The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the current record-holder for a crewed airbreathing jet aircraft.

An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI),[1] which also ratifies any claims. Speed records are divided into multiple classes with sub-divisions. There are three classes of aircraft: landplanes, seaplanes, and amphibians; then within these classes, there are records for aircraft in a number of weight categories. There are still further subdivisions for piston-engined, turbojet, turboprop, and rocket-engined aircraft. Within each of these groups, records are defined for speed over a straight course and for closed circuits of various sizes carrying various payloads.

Timeline

Flight speed records over time, taken from the table below.

Gray text indicates unofficial records, including unconfirmed or unpublicized war secrets.

Date Pilot Airspeed Location Notes
mph km/h Aircraft
17 December 1903United States Wilbur Wright6.8210.98Wright FlyerKitty Hawk, North Carolina, USThis figure is groundspeed, not airspeed. The Wrights' first flight covered just over 120 ft (37 m) and about 12 seconds into a gusty wind. The Wrights estimated airspeed at 31 mph (50 km/h).
5 October 190437.8560.23Wright Flyer IIIHuffman Prairie, Ohio, US
12 November 1906Brazil Alberto Santos-Dumont25.6541.292Santos-Dumont 14-bisBagatelle Castle, Paris, FranceFirst officially recognized airspeed record.[2][3]: 7 
26 October 1907France Henry Farman32.7352.700Voisin-Farman IIssy-les-Moulineaux, France[2][3]: 9 
25 May 1909France Paul Tissandier34.0454.810Wright Model APau, France[2][3]: 11 
23 August 1909United States Glenn Curtiss44.36769.821Curtiss No. 2Reims, France1909 Gordon Bennett Cup.[2][4]: 37–38 
24 August 1909France Louis Blériot46.16074.318Blériot XI[2][3]: 13 
28 August 190947.82376.995[2][3]: 13 
23 April 1910France Hubert Latham48.18677.579Antoinette VIINice, France[2][3]: 18 
10 July 1910France Léon Morane66.154106.508BlériotReims, France[2][3]: 13 
29 October 1910France Alfred Leblanc68.171109.756Blériot XINew York, New York, US[2][3]: 13 
12 April 191169.420111.801BlériotPau, France[2][3]: 14 
11 May 1911France Édouard Nieuport73.385119.760Nieuport IINChâlons, France[2][3]: 25 
12 June 1911France Alfred Leblanc77.640125.000Blériot[2]
16 June 1911France Édouard Nieuport80.781130.057Nieuport IINChâlons, France[2][3]: 25 
21 June 191182.693133.136[2][3]: 25 
13 January 1912France Jules Védrines87.68145.161Deperdussin MonocoquePau, France[2][3]: 27 
22 February 1912100.18161.290[2][3]: 27 
29 February 1912100.90162.454[2][3]: 27 
1 March 1912103.62166.821[2][3]: 27 
2 March 1912104.29167.910[2][3]: 27 
13 July 1912106.07170.777Reims, France[2][3]: 27 
9 September 1912108.14174.100Chicago, Illinois, US[2][3]: 27 
17 June 1913France Maurice Prévost111.69179.820Reims, France[2][3]: 31 
27 September 1913119.19191.897[2][3]: 31 
29 September 1913126.61203.850[2][3]: 31 
1914United Kingdom Norman Spratt134.5216.5Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.4Unofficial
August 1918United States Roland Rohlfs163262.3Curtiss WaspNot officially recognised.[4]: 140 
1919France Joseph Sadi-Lecointe191.1307.5Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VNot officially recognised.
7 February 1920France Joseph Sadi-Lecointe171.0275.264Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VVillacoublay, France.[5] First official record post World War 1.[2][3]: 33 
28 February 1920France Jean Casale176.1283.464SPAD S.20bis[2][3]: 37 [6]
9 October 1920France Bernard de Romanet181.8292.682Buc, France[2][3]: 37 [7]
10 October 1920France Joseph Sadi-Lecointe184.3296.694Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V[2][3]: 33 
20 October 1920187.9302.529Villacoublay, France[2][3]: 33 
4 November 1920France Bernard de Romanet191.9309.012SPAD S.XXBuc, France[2][8]
12 December 1920France Joseph Sadi-Lecointe194.4313.043Nieuport-Delage NiD 29VVillacoublay, France[2][3]: 33 
26 September 1921205.2330.275Nieuport-Delage SesquiplanVille Sauvage, France[3]: 39 [9]
13 October 1922United States Billy Mitchell222.88358.836Curtiss RDetroit, Michigan, US[2][10]
18 October 1922224.28360.93Curtiss R-6Selfridge Field, Detroit, Michigan, US[3]: 41 [4]: 232–3 [11]
15 February 1923France Joseph Sadi-Lecointe232.91375.00Nieuport-Delage NiD 42SIstres, France[10]
29 March 1923United States 1st Lt. Russell L. Maughan236.587380.74Curtiss R-6Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, US[3]: 41 [4]: 233 [12]
2 November 1923United States Lt. Harold J. Brow259.16417.07Curtiss R2C-1Mineola, New York, US[3]: 43 [4]: 235 
4 November 1923United States Lt. Alford J. Williams266.59429.02[3]: 43 [4]: 235 [13]
11 November 1924France Florentin Bonnet278.37448.171Bernard-Ferbois V.2[2]
4 November 1927Kingdom of Italy Mario de Bernardi297.70479.290Macchi M.52 seaplaneVenice, ItalyDatabase ID 11828[1][2]
30 March 1928318.620512.776Macchi M.52bis seaplaneDatabase ID 11827[1][14]
August 1929Kingdom of Italy Giuseppe Motta362.0582.6Macchi M.67 seaplaneUnofficial
10 September 1929United Kingdom George H. Stainforth336.3541.4Gloster VI seaplaneCalshot, UKDatabase ID 11829[1][15]
12 September 1929United Kingdom Augustus Orlebar357.7575.5Supermarine S.6 seaplaneDatabase ID 11830[1][16]
13 September 1931United Kingdom George H. Stainforth407.5655.8Lee-on-the-Solent, UKDatabase ID 11831[1][17]
10 April 1933Kingdom of Italy Francesco Agello423.6682.078Macchi M.C.72 seaplaneDesenzano del Garda, ItalyDatabase ID 11836[1][2]
23 October 1934440.5709.209Database ID 4497, current piston-engined seaplane speed record.[1][2]
13 September 1935United States Howard Hughes354.4567.12Hughes H-1 RacerSanta Ana, California, USFAI Database ID 8748[18]
11 November 1937Nazi Germany Dr. Hermann Wurster379.63610.95Messerschmitt Bf 109 V.13Augsburg, GermanyFAI Database ID 8747[19]
30 March 1939Nazi Germany Hans Dieterle466.6746.60Heinkel He 100 V8Oranienburg, GermanyFAI Database ID 8744[20]
26 April 1939Nazi Germany Fritz Wendel469.220755.138Messerschmitt Me 209 V1Augsburg, GermanyPiston-engined record until 1969[21]
2 October 1941Nazi Germany Heini Dittmar623.651,003.67Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4"Peenemünde-West, GermanyRocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record but over the 3 km (1.9 mi) FAI distance[22]: 122 [23][24]
1944Nazi Germany Heinz Herlitzius6241,004Messerschmitt Me 262 S2Leipheim, GermanyWorld War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Steep dive.[22]: 122 
6 July 1944Nazi Germany Heini Dittmar7021,130Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18"Lagerlechfeld, GermanyRocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Dive, details unknown.[22]: 122 
7 November 1945United Kingdom H. J. Wilson606.4975.9Gloster Meteor F Mk.4Herne Bay, UKEE454 Britannia, first official record post World War II.[3]: 107 [25]
7 September 1946United Kingdom Edward Mortlock Donaldson615.78990.79Gloster Meteor F Mk.4Littlehampton, UK[25] EE530, a long-span Mk 4.[3]: 107 
19 June 1947United States Col. Albert Boyd623.741,003.60Lockheed P-80R Shooting StarMuroc (Edwards AFB), California, US[26]
20 August 1947United States Cmdr. Turner Caldwell640.6631,031.049Douglas D-558-1 SkystreakFirst record flight to exceed secret October 1941 Me 163A V4 figure[27]
25 August 1947United States Major Marion Eugene Carl USMC650.7961,047.356[27]
14 October 1947United States Chuck Yeager670.01,078Bell X-1 (flight #50)Muroc, California, USRocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record
6 November 1947United States Chuck Yeager891.01,434Bell X-1 (flight #58)Muroc, California, USRocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record, first to exceed secret July 1944 Me 163B V18 record
15 September 1948United States Maj. Richard L. Johnson, USF670.841,079.6North American F-86A-3 SabreCleveland, Ohio, US[2][28]
18 November 1952United States J. Slade Nash698.5051,124.13North American F-86D SabreSalton Sea, California, US[29]
16 July 1953United States William Barnes715.7451,151.88North American F-86D SabreSalton Sea, California, US[30]
7 September 1953United Kingdom Neville Duke727.61,171Hawker Hunter Mk.3Littlehampton, UK[31]
26 September 1953United Kingdom Mike Lithgow735.71,184Supermarine Swift F4Castel Idris, Tripoli, Libya[32]
3 October 1953United States James B. Verdin, US Navy752.91,211.5Douglas F4D SkyraySalton Sea, California, US[33]
29 October 1953United States Frank K. Everest USAF755.11,215.3North American F-100 Super SabreSalton Sea, California, US
20 August 1955United States Horace A. Hanes822.11,323North American F-100C Super SabrePalmdale, California, US
10 March 1956United Kingdom Peter Twiss1,1321,822Fairey Delta 2Chichester, UK[34]
12 December 1957United States USAF1,207.61,943.5McDonnell F-101A VoodooMuroc, California, US[35]
16 May 1958United States Capt. Walt Wayne Irwin, USF1,404.0122,259.538Lockheed YF-104A Starfighter[3]: 147 [36]
5 October 1959France Maj. André Turcat1,441.62,320Nord 1500 GriffonFrance[37]
31 October 1959Soviet Union Col. Georgi Mosolov1,4842,388Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-6/3 or Ye-66USSR[38]
15 December 1959United States Maj. Joseph Rogers, USAF1,525.92,455.7Convair F-106 Delta DartMuroc, California, USThe record should have gone to civilian (former military) pilot Charles Myers, who flew a Delta Dart at 2,485 kilometres per hour (1,544 mph) in 1959, but Cold War pressures dictated that the award go to an active-military pilot.[39][40][41]
22 November 1961United States Robert B. Robinson, US Navy1,606.32,585.1McDonnell-Douglas F4H-1F Phantom IIMuroc, California, US[3]: 165 [42]
7 July 1962Soviet Union Col. Georgi Mosolov1,665.92,681Mikoyan Gurevich Ye-166USSR[43][44] Name adopted for record attempt, a version of a Ye-152 a.k.a. E-166.[3]: 179 
1 May 1965United States Robert L. Stephens
and Daniel Andre		2,070.13,331.5Lockheed YF-12AMuroc, California, US[45]
28 July 1976United States Capt. Eldon W. Joersz (P) and
Maj. George T. Morgan Jr. (RSO)		2,193.23,529.6Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird #61-7958Beale AFB, US[46]

Official records versus unofficial

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird holds the official Air Speed Record for a crewed airbreathing jet engine aircraft with a speed of 3,530 km/h (2,190 mph). The record was set on 28 July 1976 by Eldon W. Joersz and George T. Morgan Jr. near Beale Air Force Base, California, USA. It was able to take off and land unassisted on conventional runways.[47] SR-71 pilot Brian Shul claimed in The Untouchables that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April 1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile.[48]

Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight was held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Rare Bear, with a speed of 850.23 km/h (528.31 mph), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 880 km/h (547 mph). Both were demilitarised and modified fighters, while the fastest stock (original, factory-built) piston-engined aeroplane was unofficially the Supermarine Spiteful F Mk 16, which "achieved a speed of 494m.p.h. at 28,500ft during official tests at Boscombe Down" in level flight.[49] The unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane (not in level flight) is held by a Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XIX, which was calculated to have achieved a speed of 1,110 km/h (690 mph) in a dive on 5 February 1952.

The last new speed record ratified before the outbreak of World War II was set on 26 April 1939 with a Me 209 V1, at 755 km/h (469 mph). The chaos and secrecy of World War II meant that new speed breakthroughs were neither publicized nor ratified. In October 1941, an unofficial speed record of 1,004 km/h (624 mph) was secretly set by a Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4" rocket aircraft. Continued research during the war extended the secret, unofficial speed record to 1,130 km/h (700 mph) by July 1944, achieved by a Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18". The first new official record in the post-war period was achieved by a Gloster Meteor F Mk.4 in November 1945, at 975 km/h (606 mph). The first aircraft to exceed the unofficial October 1941 record of the Me 163A V4 was the Douglas D-558-1 Skystreak, which achieved 1,032 km/h (641 mph) in August 1947. The July 1944 unofficial record of the Me 163B V18 was officially surpassed in November 1947, when Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X-1 to 1,434 km/h (891 mph).

The official speed record for a seaplane moved by piston engine is 709.209 km/h (440.682 mph), which attained on 24 October 1934, by Francesco Agello in the Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 seaplane ("idrocorsa") and it remains the current record.[50] It was equipped with the Fiat AS.6 engine (version 1934) developing a power of 2,300 kW (3,100 hp) at 3,300 rpm, with coaxial counter-rotating propellers. The original record holding Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 MM.181 seaplane is at the Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle in Italy.

Other air speed records

Date Pilot Airspeed Aircraft Comments
mph km/h
2 October 1985Holger Rochelt27.5444.32Musculair 2Fastest human-powered aircraft[51]
22 December 2006Klaus Ohlmann & Matias Garcia Mazzaro190.6306.8Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4DMFastest (non-powered) glider over 500 km[52]
11 August 1986Trevor Egginton249400.87Westland LynxFastest helicopter[53][54][55]
31 December 1988L.P. Krantov258.8415Tupolev Tu-134AHighest landing speed for a civil aircraft[56]
11 June 2013Hervé Jammayrac293472Eurocopter X3Fastest propeller compound helicopter[57]
15 September 2010Kevin Bredenbeck299481Sikorsky X2Fastest compound helicopter, shallow dive (unofficial)[58]
19 March 1989Unknown pilot316509Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey[59][60]Tiltrotor
15 April 1969Unknown pilot316509Bell 533Compound jet helicopter[61][62]
19 November 2021Steve Jones345.4555.9Rolls-Royce Accel ‘Spirit of Innovation’Fastest electric-only aeroplane[63]
6 February 2003 Joseph J. Ritchie, Steve Fossett 576.3 927.4 Piaggio P.180 Avanti Fastest propeller-driven aircraft of any type.[64]
2 September 2017Steve Hinton Jr.531.53855.41P-51 "Voodoo"Fastest straight-line piston-engined aircraft in level flight[65][66]
9 April 1960Ivan Sukhomlin, Konstantin Sapielkine545.07877.21Tupolev Tu-114Fastest propeller-driven airliner-size aircraft, per FAI.[67]

Both Tu-116 and Tu-142 claim higher maximum speeds.

5 February 1952Flight Lieutenant Edward Powles6901,110.447Supermarine Spitfire PR.XIX PS852Reached (Mach 0.96) during an emergency dive while carrying out spying flights over China, the highest speed ever recorded for a piston-engined aircraft (though not in level flight).[68]
14 October 2012Felix Baumgartner8441,358None (jumped from a helium balloon gondola)Fastest unpowered descent of a human[69][70]
7 February 1996Captain Leslie Scott1,2492,010ConcordeFastest passenger plane on a regular route[71]
3 October 1967William 'Pete' Knight4,5197,274North American X-15Rocket plane[72]
16 November 2004Uncrewed6,75510,870NASA X-43AAir-launched hypersonic scramjet; fastest free-flying air-breathing vehicle[73]
22 April 2010Uncrewed13,20121,245HTV-2 FalconAir-launched hypersonic glider; fastest uncrewed aerial vehicle[74]
14 November 1981Joe H. Engle17,50028,000Space Shuttle ColumbiaFastest manually controlled flight in atmosphere during atmospheric reentry of STS-2 mission.
15 November 1988 Uncrewed 18,019 29,000 Buran The fastest unmanned (but capable of carrying up to 8-10 people) spaceplane ever built, weighing 100 tons or more.

Flying between any two airports allow a large number of combinations, so setting a speed record ("speed over a recognised course") is fairly easy with an ordinary aircraft, although there are many administrative requirements for recognition.[75][76][77]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "FAI portal". Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Cooper Flight 25 May 1951, p. 619.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Munson, Kenneth (1978). Jane's Pocket Book of Record-breaking Aircraft (First Collier Books Edition 1981 ed.). New York, New York, US: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-080630-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bowers 1979
  5. ↑ The Royal Aero Club of the U.K.: Official Notices to Members". Flight, No. 625 Volume XII 16 December 1920. p. 1274.
  6. ↑ "Speed Records in France". Flight, 4 March 1920.
  7. ↑ "Meeting at Buc". Flight, 14 October 1920, pp. 1090–1091.
  8. ↑ "De Romanet Breaks Records". Flight, 11 November 1920, p. 1166.
  9. ↑ "Some Records Homologated". Flight, 3 November 1921, p. 710.
  10. 1 2 Flight 7 February 1924, p. 75.
  11. ↑ "American World's Speed Record Homologated". Flight, 11 January 1923, p. 26.
  12. ↑ "Records Homologated". Flight, 28 June 1923, p. 356.
  13. ↑ Flight. 27 December 1923, p.776.
  14. ↑ Robertson, F.A. de V. "The Attempt on the World's Speed Record". Flight, 8 November 1928, pp. 965–967.
  15. ↑ James 1971, p.188.
  16. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1987, p.194.
  17. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 201.
  18. ↑ Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAI record No.8748
  19. ↑ Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAI Record No.8747
  20. ↑ Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAI Record No.8744
  21. ↑ Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAI Record No.8743
  22. 1 2 3 Käsmann, Ferdinand C.W., Die schnellsten Jets der Welt, ISBN 3-925505-26-1, 1994
  23. ↑ Heini Dittmar Archived 18 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Wolfgang Späte, Der streng geheime Vogel Me 163 p.32,33 ISBN 3-89555-142-2, 1983
  25. 1 2 Mason 1992, p. 340.
  26. ↑ Young, James O. (2007). "Milestones in Aerospace History at Edwards AFB" (PDF). Air Force Flight Test Center History Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
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  37. ↑ Gaillard, Pierre (August 1985). "Les oubliés du Salon de l'Aeronautique (5): les experimentaux" [The Forgotten Ones of the Paris Air Show, Part 5: The Experimental Ones]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (189): 35–37. ISSN 0757-4169.
  38. ↑ Belyakov and Marmain 1994, pp. 298, 300.
  39. ↑ Taylor, Michael. "Obituary Colonel Joseph 'Joe' W. Rogers, USF (Ret) Record-breaking Famed Aviator Dies at Age 81". F-106 Delta Dart – The Ultimate Interceptor. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  40. ↑ Grazier, Dan. "POGO Remembers Chuck Myers, "Fighter Mafia" Veteran". www.POGO.org. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  41. ↑ Samuel, Wolfgang (2015). In Defense of Freedom: Stories of Courage and Sacrifice of World War II Army Air Forces Flyers. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62846-217-3.
  42. ↑ Francillon 1979, p. 572.
  43. ↑ Taylor 1965, p. 346.
  44. ↑ Belyakov and Marmain 1994, pp. 274–275.
  45. ↑ Taylor 1976, p. 72.
  46. ↑ Taylor 1988, p. [51].
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  48. ↑ Shul, Brian (1994). The Untouchables. Mach One. p. 173. ISBN 0929823125.
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  54. ↑ "Rotorcraft Absolute: Speed over a straight 15/25 km course". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Note search under E-1 Helicopters and "Speed over a straight 15/25 km course". Accessed: 26 April 2014.
  55. ↑ "Westland Lynx AH.Mk1, G-LYNX/ZB500". Friends of The Helicopter Museum. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
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  57. ↑ Jason Paur. "X3 Helicopter Sets Speed Record at Nearly 300 MPH". Wired. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  58. ↑ Croft, John (15 September 2010). "Sikorsky X2 hits 250kt goal". Flight International. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  59. ↑ Wall, Robert. "U.S. Marines See MV-22 Improvements." Aviation Week, 24 June 2010.
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  63. ↑ "Rolls-Royce all-electric aircraft breaks world records". BBC News. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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  65. ↑ John Morris (10 October 2017). "Aviation Partners Sets World Record – Without Winglets". Aviation Week Network.
  66. ↑ Measures, Harry (3 September 2017). "Steve Hinton, Jr breaks Absolute Propeller-Driven Piston Powered 3-Km speed record". The Vintage Aviation Echo. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
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  73. ↑ "Fastest aircraft, air-breathing engine: X-43". Guinness World Records. 16 November 2004.
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  76. ↑ "FAI Record ID #17439 - Albuquerque - Amarillo, C-1b (Landplanes: take off weight 500 to 1000 kg)" FAI Record date 8 April 2015. Accessed: 4 October 2015.
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