Demographics of Miami
Population pyramid of the City of Miami in 2021
Population442,241 (2020)[1]
449,514 (2022 est.)[2]

The demographics of the City of Miami are monitored by the U.S. Census Bureau. Its population of nearly 450,000 ranks 44th in the United States and 2nd in Florida.

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19001,681—
19105,471225.5%
192029,571440.5%
1930110,637274.1%
1940172,17255.6%
1950249,27644.8%
1960291,68817.0%
1970334,85914.8%
1980346,8653.6%
1990358,6483.4%
2000362,4701.1%
2010399,45710.2%
2020442,24110.7%
2022 (est.)449,5141.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[3]
1900–1970[4] 1980[5] 1990[6]
2000[7] 2010[8] 2020[1] 2022[2]

Miami is the largest city in South Florida, the second-largest city in Florida, and is the anchor of the largest metropolitan area in Florida: the Miami metropolitan area, which has over 6 million residents. Despite the city being home to less than a fourteenth (1/14) of the population of the metro area, it is an outlier compared to its neighbors, being nearly twice the size of the next-largest city in the metro: Hialeah. The city also has approximately a sixth of the population of its own county, Miami-Dade, which is the state's largest.

The city witnessed rapid growth over the first half of the twentieth century, as its population grew from 1,681 at the time of the 1900 census to 249,276 at the time of the 1950 census. This made it Florida's largest city, a title it would retain until the Jacksonville Consolidation, when the city of Jacksonville absorbed most of Duval County, nearly tripling its population. Since then, Miami has retained its spot as Florida's second-largest city.

Throughout the latter half of the twentieth century, the city experienced a certain amount of stagnation in its population, with expansion slowing during the 1950s and 1960s before nearly halting in the next three decades as suburbanization occurred. The city grew by 34.3% in the 1950s and 1960s as its population reached 334,859 at the 1970 census. However, in the next three decades, it only grew 8.2%, and by the time of the 2000 census, the city's population stood at 362,470.

In the 2000s and 2010s, spurred by high-rise construction in Downtown Miami, Edgewater, and Brickell, Miami's population began to grow quickly once more.[9] An estimate by the American Community Survey found that the downtown population (from Brickell north to Midtown Miami) grew nearly 40% between 2010 and 2018.[10] From 2000 to 2010, the city's population grew by 10.2% and had reached 399,457 by 2010. In the early 2010s, the city's population crossed a milestone of 400,000 people, and by the time of the 2020 census, it had grown by a further 10.7%, up to a population of 442,241.

Historical racial composition 2020[1] 2010[8] 2000[7] 1990[6] 1980[5]
Hispanic or Latino 70.2% 70.0% 65.8% 62.5% 55.9%
White (non-Hispanic) 14.0% 11.9% 11.8% 12.2% 19.4%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 11.9% 16.3% 19.9% 24.6% 23.7%
Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) 1.3% 0.9% 0.6% 0.5% 1.0%
Native American (non-Hispanic) 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Some other race (non-Hispanic) 0.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%
Two or more races (non-Hispanic) 2.0% 0.7% 1.7% N/A N/A
Population 442,241 399,457 362,470 358,548 346,865

In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic white, and 22.7% black.[12] Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, up until the 1960s. From 1970 to 2000, population growth in the city was stagnant, as Non-Hispanic White Miamians left and significant immigration from Latin America, particularly Cuba, made up the balance.[13][14] The city's Hispanic majority solidified itself in this period of time, and in 1985, the city elected its first Cuban-born mayor, Xavier Suarez.

The Non-Hispanic Black population of the city of Miami peaked in 1990 at almost 90,000 (making up nearly a quarter of the population of the city). Since then, though, the city's Non-Hispanic Black population has experienced a precipitous and steady decline. At the time of the most recent census in 2020, it was found to be 52,447, only 11.7% of the population. Reasons for this include high costs in areas such as Liberty City and Little Haiti, compounded with gentrification.[15][16]

The Non-Hispanic White population began to rebound in the twenty-first century, as the monolithically Hispanic areas in the Western and Central parts of Miami experienced population stagnation. This caused them to begin to be outweighed by migration into the Downtown region (not only from Latin America, but also from the rest of the United States). This caused the Non-Hispanic White population to rise from a nadir of 11.8% at the time of the 2000 census to 11.9% at the time of the 2010 census. After this, the Non-Hispanic White population grew significantly faster than the city as a whole did during the 2010s, and by the time of the 2020 census, Non-Hispanic Whites made up 14.0% of the population of the city and numbered 61,829, the highest number since the 1980s. The Non-Hispanic White population of Miami also surpassed the Non-Hispanic Black population of the city during the 2010s.

Demographic characteristics 2020[17][18][19] 2010[20][21][22] 2000[23][24][25] 1990[6] 1980[5]
Households 212,146 183,994 148,388 130,252 134,046
Persons per household 2.08 2.17 2.44 2.69 2.59
Sex Ratio 97.8 99.2 98.9 93.5 88.0
Ages 0–17 16.5% 18.4% 21.7% 23.0% 21.4%
Ages 18–64 69.0% 65.6% 61.3% 60.4% 61.6%
Ages 65 + 14.5% 16.0% 17.0% 16.6% 17.0%
Median age 39.7 38.8 37.7 35.9 38.2
Population 442,241 399,457 362,470 358,548 346,865
Economic indicators
2017–21 American Community Survey Miami Miami-Dade County Florida
Median income[26] $31,472 $32,513 $34,367
Median household income[27] $47,860 $57,815 $61,777
Poverty Rate[28] 20.9% 15.7% 13.1%
High school diploma[29] 79.2% 82.5% 89.0%
Bachelor's degree[29] 33.1% 31.7% 31.5%
Advanced degree[29] 13.2% 11.9% 11.7%
Language spoken at home[lower-alpha 1] 2015[lower-alpha 2] 2010[lower-alpha 3] 2000[32] 1990[33] 1980[34]
English 23.0% 22.6% 24.7% 26.7% 36.0%
Spanish or Spanish Creole 70.0% 69.9% 66.6% 64.0% 57.5%
French or Haitian Creole 4.5% 4.9% 6.0% 7.7% 2.6%
Other Languages 2.5% 2.6% 2.7% 1.6% 3.9%
Nativity 2015[lower-alpha 4] 2010[lower-alpha 5] 2000[39][40] 1990[41][33] 1980[34]
% population native-born 42.0% 41.9% 40.5% 40.3% 46.3%
... born in the United States 39.3% 39.3% 37.9% 37.3% 43.4%
... born in Puerto Rico or Island Areas 1.8% 1.7% 1.9% 2.2% 2.9%
... born to American parents abroad 0.9% 0.9% 0.6% 0.7%
% population foreign-born[lower-alpha 6] 58.0% 58.1% 59.5% 59.7% 53.7%
... born in Cuba 27.6% 27.5% 30.3% 32.1% 35.9%
... born in Nicaragua 5.4% 5.7% 7.2% 7.3% N/A[lower-alpha 7]
... born in Honduras 5.0% 5.4% 4.5% 1.9% N/A[lower-alpha 7]
... born in Haiti 2.8% 3.2% 3.9% 5.0% N/A[lower-alpha 7]
... born in Colombia 2.8% 2.4% 1.9% 1.2% N/A[lower-alpha 7]
... born in the Dominican Republic 1.7% 1.9% 2.0% 1.2% 0.6%
... born in other countries 12.7% 12.0% 9.7% 11.0% 17.2%

In 2010, 34.4% of city residents were of Cuban origin, 15.8% had a Central American background (7.2% Nicaraguan, 5.8% Honduran, 1.2% Salvadoran, and 1.0% Guatemalan), 8.7% were of South American descent (3.2% Colombian, 1.4% Venezuelan, 1.2% Peruvian, 1.2% Argentine, 1.0% Chilean and 0.7% Ecuadorian), 4.0% had other Hispanic or Latino origins (0.5% Spaniard), 3.2% descended from Puerto Ricans, 2.4% were Dominican, and 1.5% had Mexican ancestry.

As of 2010, 5.6% of city residents were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American origin (4.4% Haitian, 0.4% Jamaican, 0.4% Bahamian, 0.1% British West Indian, and 0.1% Trinidadian and Tobagonian, 0.1% Other or Unspecified West Indian),[42] 3.0% were Black Hispanics,[43] and 0.4% were Subsaharan African origin.[44][45]

As of 2010, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 11.9% of Miami's population. Of the city's total population, 1.7% were German, 1.6% Italian, 1.4% Irish, 1.0% English, 0.8% French, 0.6% Russian, and 0.5% were Polish.[44][45]

As of 2010, those of Asian ancestry accounted for 1.0% of Miami's population. Of the city's total population, 0.3% were Indian/Indo-Caribbean (1,206 people), 0.3% Chinese/Chinese Caribbean (1,804 people), 0.2% Filipino (647 people), 0.1% were other Asian (433 people), 0.1% Japanese (245 people), 0.1% Korean (213 people), and 0.0% were Vietnamese (125 people).[44]

In 2010, 1.9% of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity),[44][45] while 0.5% were of Arab ancestry, as of 2010.[44]

Religion in the Miami Metro Area (2014)[46]

  Protestantism (39%)
  Catholicism (27%)
  Mormonism (0.5%)
  Eastern Orthodoxy (0.5%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (1%)
  Other Christian (1%)
  No religion (21%)
  Judaism (9%)
  Other religion (1%)

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most-practiced religion in Miami (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 27% professing Catholicism.[47][48] Followed by Judaism (9%); Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and a variety of other religions have smaller followings; atheism or no self-identifying organized religious affiliation was practiced by 21%.

There has been a Norwegian Seamen's church in Miami since the early 1980s. In November 2011, Crown Princess of Norway Mette-Marit opened a new building for the church. The church was built as a center for the 10,000 Scandinavians that live in Florida. Around 4,000 of them are Norwegian. The church is also an important place for the 150 Norwegians that work at Walt Disney World in Central Florida.[49]

According to the 2022 Point-In-Time Homeless Count, there were 3,440 homeless people in Miami-Dade County,[50] 970 of which were on the streets. In the city limits of Miami, there were 591 unsheltered homeless people on the streets, up from 555 in 2021.[51]

Notes

  1. ↑ Language spoken at home among residents at least five years old; only languages (or language groups) which at least 2% of residents have spoken at any time since 1980 are mentioned
  2. ↑ Refers to 2013–2017 American Community Survey data;[30] the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the 2000 census
  3. ↑ Refers to 2008–2012 American Community Survey data;[31] the last Decennial Census where language data was collected was in the 2000 census
  4. ↑ Refers to 2013–2017 American Community Survey data;[35][36] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census
  5. ↑ Refers to 2008–2012 American Community Survey data;[37][38] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census
  6. ↑ Only countries of birth which at least 2% of residents were born in at any time since 1980 were born in are mentioned
  7. 1 2 3 4 Not counted separately; aggregated into "Other" category

    References

    1. 1 2 3 "P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT ... – Census Bureau Table". P2 | HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    2. 1 2 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Florida: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". Florida. U.S. Census Bureau. May 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
    3. ↑ "U.S. Census Bureau". U.S. Census Bureau.
    4. ↑ "Census Counts: 1890–2020". Florida Municipal Population Census Counts: 1890 to 2020. Office of Economic and Demographic Research, The Florida Legislature. 2023. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
    5. 1 2 3 "General Population Characteristics FLORIDA 1980 Census of Population" (PDF). 07553445v1chA-Cpt11sec1ch002.pdf. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    6. 1 2 3 "1990 Census of Population General Population Characteristics Florida Section 1 of 2" (PDF). Florida: 1990, Part 1. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    7. 1 2 "PL002: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT ... – Census Bureau Table". PL002 | HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE [73]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    8. 1 2 "P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT ... – Census Bureau Table". P2 | HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    9. ↑ Rodriguez, Rene (June 2, 2018). "More people than ever live in downtown Miami | AP News". More people than ever live in downtown Miami. AP News. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
    10. ↑ "Miami FL growth creates social & economic inequality | Miami Herald". Priced out of paradise: Why locals can no longer afford to live in Miami. Miami Herald. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
    11. ↑ "Table 10. Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places; Earliest Census to 1990" (PDF). Table 10. Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places; Earliest Census to 1990. U.S. Census Bureau. July 13, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
    12. ↑ "Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
    13. ↑ Booth, William (November 11, 1998). "A White Migration North From Miami". The Washington Post. The Myth of the Melting Pot. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
    14. ↑ "Miami Herald". account.miamiherald.com.
    15. ↑ Dieujuste, Kevin (June 30, 2021). "Little Haiti and Liberty City residents raise concerns about gentrification". Little Haiti and Liberty City residents raise concerns about gentrification. FIU. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
    16. ↑ "What's really driving 'climate gentrification' in Miami? It isn't fear of sea-level rise". What's really driving ‘climate gentrification’ in Miami? It isn't fear of sea-level rise. The Conversation. December 6, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
    17. ↑ "H1 | OCCUPANCY STATUS". H1: OCCUPANCY STATUS – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
    18. ↑ "P12 | SEX BY AGE FOR SELECTED AGE CATEGORIES". P12: SEX BY AGE FOR SELECTED ... – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
    19. ↑ "P13 | MEDIAN AGE BY SEX". P13: MEDIAN AGE BY SEX – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
    20. ↑ "H1 | OCCUPANCY STATUS". H1: OCCUPANCY STATUS – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
    21. ↑ "P12 | SEX BY AGE". P12: SEX BY AGE – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
    22. ↑ "P13 | MEDIAN AGE BY SEX". P13: MEDIAN AGE BY SEX – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
    23. ↑ "H003 | OCCUPANCY STATUS [3]". H003: OCCUPANCY STATUS [3] – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
    24. ↑ "P012 | SEX BY AGE [49]". P012: SEX BY AGE [49] – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
    25. ↑ "P013 | MEDIAN AGE BY SEX [3]". P13: MEDIAN AGE BY SEX [3] – Census Bureau Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
    26. ↑ "S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 ... – Census Bureau Table". S2001 | EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    27. ↑ "S1901: INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS ... – Census Bureau Table". S1901 | INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    28. ↑ "S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST ... – Census Bureau Table". S1701 | POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    29. 1 2 3 "S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT – Census Bureau Table". S1501 | EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    30. ↑ "C16001: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR ... – Census Bureau Table". C16001 | LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    31. ↑ "B16001: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY – Census Bureau Table". B16001 | LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    32. ↑ "PCT010: AGE BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT ... – Census Bureau Table". PCT010 | AGE BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER [83]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    33. 1 2 "1990 Census of Population General Social and Economic Characteristics Florida Section 1 of 3" (PDF). Florida: 1990, Part 1. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    34. 1 2 "General Social and Economic Characteristics FLORIDA 1980 Census of Population" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    35. ↑ "B05001: NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP ... – Census Bureau Table". B05001 | NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    36. ↑ "B05006: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE ... – Census Bureau Table". B05006 | PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    37. ↑ "B05001: NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP ... – Census Bureau Table". B05001 | NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    38. ↑ "B05006: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE ... – Census Bureau Table". B05006 | PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    39. ↑ "P021: PLACE OF BIRTH BY CITIZENSHIP ... – Census Bureau Table". P021 | PLACE OF BIRTH BY CITIZENSHIP STATUS [15]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    40. ↑ "PCT019: PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE ... – Census Bureau Table". PCT019 | PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION [126]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    41. ↑ "1990 Census of Population General Social and Economic Characteristics Florida Section 2 of 3" (PDF). Florida: 1990, Part 2. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
    42. ↑ "Miami, Florida FIRST ANCESTRY REPORTED Universe: Total population – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
    43. ↑ "Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010 – 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
    44. 1 2 3 4 5 "Miami, Florida Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 – 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
    45. 1 2 3 "Miami, Florida: SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
    46. ↑ "Adults in the Miami metro area". Pew Research Center.
    47. ↑ "Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles". Pew Research Center.
    48. ↑ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.
    49. ↑ "Crown Princess Opens Seamen's Church in Miami". Norwaypost.nodate=November 21, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
    50. ↑ "Homeless Trust Census Results & Comparison: January 21, 2021 to January 27, 2022" (PDF).
    51. ↑ "Miami Rescue Mission: Many Families A Paycheck Away From Being Homeless". www.cbsnews.com. April 22, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
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