Russian Hindus
Total population
140,000
0.1% of its total population
Religions
Hinduism
Majority:
Vaishnavism
Minority:
Slavic Vedism and Shaivism
Scriptures
Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavatam and Vedas
Languages
Sacred:
Sanskrit
Other:
Russian & Other Russian languages
ISKCON Moscow Ratha Yatra

Hinduism has been spread in Russia primarily due to the work of scholars from the religious organization International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) and by itinerant Swamis from India and small communities of Indian immigrants. While ISKCON appear to have a relatively strong following in Russia, the other organizations in the list have a marginal presence in this country. There is an active Tantra Sangha operating in Russia. According to the 2012 official census, there are 140,000 Hindus in Russia, which accounts for 0.1% population of Russia. A majority of Russian Hindus were Vaishnavites.[1]

History

Early 19th century engraving depicting Hindu temple in Astrakhan, Russia.
The Human rights publication list to free Hare Krishnas in the Soviet Union.

The history of Hinduism in Russia dates back to at least the 16th century. When Astrakhan was conquered in 1556, the small Indian community became part of the Moscow state.[2]

In the early eighteenth century, the first Russian emperor, Peter the Great, met the head of the Astrakhan Hindus and, at their request, asked the Russian Senate to issue a law protecting Hindu beliefs. This was the first law in Russia that protected a foreign creed.[2]

In 1971 A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), introduced it to Russia. In 1988, ISKCON was first registered as a religion. Later, it was re-registered in 1998. In the same year, there were 120 Krishna communities in Russia.[3]

In 2007, The Times of India reported that an idol of the Hindu deity Vishnu, dated between 7th to 10th century CE, was excavated from the Russian town Staraya Mayna of Ulyanovsk Oblast.[4] However, this claim has been shown to be false, as the original Russian article that reported the findings made no mention or indication of it.[5]

Hindu denominations in Russia

Russian Hindus celebrating Rath Yatra.
ISKCON Temple in Yessentuki

Vaishnavism

As of December 2005, the Federal Registration Service recorded 79 Hindu groups with a particular orientation on Krishnaism.[6] These are the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, ISKCON Revival Movement, Science of Identity Foundation, Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math, Sri Chaitanya Gaudiya Math, Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mission, Sri Gopinatha Gaudiya Math, International Pure Bhakti Yoga Society, among others.

Shaivism

The followers of Shaivism in Russia are the Naths, Lingayats (Veerashaiva), and Tantra Sangha.[7]

Hindu reform movements

Hindu reform movements which have presence in Russia are the Brahma Kumaris, Ramakrishna Mission, Arya Samaj, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, Ananda Marga, Ananda Sangha, Self-Realization Fellowship, Sri Ramana Ashram, Sahaja Yoga, Sri Chinmoy Centre, Sanatan Sanstha, Sathya Sai Baba movement, Science of Identity Foundation, Shri Prakash Dham, the organizations associated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Haidakhan Babaji (Haidakhandi Samaj), and others. Brahma Kumaris have 20 centres, Ramakrishna Mission has one centre, Ananda Marga has a centre in Barnaul, Tantra Sangha has one registered branch in Moscow and another in Nizhniy Novgorod was officially recognized in 1993.[6][8][7]

Slavic Vedism

Slavic, Russian or Peterburgian Vedism, Neo-Vedism or simply Vedism[9][10] are terms used to describe the contemporary indigenous development of Vedic forms of religion in Russia, Siberia, other Slavic countries, the Commonwealth of Independent States' members and generally all the post-Soviet states.

Slavic Vedism involves the use of Vedic rituals and worship of ancient Vedic deities, distinguishing from other groups which have maintained a stronger bond with modern Indian Hinduism, although Krishnaite groups often identify themselves as "Vedic" too.

Also some syncretic groups within the Slavic Native Faith ("Rodnovery") such as Peterburgian Vedism use the term "Vedism"[11][12] and worship Vedic gods, but mainstream Rodnovery is characterised by its use of indigenous Slavic rituals and Slavic names for the gods.

Demography

Hinduism in Russia

According to the 2012 official census, Hinduism is practised by 140,000 people, or 0.1% of the total population. It constitutes 12% of the population in the Altai Republic, 5% in Samara Oblast, 4% in Khakassia, Kalmykia, Bryansk Oblast, Kamchatka, Kurgan Oblast, Tyumen Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, 3% in Sverdlovsk Oblast, 2% to 3% in Yamalia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Rostov Oblast and Sakhalin Oblast, and 0.1% to 0.2% in other federal subjects.[13]

In 2006, the Russian capital Moscow has an estimated 10,000 Hare Krishna devotees and at least 5,000 Indians, Sri Lankans, Nepalese, and Mauritians following Hindu denominations.[14]

The number of ISKCON followers in Russia is disputed. According to the Sanjeet Jha of the Association of Indians of Russia, Russia's Krishna population is estimated to be as high as 250,000, while Filatov of the Institute of Oriental Studies estimates Russia's Krishna population to be 15,000.[15] According to Bhakti Vijnana Goswami, a Russian Iskcon guru, there were 50,000 active Hare Krishna devotees in Russia in 2011.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  2. 1 2 Igor Kotin, "Hinduism in Russia", in Knut A. Jacobsen and Ferdinando Sardella (eds.), Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (Brill, 2020), p. 1392.
  3. ↑ "Russia: Treatment of Hare Krishna adherents". Immigration and refugee board of Canada. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  4. ↑ "Ancient Vishnu idol found in Russian town". The Times of India. 4 January 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  5. ↑ "История поселка Старая Майна Ульяновской области насчитывает не менее 1700 лет". mosaica.ru (in Russian). 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  6. 1 2 "Russia, International Religious Freedom Report 2006". US Gov. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  7. 1 2 Dr. Igor Popov. "The Reference Book on All Religious Branches and Communities in Russia (Online). Chapter 2.1 Hinduism" (in Russian). Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  8. ↑ Knorre 2005.
  9. ↑ Michael F. Strmiska. Modern Paganism in World Cultures. ABC-Clio, 2005. p. 222: «In addition to Ukrainian Paganism, Russian and Pan-Slavic varieties of Paganism and "Slavic Vedism" can also be found in Ukraine».
  10. ↑ Portal "Religion and Law". Монастырь «Собрание тайн» или «Дивья лока»: второе пришествие индуизма в России? Archived 2013-06-02 at the Wayback Machine. 2013-04-30
  11. ↑ Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2010. p. 412
  12. ↑ Kaarina Aitamurto. Russian Rodnoverie: Negotiating Individual Traditionalism. Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki, 2007.
  13. ↑ "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek. 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ).
  14. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2006". US Gov. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  15. ↑ "Persecuted by Soviets, Russia's Hare Krishnas Still Fight for Acceptance (Video)". The Moscow times. TNN. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  16. ↑ "Facing 'ban Gita' case, Hindus build Krishna temple in Moscow". Decan Herald. TNN. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

Sources

  • Knorre, Boris (2005). "Индуизм" [Hinduism]. In Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergey (eds.). Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания [Contemporary religious life of Russia. Systematic description of experiences] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: Keston Institute; Logos. pp. 335–454. ISBN 5-98704-044-2.
  • Kotin, I. U. Индийцы в России=Indians in Russia. — Саарбрюкен: LAP, 2011. — 97 p. (in Russian and English)
  • Tkatcheva, Anna (1994). "Neo-Hindu Movements and Orthodox Christianity in Post-Communist Russia". India International Centre Quarterly. 21 (2/3): 151–162. JSTOR 23003642.

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