Newfoundland Railway
Newfoundland Railway map
Overview
HeadquartersSt. John's, Newfoundland
Reporting markNFLD
LocaleNewfoundland
Dates of operation1898–1949 (merged into CN), abandoned 1988
Technical
Track gauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)

The Newfoundland Railway was a narrow-gauge railway that operated on the island of Newfoundland from 1898 to 1988. With a total track length of 906 miles (1,458 km), it was the longest 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge system in North America.[1]

History

Early construction

In 1880, a committee of the Newfoundland Legislature recommended that a narrow-gauge railway be built from the colonial capital in St. John's to Halls Bay, 547 km (340 mi) to the west. Construction was started on the Avalon Peninsula in August 1881 by the Blackman Syndicate. By 1884, the Newfoundland Railway Company had built 92 km (57 mi) west to Whitbourne before going into receivership.

The bondholders of the bankrupt Newfoundland Railway Company continued to build a 43 km (27 mi) branch line from Brigus Junction to Harbour Grace (the Harbour Grace Railway), which was completed by November that year.[2]

The colonial government undertook to build a branch from the junction at Whitbourne to the port of Placentia between 1886 and 1888.

Robert G. Reid

Newfoundland Railway stamp

The colonial government sought new investors to continue the stalled project to Halls Bay and in June 1890, Scottish-born Montreal resident and railway engineer/contractor Robert Gillespie Reid agreed to build and operate the line. By 1892, Reid's workers were approaching the halfway point at the Exploits River when the government changed the terminus from Halls Bay approximately 400 km (250 mi) further west, first to St. George's and finally to Port aux Basques. The route itself was diverted inland up the Exploits valley and over the Gaff Topsails (some of the highest elevation terrain on the island) and away from the coast once on the north bank of the Exploits River. This extension to the system was initially operated as the Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway and for it, Reid was granted land totalling 5,000 acres per mile (13 km2/km).

The new line west to Port aux Basques was completed between 1894 and 1898. At the same time, Reid proposed a ferry service across the Cabot Strait from Port aux Basques to North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and contracted for a steamship to be built in Scotland. The Bruce arrived in the fall of 1897, before the line was completed to Port aux Basques, so her initial runs to Cape Breton Island were made from Little Placentia Sound. On June 29, 1898, the first passenger train arrived at Port aux Basques and the Bruce set sail with passengers for North Sydney.

Later that year, the colonial government persuaded Reid's company to take over operation of the bankrupt Newfoundland Railway Company and its sister Harbour Grace Railway, as well as the government-owned Placentia branch, in order to unify the system across the entire island (known as the Railway Contract of '98). The Reid company agreed to operate the lines for 50 years, in exchange for outright ownership and land grants. They also purchased the government drydock in St. John's and the telegraph system. The Reid company purchased eight new steamships to operate as coastal ferries around the island and into Labrador.

Controversy followed the awarding of so many assets to Reid, and in 1901 the contracts were modified to place everything under a limited liability corporation, named the Reid Newfoundland Company.

Reid's railway development in the colony began to attract attention to the potential of the island's natural resources. In 1903, the Reids partnered with a St. John's businessman, Harry J. Crowe, to purchase timber rights in Botwood, Norris Arm, Gambo, Gander Bay, and Point Leamington. In 1904, British investors named Harmsworth declared their intention to build a pulp and paper mill in Grand Falls and on January 7, 1905, the Anglo Newfoundland Development Company (AND) was formed, based on a partnership between the Harmsworths, Reid and the colonial government. Botwood was expanded through the construction of deepwater wharves and warehouses for shipping the finished pulp. To link the two, AND built the narrow gauge Botwood Railway (built to the same gauge as the Reid Newfoundland Company trackage) beginning in 1908 and completing it in 1909. It would later be renamed the Grand Falls Central Railway.

Reid died in 1908 but his company set the pace for development in Newfoundland's interior mining and forestry industries, although the entire operation continued to suffer losses. In 1909 and into the 1910s, the colonial government contracted for additional branch lines to be built. Some of the major works included:

Nationalization

Newfoundland Railway Station, St. John's

By the early 1920s, the Reid Newfoundland Company's losses were mounting and in 1923 the colonial government passed the Railway Settlement Act which cancelled the operating contract for the entire system, passing the railway into government control (a form of nationalization). Some of the lands that had belonged to the Reid Newfoundland Company were used by the government as part of a deal to develop a pulp and paper mill in Corner Brook.

The railway was initially called the Newfoundland Government Railway but was soon shortened to the Newfoundland Railway in 1926. It remained the property of the dominion government until Confederation on March 31, 1949, when it was transferred to the federal government's Canadian National Railway.

In 1925, the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) perfected a method for recovering individual metals in ore and entered into partnership with AND to develop a mine at Buchans, which was connected to the Newfoundland Railway by the Millertown Railway,[3][4] also a 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge.

Wartime

Although the railway saw an increase in traffic during the First World War, it was extensive military-related construction in the late 1930s and early 1940s which proved the worth of the Newfoundland Railway as a strategic asset. An air force base was developed adjacent to the main line in Gander, and major American military bases were constructed in Stephenville (Ernest Harmon AFB), Argentia (NS Argentia) and St. John's (Pepperrell AFB), in addition to Canadian and British defence facilities in St. John's. Given the lack of roads and all-weather highways in Newfoundland during the 1940s, and the U-boat threat in the waters off-shore, the Newfoundland Railway became a vital, yet very obscure, supply link in the defence of the Northeast Atlantic and the Allied convoy system.

When Winston Churchill met Franklin D. Roosevelt in Placentia Bay in 1941 to sign the Atlantic Charter, Churchill sent for Lord Beaverbrook, Minister of Aircraft Production. Beaverbrook flew into Gander and then travelled by rail to Placentia in the caboose of a freight train to save waiting for a passenger train.[5]

In 1943, a joint project between AT&T and the United States Army established strategic landline telephone service along the railroad right-of-way.[6]

The Second World War also saw the Newfoundland Railway experience its most tragic loss, when the ferry Caribou was torpedoed and sunk 40 km (25 miles) off Port aux Basques by the German submarine U-69 on October 14, 1942. 137 passengers died and 104 people survived the sinking. In honour of the lost passengers and crew, the Newfoundland Railway Employees Association had the entire workforce forego a day's wages as a donation to a public campaign to build a memorial near the Port aux Basques railway terminal.

Canadian National

Newfoundland became the 10th province of Canada on March 31, 1949, and the Newfoundland Railway's assets were transferred to the control of the federal Crown corporation Canadian National Railway (CNR, CN post-1960). CN became a major presence in Newfoundland's early years as a province, controlling the railway, dry dock services, many ferries and coastal boats, and the telegraph system.

The Newfoundland Railway's premiere cross-island passenger train, The Overland Limited was renamed the Caribou by CN, although it was known colloquially as The Newfie Bullet. CN maintained the Caribou until 1969.

CN made major capital improvements, upgrading the main line, bridges, and rolling stock, and replacing steam locomotives with diesel units. Additional improvements were made to the ferry service, with new vessels and an expanded terminal at Port aux Basques. An additional indirect service improvement to the Newfoundland railway operations was made in 1955, with the opening of the Canso Causeway, linking Cape Breton Island with mainland North America and removing the need to ferry railcars destined for Newfoundland across the Strait of Canso.

CN trains at St. John, 1968

CN's Newfoundland operations continued to see significant traffic increases with its improved ferry and rail connections, but faced increased truck and bus competition on completion of the Trans-Canada Highway across the island in 1965. New railcar-capable ferries were introduced; mainland standard-gauge railcars were ferried to Newfoundland, where their standard-gauge bogies were replaced with narrow-gauge bogies in Port aux Basques. This innovation was unsuccessful. The first casualty was the passenger rail service, which was abandoned in 1969 in favour of buses. CN began to essentially stop marketing its own Newfoundland rail operations through the 1970s and began to rely on trucks for hauling cargo.

In 1979, CN reorganized its narrow-gauge system into Terra Transport, as a means to separate the subsidy-dependent Newfoundland rail operations from its mainland North America core freight rail system. Rail cargo traffic continued to decline, and all branch lines on the island were closed in 1984. In 1987, Canada deregulated its railway industry, allowing abandonments to proceed with less red tape. The former CN subsidiary CN Marine was reorganized into Marine Atlantic in 1986 and one of the two railcar ferries was sold off, leaving the narrow-gauge system with limited interchange ability at Port aux Basques in its final two years. In December 1987 the provincial and federal governments signed a deal worth $800 million for highway improvements, removing the provincial government's opposition to the pending abandonment of the railway.

The railway was officially abandoned on October 1, 1988. Following abandonment, work trains continued to operate, assisting salvage crews to remove the rails from remote locations, particularly in the Gaff Topsails between the Exploits River and Deer Lake. The last train, prior to work trains removing rails, arrived from Port Aux Basques and departed Corner Brook eastbound on September 30 and arrived at Bishops Falls on the morning of October 1.

CN continued to operate its Roadcruiser Bus service and a CN Intermodal trucking operation in Newfoundland until 1996. With CN's privatization in late 1995, the company divested itself of all money-losing and most non-railroad interests, including CN Roadcruiser. Cross-island bus service was taken over by DRL Coachlines of Triton, Newfoundland on March 30, 1996. The CN Newfoundland trucking operation continued until fall 1996, and was then contracted to Clarke Transport.

Legacy

The former Newfoundland Railway station in St. John's now hosts the Railway Coastal Museum. Numerous towns across the island have preserved railway equipment on display.

Lewisporte Train Park, Newfoundland, Canada

With few exceptions, the roadbed now forms the T'Railway Provincial Park rail trail. Until 2005, the Trinity Loop Amusement Park operated a miniature train, one of the few remaining places on Newfoundland with tracks still in place. The park closed down and was abandoned in 2005 due to lack of interest. Since then, all of the buildings have been heavily vandalized and Hurricane Igor washed away part of the park, including a large section of the rail bed.[7] Local railway fans have been pushing government to retain the park as an historic site but officials have expressed little interest.

Some rolling stock was converted to a narrower gauge of 914 mm (3 ft) and sold to the White Pass & Yukon Route (WP&YR) railway, which reopened for service in 1988. Gravel cars used by WP&YR are still painted in CN orange; unconfirmed information indicates that some Newfoundland passenger cars were converted into passenger cars of vintage appearance for WP&YR.

The province of Newfoundland and Labrador still has railway transportation, operating on mainland Labrador. The Quebec, North Shore & Labrador Railway (QNSL) operates between Sept-Îles, Quebec, and the mining region of Labrador West. A former QNSL line, now owned and operated by Tshiuetin Rail Transportation, serves the former mining town of Schefferville, Quebec, passing through Labrador. QNSL also connects with Newfoundland and Labrador's other active railway, the Wabush Lake Railway.

Locomotives

Number[8] Builder Type Date Works number Notes
1 Jagger Vinnicombe 0-6-0T 1881 1884 former Harbour Grace Railway No. 1 – sold 1898 to Botwood Railway
2–6 Hunslet Engine Company 4-4-0T 1872 85–89 former Harbour Grace Railway No. 2–6 purchased from Prince Edward Island Railway in 1881 – scrapped 1889–1893
8–9 Baldwin Locomotive Works 2-4-2T 7/1893 13566–13567 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 8–9 – scrapped 1925 & 1934
10 Baldwin Locomotive Works 0-4-2T 3/1894 13968 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 10 – sold after 1900
20–22 Hawthorn Leslie and Company 2-6-0 1882 1885–1887 former Harbour Grace Railway No. 7–9 – scrapped
23 Hawthorn Leslie and Company 2-6-2 1888 2061 former Harbour Grace Railway No. 10 – scrapped
40 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-4-0 6/1893 13518 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 7 – scrapped
41 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-4-0 5/1891 11851 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 3 – scrapped
42 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-4-0 7/1891 12100 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 5 – scrapped
43 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-4-0 1889 10135 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 2 – sold 1918 to Botwood Railway
60 Baldwin Locomotive Works 2-6-0 5/1891 11859 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 4 – scrapped
61 Baldwin Locomotive Works 2-6-0 6/1893 13519 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 6 – scrapped
63 Baldwin Locomotive Works 2-6-0 3/1894 13976 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 11 – scrapped
100 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1898 16244 Renumbered No. 1 in 1925 and assigned as the Saint Johns shunter until scrapped 6/1939
101 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1898 16245 Scrapped
102 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 4/1897 15309 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 13 – scrapped
103 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1898 16271 Scrapped
104 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1898 16272 Scrapped
105 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 4/1897 15308 former Newfoundland Northern and Western Railway No. 12 – scrapped
106 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 2/1900 17511 Scrapped
107 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 6/1900 17832 Scrapped 1939
108 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 6/1900 17837 Scrapped
109–110 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 1/1908 32576–32577 Scrapped 1939
111–112 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 4-6-0 1911 1–2 Scrapped
113–114 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 4-6-0 1912 3–4 Renumbered CNR class F-3-a No. 15–16[9] – scrapped 12/1951
115–116 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 4-6-0 1913 5–6 Scrapped 1938
117 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 4-6-0 1914 7 Renumbered CNR class F-3-a No. 17[9] – scrapped 7/1953
118 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 4-6-0 1914 8 Scrapped 1938
119–120 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 4-6-0 1915 9–10 Scrapped
121 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1917 46636 Scrapped 1938
122 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1917 46637 Renumbered CNR class F-3-a No. 18[9] – scrapped 7/1953
123 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1917 46638 Scrapped 1939
124 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 10/1917 46691 Scrapped
125 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-0 2/1900 17510 Scrapped 1939
150 Baldwin Locomotive Works 2-8-0 2/1903 21597 Scrapped 1934
151 Baldwin Locomotive Works 2-8-0 2/1903 21598 Scrapped
152 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 2-8-0 1916 11 Renumbered CNR class L-5-a No. 280[9] – scrapped 4/1955
153 Reid-Newfoundland Company Shops 2-8-0 1916 12 Scrapped
190–195 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-2 1920 54398–54401 & 54466–54467 Renumbered CNR class J-8-a No. 590–595[9] – No. 593 preserved and remainder scrapped 1957–1958
196 Baldwin Locomotive Works 4-6-2 1926 59531 Renumbered CNR class J-8-b No. 596[9] – scrapped 3/1957
197 Montreal Locomotive Works 4-6-2 1926 67129 Renumbered CNR class J-8-b No. 597[9] – scrapped 4/1957
198–199 American Locomotive Company 4-6-2 1929 67941–67942 Renumbered CNR class J-8-c No. 598–599[9] – sold 3/1957 to Botwood Railway
1000–1001 American Locomotive Company 2-8-2 1930 68400–68401 Renumbered CNR class R-2-a No. 300–301[9] – scrapped 1957
1002–1003 North British Locomotive Company 2-8-2 1935 24297–24298 Renumbered CNR class R-2-b No. 302–303[9] – scrapped 1957
1004 North British Locomotive Company 2-8-2 1937 24436 Renumbered CNR class R-2-b No. 304[9] – scrapped 3/1957
1005–1006 North British Locomotive Company 2-8-2 1938 24521–24522 Renumbered CNR class R-2-b No. 305–306[9] – scrapped 1957
1007 Montreal Locomotive Works 2-8-2 1941 24667 Renumbered CNR class R-2-c No. 308[9] Only this unit and 1008 did not keep their same last digits when renumbered by CN into the 300 series. Possibly done to keep MLW/ALCo units in one class and North British built units in another class – scrapped 5/1957
1008 North British Locomotive Company 2-8-2 1941 69444 Renumbered CNR class R-2-b No. 307[9] Only this unit and 1007 did not keep their same last digits when renumbered by CN into the 300 series. Possibly done to keep MLW/ALCo units in one class and North British built units in another class – sold 4/1957 to Botwood Railway
1009–1013 American Locomotive Company 2-8-2 1941 69736 Renumbered CNR class R-2-c No. 309–313[9] – scrapped 1957
1014–1015 Montreal Locomotive Works 2-8-2 1941 69695–69696 Renumbered CNR class R-2-c No. 314–315[9] – scrapped 1957
1016–1019 American Locomotive Company 2-8-2 1944 71963–71966 Renumbered CNR class R-2-c No. 316–319[9] – scrapped 1957
1020–1023 Montreal Locomotive Works 2-8-2 1947 75635–75638 Renumbered CNR class R-2-d No. 320–323[9] – scrapped 1957
1024 Montreal Locomotive Works 2-8-2 1949 76333 Renumbered CNR class R-2-d No. 324[9] – scrapped 8/1957
1025–1029 Montreal Locomotive Works 2-8-2 1949 76424–76428 Renumbered CNR class R-2-d No. 325–329[9] – No. 327 sold to Botwood Railway and remainder scrapped in 1957
5000–5002 General Electric B+B 1948 29722–29724 Narrow gauge version of GE 44-ton switcher. Renumbered CNR class ES-4-a No. 775–777[9] – sold 1968 to Northern Railway of Costa Rica
800–805 General Motors Diesel A1A-A1A 1956 A923–A928 GMD G8. CNR class GR-9-b
900–902 General Motors Diesel C-C 1952 A303–305 GMD NF110. CNR class Y-4-a then GR-12-a
903–908 General Motors Diesel C-C 1953 A435–A440 GMD NF110. CNR class Y-4-b then GR-12-b
909–934 General Motors Diesel C-C 1956 A897–A922 GMD NF210. CNR class GR-12-g
Nos. 912 & 920 wrecked 9/1966, Nos. 910, 911, 915, 916, 918, 921, 926, 928 & 929 sold to FCAB, Chile, No. 933 sold to Sociedad Química y Minera, Chile
935–937 General Motors Diesel C-C 1958 A1450–A1452 GMD NF210. CNR class GR-12-p
No. 936 sold 1988 to FCAB, Chile, No. 937 sold to SQM, 1989 passed to FCAB
938–946 General Motors Diesel C-C 1960 A1834–A1842 GMD NF210. CNR class GR-12-x
all sold to FCP and passed 1994 to FCAB, Chile

In addition, the Steam Rail Coaches A, B, C, D and E were built between 1923 and 1925 by Sentinel-Cammell for the Newfoundland Railway for service between Humbermouth and Curling West, St. John's and Topsail, and also on branch lines. Although successful in Britain, the type proved inadequate in the rugged winter weather of Newfoundland. Also, the necessity for a crew of three (engineer, fireman and conductor) meant that cost savings were not as great as expected. All were scrapped in 1938-39 after the closure of the Bay de Verde, Heart's Content and Trepassy branches.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cuff, Robert (2001). "Railway". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
  2. ↑ Cuff, Robert (2001). "The Branch Lines". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Memorial University of Newfoundland.
  3. ↑ "Photo Library: Woods Department. Millertown. Harpoon Railway. September 1956". Grand Falls-Windsor Heritage Society. October 28, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Millertown Railway". Trainweb: Old Time Trains. 2005.
  5. ↑ Clayton, F.H. (April 1964). "The Newfoundland Railway". Railway Magazine. Vol. 110, no. 756. pp. 374–379.
  6. ↑ AT&T Archives: Newfoundland Long Lines, a WWII film made by the U.S. Army and AT&T, from 1943, archived from the original on December 22, 2021, retrieved March 26, 2021
  7. ↑ Zippo S (September 11, 2011). "Trinity Loop in 2011". Flickr. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  8. ↑ Lavallee, Omer (1972). Narrow Gauge Railways of Canada. Montreal: Railfare. p. 104.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Clegg, Anthony; Corley, Ray (1969). Canadian National Steam Power. Montreal: Trains & Trolleys. p. 67.

Further reading

47°33′15.85″N 52°42′47.94″W / 47.5544028°N 52.7133167°W / 47.5544028; -52.7133167

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