Haplogroup E-M75
Possible time of origin52,300 years BP[1]
Coalescence age37,400 years BP[1]
Possible place of originAfrica
AncestorE-M96
DescendantsE-M41, E-M54
Defining mutationsM75, P68

Haplogroup E-M75 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with haplogroup E-P147, it is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96.

Ancient DNA

Within Africa

Kenya

At Prettejohn's Gully, in Nakuru County, Kenya, there were two pastoralists of the early pastoral period; one carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and K1a, and another carried haplogroup L3f1b.[2][3]

At Ilkek Mounds, in Nakuru County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L0f2a.[2][3]

At Kisima Farm/C4, in Laikipia County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age, carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L3h1a1.[2][3]

Outside of Africa

United States of America

At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE.[4] Coosaw, who was of West African and Native American ancestry, carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2.[4]

Distribution

Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.

Population Region Size E-M75+ M41+ M54+ E-M75+M41-M54-
Alur[5] East Africa966.67%66.67%0.00%0.00%
Hema[5]East Africa1838.89%38.89%0.00%0.00%
Xhosa[5]South Africa8027.50%0.00%27.50%0.00%
Rimaibe[6]Western Africa3727.03%?27.03%?
Mbuti Pygmies[6]Central Africa1225.00%?25.00%?
Daba[6]Central Western Africa1822.22%?22.22%?
Eviya[7]Central Western Africa2420.83%???
Zulu[5]South Africa2920.69%0.00%20.69%0.00%
Bantu (Kenya)[8]East Africa2917.24%3.45%13.79%0.00%
Ethiopia[9]East Africa8817.05%17.05%0.00%0.00%
Ganda[5]East Africa2615.38%7.69%3.85%3.85%
S.Africa[9]South Africa5315.09%0.00%15.09%0.00%
Comorian Shirazi[10]East Africa-14.00%0.00%14.00%0.00%
Akele[7]Central Western Africa5012.00%???
Eshira[7]Central Western Africa4211.90%???
Dama[5]South Africa1811.11%0.00%5.56%5.56%
Mixed Nilo-Saharan[6]Central Western Africa911.11%?11.11%?
Obamba[7]Central Western Africa4710.64%???
Orungu[7]Central Western Africa219.52%???
Shake[7]Central Western Africa439.30%???
Senegalese[11]West Africa339.09%???
Hutu[8]East Africa698.70%4.35%4.35%0.00%
Duma[7]Central Western Africa468.70%???
Malagasy[12]Madagascar358.57%0.00%8.57%0.00%
Teke[7]Central Western Africa488.33%???
C.Africa[9]Central Africa378.11%0.00%8.11%0.00%
Mandara[5]Central Africa287.14%0.00%7.14%0.00%
Ngoumba[5]Central Africa316.45%0.00%6.45%0.00%
!Kung[6]South Africa646.25%?6.25%?
Ndumu[7]Central Western Africa365.56%???
African Americans[11]North America1995.53%???
Fon[8]West Africa1005.00%0.00%5.00%0.00%
Sudan[9]East Africa405.00%5.00%0.00%0.00%
Tsogo[7]Central Western Africa605.00%???
Ambo[5]South Africa224.55%0.00%4.55%0.00%
Mbuti Pygmies[5]East Africa474.26%0.00%4.26%0.00%
Tutsi[8]East Africa944.26%0.00%4.26%0.00%
Galoa[7]Central Western Africa474.26%???
Ngumba[7]Central Western Africa244.17%???
Mossi[6]Western Africa494.08%?4.08%?
Khwe[6]South Africa263.85%?3.85%?
Sotho-Tswana[5]South Africa283.57%0.00%3.57%0.00%
Nzebi[7]Central Western Africa573.51%???
Punu[7]Central Western Africa583.45%???
Bakola Pygmies[5]Central Africa333.03%0.00%3.03%0.00%
Wolof[5]West Africa342.94%0.00%2.94%0.00%
Senegalese[13]West Africa1392.88%???
Mandinka[5]West Africa392.56%0.00%0.00%2.56%
Kikuyu & Kamba[5]East Africa422.38%0.00%2.38%0.00%
Wairak[8]East Africa432.33%2.33%0.00%0.00%
Makina[7]Central Western Africa432.33%???
Benga[7]Central Western Africa482.08%???
Shona[5]South Africa492.04%0.00%0.00%2.04%
Kota[7]Central Western Africa531.89%???
Dogon[5]West Africa551.82%0.00%1.82%0.00%
Arabs (Oman)[8]Near East/Asia1211.65%0.00%1.65%0.00%
Ethiopian (Oromo)[13]East Africa781.28%???

Subclades

E-M75*

Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal,[5] and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona from Zimbabwe.[5]

E-M41

Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the Great Lakes and Upper Nile regions of Central-East Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur from the DRC,[5] 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema from the DRC,[5] 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia,[9] 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan,[9] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[8] 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[8] and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania.[8] E-M41 has also been identified in noticeable amounts among commercial DNA testers from the Arabian Peninsula and among a few Ashkenazi Jewish males,[14] and also in a male from Lebanon.[15]

E-M54

Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa,[5] 27% (10/37) of a sample of Rimaibe from Burkina Faso,[6] 22% (4/18) of a sample of Daba from northern Cameroon,[6] 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa,[5] 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,[9] 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[8] 14% of a sample of Comorian Shirazi,[10] 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon,[6] 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy from Madagascar,[12] 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa,[9] 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon,[5] 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba from southern Cameroon,[5] 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa,[6] 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[5] 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon from Benin,[8] 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia,[5] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[8] 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda,[8] 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the DRC,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa,[6] 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa,[5] 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon,[5] 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal,[5] 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar,[16] 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya,[5] 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali,[5] and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.[8]

It has been suggested that haplogroup E-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.[6][7]

E-M98*

E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.[6]

E-M200

E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[6] According to Figure 4 of Cruciani (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E-M85(xM200) Khoisan (!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.[6]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[17] and subsequent published research.

  • E-M75 (M75, P68)
    • E-M41 (M41/P210)
    • E-M98 (M98)
      • E-M54 (M54, M90)
        • E-M85 (M85)
          • E-M200 (M200)
            • E-P45 (P45)
            • E-P258 (P258)

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Haplogroup E-M75.

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

  1. 1 2 "E-M75 YTree".
  2. 1 2 3 Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (July 2019). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
  3. 1 2 3 Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (5 July 2019). "Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448): eaaw6275. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
  4. 1 2 Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (2023). "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina". Anthropology. 120 (3): e2201620120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201620120. PMC 9934026. PMID 36623185. S2CID 255568252.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Wood et al. (2005)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Cruciani et al. (2002)
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Berniell-Lee et al. (2009)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Luis et al. (2004)
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Underhill et al. (2000)
  10. 1 2 Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  11. 1 2 Stefflova et al. (2009)
  12. 1 2 Hurles Matthew E.; Sykes Bryan C.; Jobling Mark A.; Forster Peter (May 2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (894–901): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703
  13. 1 2 Semino et al. (2004)
  14. ↑ Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75
  15. ↑ Platt, D.E., Artinian, H., Mouzaya, F. et al. Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 581–592 (2021). 10.1038/s41431-020-00765-x
  16. ↑ Cadenas et al. (2007)
  17. ↑ Karafet et al. (2008)

Bibliography

  1. Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Bosch, Elena; Heyer, Evelyne; Sica, Lucas; Mouguiama-Daouda, Patrick; van Der Veen, Lolke; Hombert, Jean-Marie; et al. (2009), "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26 (7): 1581–9, doi:10.1093/molbev/msp069, PMID 19369595
  2. Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", European Journal of Human Genetics, 16 (3): 374–86, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934, PMID 17928816
  3. Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan; et al. (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 70 (5): 1197–214, doi:10.1086/340257, PMC 447595, PMID 11910562
  4. Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (5): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703
  5. Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC 2336805, PMID 18385274
  6. Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 74 (3): 532–44, doi:10.1086/382286, PMC 1182266, PMID 14973781
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