National Revolution and member of parliament
- Sultan Hamid II, Pontianak Sultanate
- Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier, religious leader
- Habib Ali al-Habshi of Kwitang, religious leader
- Habib Munzir Al-Musawa, Islamic cleric
- Habib Rizieq Shihab, founder of FPI
- Habib Usman bin Yahya, Mufti of Batavia
- Jafar Umar Thalib, founder of Laskar Jihad
- Sultan Badaruddin II, Sultan of Palembang
- Munir Said Thalib Al-Kathiri, human rights activist
- Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Islamic scholar
- Quraish Shihab, Islamic scholar
- Raden Saleh, Artist/painter
- Said Naum, a philanthropist
- Sayyid Abdullah Al-Aidarus, religious leader
- Andi Soraya, Actress
- Ahmad Albar, Musician
East Timor
- Mari Alkatiri, former Prime Minister
Malaysia
- Habib Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad, Mufti of Johor Bahru
- Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, philosopher
- Syed Hussein Alatas, politician and sociologist
- Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, writer
- Syed Hamid Albar, politician
- Syed Jaafar Albar, politician
- Syed Sheh Hassan Barakbah, judge
- Syarif Masahor, warrior
- Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary businessman
- Syed Nasir Ismail, politician
- Tun Habib Abdul Majid, Grand Vizier
- Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Governor of Central Bank
- House of Jamalullail (Perak)
- House of Jamalullail (Perlis)
Singapore
The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of Stamford Raffles to trade in his newly established colony of Singapore.[12]
- Alsagoff family
- Syed Abdul Rahman Alsagoff, merchant
- Syed Mohamed Alsagoff, military leader
- Syed Sharif Omar bin Ali Al Junied, merchant and namesake of Aljunied Road[13]
South Asia
- General El Edroos
- Shaik Salman Bin Abdul Jabbar Bawazeer, A.C Guards, Hyderabad, India
- Sulaiman Areeb, Hyderabad, India, poet
- Awaz Sayeed, Hyderabad, India, Urdu writer and poet
- Abdullah Bin Ahmed Balala
Hyderabad, India
- Ahmed Abdullah Masdoosi, Pakistan
- Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Islamic scholar
- Shah Jalal, Bangladesh, Sufi saint
- Shah Paran, Bangladesh, Sufi saint
- Subhani ba Yunus, Pakistan, actor
Qatar
- Bawazir family [14][15][16]
- Bayazid family
- Bin Hilabi family
- Bahantoush Al-Kindi family
- Abu Futtaim family [17][15][16]
- Belgaith family [18][15][16]
- Bakhamees family [19][15][16]
- Al Attas family [20][15][16]
- Al Kathiri family [21][15][16]
- Baharoon family [22][15][16]
- Bin Shahbal family [23][15][16]
- Al Jeenadi/Junaidi [24][15][16]
- Al Amoodi [25][15][16]
Saudi Arabia
- Bin Laden family
- Mohammed Al Amoudi, businessman
- Bin Gursain family
- Khalid bin Mahfouz
See also
References
- ↑ Ho, Engseng (2006). The graves of Tarim: Genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244535. OCLC 123768411.
- ↑ Seznec, Jean-François (1987). The financial markets of the Arabian Gulf. Croom Helm. ISBN 9780709954040. OCLC 18558231.
- ↑ Cassanelli, Lee V. (1973). The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 24.
- ↑ Gavin, R. J. (1975). Aden under British rule, 1839–1967. London, UK: Hurst. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-903983-14-3.
- ↑ Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1993). Somalia: A country study (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Division. pp. 10. ISBN 9780844407753. LCCN 93016246. OCLC 27642849.
- ↑ Le Guennec, Francoise (1997). "Changing Patterns of Hadrahmi Migration and Social Integration in East Africa". In Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s. BRILL. p. 165. ISBN 978-9004107717.
- ↑ Katz, Joseph. "The Jewish Kingdoms of Arabia". www.eretzyisroel.org. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ "WWW Virtual Library: From where did the Moors come?". www.lankalibrary.com. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 Khalidi, Omar (1996). "The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad". In Kulkarni; Naeem; De Souza (eds.). Mediaeval Deccan History. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-8-1715-4579-7.
- 1 2 3 4 Wink, André (1991). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. Brill. p. 68. ISBN 978-9-0040-9249-5.
- ↑ "IDBG President Receives Indonesia's Special Envoy". Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ↑ Tan, Joanna (20 July 2018). "Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley". Arab News. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ↑ "Arab trader's role in Singapore landmark". The Straits Times. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation?", The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia, Brill, 15 February 2009, ISBN 978-90-474-2578-6, retrieved 14 December 2023
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Converging cultures: The Hadrami diaspora in the Indian Ocean - COMPAS". COMPAS - Migration research at the University of Oxford. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
- ↑ chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
Further reading
- Abaza, Mona (2009). "M. Asad Shahab: A Portrait of an Indonesian Hadrami Who Bridged the Two Worlds". In Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée. NUS Press. pp. 250–274. ISBN 9789971694241. OCLC 260294282.
- Abushouk, Ahmed Ibrahim; Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed, eds. (2009). The Hadhrami diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity maintenance or assimilation?. Brill. ISBN 9789004172319. ISSN 1385-3376. OCLC 568619869.
- AHMED BIN SALAM BAHIYAL who came from hadramaut to MAHABUBNAGAR (HYDERABAD) INDIA, 1821
- Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). "Chapter 9: The Importation of Arabs and Africans into Hyderabad". The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. pp. 193–202. ISBN 9788125004851.
- Aljunied, Syed Muhd Khairudin (2007). "The Role of Hadramis in Post-Second World War Singapore – A Reinterpretation". Immigrants & Minorities. 25 (2): 163–183. doi:10.1080/02619280802018165. ISSN 0261-9288. S2CID 144316388.
- Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2008). "The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic". International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 9 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1080/13670050608668631. ISSN 1367-0050. S2CID 145299220.
- Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2012). "Arabic Literature in Diaspora: An Example from South Asia". In Raj, Rizio Yohannan (ed.). Quest of a Discipline: New Academic Directions for Comparative Literature. India: Foundation Books. pp. 191–212. doi:10.1017/cbo9788175969346.018. ISBN 9788175969339.
- Bang, Anne K. (2003). Sufis and scholars of the sea: Family networks in East Africa, 1860-1925. Routledge. ISBN 9780415317634. OCLC 51879622.
- Boxberger, Linda (2002). On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791452172. ISSN 2472-954X. OCLC 53226033.
- Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183. doi:10.2307/1596090. JSTOR 1596090.
- Freitag, Ulrike (2009). "From Golden Youth in Arabia to Business Leaders in Singapore: Instructions of a Hadrami Patriarch". In Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, movement, and the Longue Durée. NUS Press. pp. 235–249. ISBN 9789971694241. OCLC 260294282.
- Jacobsen, Frode F. (2008). Hadrami Arabs in present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature. Routledge. ISBN 9780203884614. OCLC 310362117.
- Khalidi, Omar (1996). "The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad: Mystics, Mercenaries and Money-lenders". In Kulakarṇī, A. Rā; Nayeem, M. A.; Souza, Teotonio R. De (eds.). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788171545797.
- Manger, Leif; Assal, Munzoul A. M., eds. (2006). "A Hadrami Diaspora in the Sudan". Diasporas within and without Africa: Dynamism, heterogeneity, variation. Stylus Pub Llc, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 61. ISBN 9789171065636. OCLC 74650767.
- Manger, Leif (2007). "Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers". Asian Journal of Social Science. 35 (4): 405–433. doi:10.1163/156853107x240279. ISSN 1568-5314.
- Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845459789. OCLC 732958389.
- Miran, Jonathan (2012). "Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s". Northeast African Studies. 12 (1): 129–167. doi:10.1353/nas.2012.0035. ISSN 1535-6574. S2CID 143621961.
- Mobini-Kesheh, Natalie (1999). The Hadrami awakening: Community and identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942. SEAP Publications. ISBN 9780877277279. OCLC 43269837.
- Romero, Patricia W. (1997). Lamu: History, society, and family in an East African port city. Markus Wiener. pp. 93–108, 167–184. ISBN 9781558761070. OCLC 35919259.
- Talib, Ameen Ali (1997). "Hadramis in Singapore". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 17 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1080/13602009708716360. ISSN 1360-2004.
- Walker, Iain (2008). "Hadramis, Shimalis and Muwalladin: Negotiating Cosmopolitan Identities between the Swahili Coast and Southern Yemen". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1080/17531050701846724. ISSN 1753-1055. S2CID 143463975.
- Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 204. ISBN 9783865372062.
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