| Haplogroup C-B477 | |
|---|---|
| Possible place of origin | Sahul Shelf |
| Ancestor | （Grandparent）C1 |
| Descendants | C1b2a-M38 C1b2b-M347 |
| Defining mutations | B477 |
| Highest frequencies | Papuan people, Indigenous Australians, Melanesian people, Polynesian people |
Haplogroup C-B477, also known as Haplogroup C1b2, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup C1b, one of the descendants of Haplogroup C1.
It is distributed in high frequency in Indigenous Australians, Papuan people, Melanesian people, and Polynesian people.
Subgroups
- C1b2（C-B477）
- C1b2a（C-M38）Papuan people and other Oceanians
- C1b2b（C-M347）Indigenous Australians[1]
Frequency
C-M38
- Lani 100%,[2]
- Dani 92%,[2]
- Cook Islands 78%[3]-82%,[2]
- Samoa 62%[3]-72%,[4]
- Tahiti 64%,[4]
- Sumba 57%,[4]
- Maori 43%,[5]
- Tonga 34%,[3][4]
- Futuna 30%,[3]
- Maewo 23%,[4]
- Maluku Islands 15%[2]-28%,[4]
- Fiji 22%,[3]
- Asmat people 20%,[2]
- Coastal New Guinea 14%[4]-23%,[2]
- Flores 17%,[4]
- Tuvalu 17%,[3]
- Tolai 12.5%[2]-21%,[3]
- Lesser Sunda Islands 16%,[2]
- Admiralty Islands 16%,[3]
- West Sulawesi 12.5%[4]
C-M347
- Indigenous Australians 60.2%[6]-68.7%[7]
Migration history
_migration.png.webp)
Migration of Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup C-B477 took South route after the Out of Africa through Indian subcontinent to Sahul Shelf.[8] C-M38 was born 49,600 years before present around New Guinea.[9]
References
- ↑ Hudjashov, G; Kivisild, T; Underhill, PA; et al. (May 2007). ""(May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kayser, M; Brauer, S; Weiss, G; et al. (February 2003). ""(February 2003). "Reduced Y-chromosome, but not mitochondrial DNA, diversity in human populations from West New Guinea". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kayser, M; Choi, Y; van Oven, M; et al. (July 2008). ""(July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cox, MP; Redd, AJ; Karafet, TM; et al. (October 2007). "A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania". Hum. Biol. 79 (5): 525–35. doi:10.1353/hub.2008.0004. hdl:1808/13585. PMID 18478968. S2CID 4834817.
- ↑ Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, et al. (April 2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Hum. Mutat. 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824. S2CID 7199607.
- ↑ Hudjashov, G.; Kivisild, T.; Underhill, P. A.; Endicott, P.; Sanchez, J. J.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Oefner, P.; Renfrew, C.; Villems, R.; Forster, P. (2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (21): 8726–30. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8726H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
- ↑ Kayser, M; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
- ↑ 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年）(in Japanese)
- ↑ Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
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