Hemarthrosis
Other namesHaemarthrosis
Lipohemarthrosis (blood and fat in the joint space) seen in a person with a subtle tibial plateau fracture. The arrow indicates a fluid level between the upper fat component and the lower blood component.
SpecialtyRheumatology
SymptomsJoint pain, swelling, and redness

Hemarthrosis is a bleeding into joint spaces. It is a common feature of hemophilia.

Causes

It usually follows injury but occurs mainly in patients with a predisposition to hemorrhage such as those being treated with warfarin (or other anticoagulants) and patients with hemophilia.

It can be associated with knee joint arthroplasty.[1]

It has also been reported as a part of hemorrhagic syndrome in the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, suggesting a viral cause to the bleeding in a joint space.[2][3]

Diagnosis

Synovial fluid examination[4][5]
TypeWBC (per mm3) % neutrophilsViscosityAppearance
Normal<2000HighTransparent
Osteoarthritis<5000<25HighClear yellow
Trauma<10,000<50VariableBloody
Inflammatory2,000–50,00050–80LowCloudy yellow
Septic arthritis>50,000>75LowCloudy yellow
Gonorrhea~10,00060LowCloudy yellow
Tuberculosis~20,00070LowCloudy yellow
Inflammatory: Arthritis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever

Hemarthrosis is diagnosed through the methods listed below:

A physical examination is the first step, with the joints of the patient moved and bent to study possible loss of functioning.

Synovial fluid analysis is another method to diagnose Hemarthrosis. It involves a small needle being inserted into the joint to draw the fluid.[6] Reddish-colored hue of the sample is an indication of the blood being present. Imaging tests are normally done. The tests also include MRI, ultrasound and X-ray test, which give better information about the joint inflammation.[7] Although MRI is superior method for this assessment, the US using the HEAD-US method performed by paediatric radiologists is a reliable tool for detection and quantification of haemophilic arthropathy in children in comparison to MRI.[8]

Treatment

In hemophilia it may occur spontaneously, and recurrent hemarthroses are a major cause of disability in that patient group due to hemophilic arthropathy, requiring synovectomy, joint replacement[9] and increased medical therapy to prevent further bleeding episodes.

Reducing hemarthroses events using intravenous administration of blood clotting factor concentrate on a regular basis starting in early childhood, reduces joint deterioration and increases the person's quality of life compared to "on demand" treatment (treating after a bleed).[10] The minimal effective dose and best dosage frequency have not been established.[10] It is not clear, due to lack of sufficient data, if preventative therapy with clotting factor concentrate is also effective at reducing joint deterioration if treatment is started after joint damage has occurred.[10]

Complications

Up to a quarter of all severe ligament or capsular knee injuries leading to a hemarthrosis are associated with cartilage damage that can lead to progressive degenerative arthritis.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Ohdera T, Tokunaga M, Hiroshima S, Yoshimoto E, Matsuda S (2004). "Recurrent hemarthrosis after knee joint arthroplasty: etiology and treatment". J Arthroplasty. 19 (2): 157–161. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2003.09.009. PMID 14973857.
  2. ↑ Ahmeti, Salih; Ajazaj-Berisha, Lindita; Halili, Bahrije; Shala, Anita (Apr 2014). "Acute arthritis in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 6 (2): 79–81. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.132052. PMC 4049045. PMID 24926169.
  3. ↑ Heyman, Paul; Cochez, Christel; Hofhuis, Agnetha; van der Giessen, Joke; Sprong, Hein; Porter, Sarah Rebecca; Losson, Bertrand; Saegerman, Claude; Donoso-Mantke, Oliver; Niedrig, Matthias; Papa, Anna (2010). "A Clear and Present Danger: Tick-borne Diseases in Europe". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 8 (1): 33–50. doi:10.1586/eri.09.118. PMID 20014900. S2CID 28038692.
  4. ↑ Flynn JA, Choi MJ, Wooster DL (2013). Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Medicine. US: OUP. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-19-991494-4.
  5. ↑ Seidman AJ, Limaiem F (2019). "Synovial Fluid Analysis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30725799. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  6. ↑ "Hemarthrosis – What You Need to Know". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  7. ↑ Baker, C. L. (June 1992). "Acute hemarthrosis of the knee". Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia. 81 (6): 301–305. ISSN 0025-7028. PMID 1607844.
  8. ↑ Plut, Domen; Kotnik, Barbara Faganel; Pusnik, Luka; Slak, Peter; Snoj, Ziga; Salapura, Vladka (20 October 2022). "Reliability of haemophilia early arthropathy detection with ultrasound (HEAD-US) in children: a comparative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study". Radiology and Oncology. 56 (4): 471–478. doi:10.2478/raon-2022-0040. PMC 9784372. PMID 36259311. S2CID 252972051.
  9. ↑ Dunn AL (Sep 2005). "Management and prevention of recurrent hemarthrosis in patients with hemophilia". Current Opinion in Hematology. 12 (5): 390–394. doi:10.1097/01.moh.0000169285.66841.c8. PMID 16093785. S2CID 26117110.
  10. 1 2 3 Iorio, Alfonso; Marchesini, Emanuela; Marcucci, Maura; Stobart, Kent; Chan, Anthony Kc (2011-09-07). "Clotting factor concentrates given to prevent bleeding and bleeding-related complications in people with hemophilia A or B" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD003429. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003429.pub4. hdl:2434/231551. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 21901684.
  11. ↑ Goldberg A, Stansby G "Surgical Talk" 2nd edition
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