A hot, dust-obscured galaxy seen by WISE
Luminosity plot for hot DOGs and a prototypical luminous infrared galaxy

A hot, dust-obscured galaxy, or hot DOG, is a rare type of quasar.[1][2][3] The central black hole of such a galaxy emits vast amounts of radiation which heats the infalling dust and gas, releasing infrared light at a rate about 1,000 times as much as the Milky Way, making these some of the most luminous galaxies in the universe.[4] However, the density of the surrounding dust is so great that most of that light is obscured.[4] Their average temperatures range from 60 to 120 K (−213 to −153 °C; −352 to −244 °F),[5] significantly higher than an average galaxy's temperature of 30 to 40 K (−243 to −233 °C; −406 to −388 °F).[4] They also appear to concentrate a much higher proportion of their galactic mass in the central black hole than is observed in normal galaxies.[4]

Researchers believe that hot DOGs may represent a phase of galactic evolution where the central black hole is capturing material at a rate faster than new stars are forming, yet the radiation pressure from that rapid absorption is pushing away much of that surrounding material. The black hole will eventually clear its area of influence of the excessive dust and gas, rendering it a regular, visible galaxy.[4]

These objects were first detected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) in 2010,[4] and only one out of every 3,000 quasars observed by WISE are of this type.[1] Wu et al (2012) refer to these galaxies as "W1W2-dropouts" because they are faint or invisible in WISE's W1 (3.4 μm) and W2 (4.6 μm) detection bands.[5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Extreme Turbulence Roiling 'Most Luminous Galaxy' in the Universe" (Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  2. ↑ Díaz-Santos, T.; Assef, R. J.; Blain, A. W.; Tsai, C.-W.; Aravena, M.; et al. (January 2016). "The Strikingly Uniform, Highly Turbulent Interstellar Medium of the Most Luminous Galaxy in the Universe". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 816 (1). L6. arXiv:1511.04079. Bibcode:2016ApJ...816L...6D. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/816/1/L6.
  3. ↑ "The Turbulent Birth of a Quasar" (Press release). European Southern Observatory. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Grossman, Lisa (30 August 2012). "Hot DOG surprise reveals new stage in galaxy evolution". New Scientist. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  5. 1 2 Wu, Jingwen; Tsai, Chao-Wei; Sayers, Jack; Benford, Dominic; Bridge, Carrie; et al. (September 2012). "Submillimeter Follow-up of WISE-selected Hyperluminous Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 756 (1). 96. arXiv:1208.5518. Bibcode:2012ApJ...756...96W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/756/1/96.
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