Allergies to cats are one of the most common allergies among human individuals. Among the eight known cat allergens, the most prominent allergen is secretoglobin Fel d 1, which is produced in the anal glands, salivary glands, and, mainly, in sebaceous glands of cats, and is ubiquitous in the United States, even in households without cats.[1] The second most common is Fel d 2, this type is triggered by the cats dead skin flakes (dander) that are floating in the air as well as in the smell of cat pee.[2][3]

Allergic symptoms associated with cats include coughing, wheezing, chest tightening, itching, nasal congestion, rash, watery eyes, sneezing, chapped lips, and similar symptoms. In worst-case scenarios, allergies to cats can develop into more life-threatening conditions such as rhinitis and mild to severe forms of asthma.[1] Despite these symptoms, there are many types of solutions to mitigate the allergic effects of cats, including medications, vaccines, and home remedies. Hypoallergenic cats are another solution for individuals who want pets without the allergic consequences. Furthermore, prospective pet owners can reduce allergic reactions by selecting female cats, which are associated with a lower production of allergens.

Cat allergens

Skin prick testing for common allergens such as cat, dust mite, egg, milk, and peanut. A raised bump with redness around, also known as a wheal and flare, indicates an allergic reaction.

Eight cat allergens have been recognized by the World Health Organization/International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO/IUIS) Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee. Fel d 1 is the most prominent cat allergen, accounting for 96% of human cat allergies.[4] The remaining cat allergens are Fel d 2–8,[5] with Fel d 4, a major urinary protein found in the saliva of cats,[6] occurring the most in humans among the other seven allergens. All cats produce Fel d 1, including hypoallergenic cats. The main method of transmission is through a cat's saliva or dander, which adheres to clothing. A 2004 study found that 63% of people allergic to cats had antibodies against Fel d 4.[6]

Fel d 1

Fel d 1 is the most dominant cat allergen. It is part of the secretoglobulin family, which are proteins found only in mammals and birds. Fel d 1 is primarily secreted through the sebaceous glands and can be found on the skin and fur of a cat. It is less commonly secreted through the salivary gland, lacrimal glands, and skin and anal glands.[7]

Fel d 4 and Fel d 7

Fel d 4 and Fel d 7 are cat lipocalins. Fel d 4 and Fel d 7 are two of the most common cat allergens after Fel d 1. Fel d 4 is produced in the submandibular salivary glands and is secreted in the saliva of cats, via which it is deposited on to cat dander during grooming,[6] and is associated with atopic dermatitis in children with cat allergies.[7]

Symptoms

Allergic symptoms to cat dander might include: swollen, red, itchy, and watery eyes; nasal congestion, itchy nose, sneezing, fever, hives, rash, or itchy skin.

Symptoms of an allergic reaction to cats range from mild to severe, and include: swollen, red, itchy, and watery eyes (allergic conjunctivitis); nasal congestion, itchy nose, sneezing (allergic rhinitis or "hay fever"); ear pain similar to pain caused by an ear infection; sore throat or itchy throat; coughing and wheezing;[8] hives or rash on the face or chest; and itchy skin. If a cat has scratched, licked, or bitten someone who is allergic to cats, redness and sometimes even swelling of the affected area will occur. For those severely allergic, a reaction may resemble that of someone with a severe food allergy, and such reactions require emergency medical care.[9][10]

Depending on the person, an allergic reaction to cats can trigger other underlying disorders, such as asthma or atopic dermatitis (eczema).

Pathophysiology

As the allergen enters through the nose or mouth, antigen cells analyze the allergen and present antigenic peptides to helper T cells.[4] The helper T cells acquire a type 2 phenotype (Th2) and stimulate plasma cells to produce IgE due to the presence of specific cytokines. If Th2 is expressed too much, the symptoms of cat allergies appear. Inhaled cat allergens will activate mast cells, causing coughing, increased mucous production, and airway constriction.

Treatments

Medications

Cat allergies can often be controlled with over the counter or prescription medications. Antihistamines and decongestants may provide allergy relief.[9]

Immunotherapy injections

Some people with allergies find relief in allergen immunotherapy, a periodic injection therapy designed to suppress the body's natural immune responses to the cat allergens.[11][12] In its early stages, AIT utilized cat dander extract, which consists of microscopic dry skin flakes of cats, but later resorted to Fel d 1 due to issues of standardization. One way researchers use Fel d 1 in immunotherapy is through the alteration of its chemical structure. Disulfide bonds between Fel d 1 chains were broken to reduce the binding between the allergen and immunoglobulin E (IgE), inhibiting an allergic response.[1]

Air Purifiers

Air purifiers are used in many places, for helping subdue cat allergies it is highly recommended. The purifiers catch viruses, dirt, and in this case most important, cat dander and dust. The most common is the HEPA filters that cleanse the air. These filters are also the same ones used in planes to circulate air better.[13]

Cat bathing

Regularly bathing a cat may remove significant amounts of allergens from fur.[14] After bathing, the levels of Fel d 1 on cat skin and fur return within two days of bathing. In addition, amounts of Fel d 1 in the surrounding air return after a 24-hour period of bathing the cat.[1] Feeding the cat a high-quality diet with plenty of omega-3 fatty acids will help keep the coat healthy and minimize dander.[9]

Development of other treatments

Development of several human vaccines have been abandoned, including Allervax[15] and Cat-SPIRE.[16] As of 2019, the Swiss company HypoPet AG is developing a vaccine it hopes could be administered to cats to reduce the emission of Fel d 1 proteins.[17] More recently, in 2022 at the National Institute of Health they conducted an experiment with allergy shots and a monoclonal antibody Tezepelumab. Among the tests, the participants given the shot with the Tezepelumab had greater results than the placebo group and the single allergy shot.[18]

Hypoallergenic cats

A hypoallergenic cat is a cat that is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction in humans. Although the topic is controversial, owners' experiences and clinical studies suggest that Siberian cats, Devon Rex and Cornish Rex cats, Abyssinian cats, Balinese cats, and several other breeds, especially females, are likely to have low levels of Fel d 1, the main allergenic protein.[19][20]

The Balinese cat is one example of a hypoallergenic cat because it produces little amounts of the allergen

From among the above cats noted, the most popular cat breeds to be renowned for their hypoallergenic quality are the Siberian and Balinese. These cats produce much fewer protein allergens in comparison to regular domestic household cats or other cat breeds. Cats that have some Balinese ancestry might produce lower amounts of protein allergens.[21] Cat breeds that often have some Balinese lineage include the Oriental Shorthair, Oriental Longhair, and some Siamese cats.

The common theory among these two hypoallergenic medium- to long-haired cat breeds is that their long-haired gene is associated with producing reduced amounts of allergens. This may be the case as the Balinese cat, a medium to long-haired cat breed (also referred to as the Long-haired Siamese cat) is regarded as hypoallergenic, whereas the Siamese cat, a short-haired breed, is not. Some Siamese cats might possess hypoallergenic qualities if they have Balinese ancestry. This might provide some evidence that the long-haired genes or traits within this cat breed have resulted in a cat that can genetically produce less amounts of the cat allergens.[22]

In 2006, the Allerca company announced the successful breeding of a line of hypoallergenic cats. However, no peer-reviewed studies have been done to confirm their claims and many scientists and consumers are skeptical of the company's assertions.[23] The company announced that on 1 January 2010, they will cease their breeding activities.[24]

In 2006, another company, Felix Pets, also claimed to be developing a breed of hypoallergenic cat.[25]

Cat sex and color

Female cats produce a lower level of allergens than males, and neutered males produce a lower level of allergens than unneutered males.[26] In 2000, researchers at the Long Island College Hospital found that cat owners with dark-colored cats were more likely to report allergy symptoms than those with light-colored cats.[27][28] A later study by the Wellington Asthma Research Group found that fur color had no effect on how much allergen a cat produced.[29][30]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bonnet, B.; Messaoudi, K.; Jacomet, F.; Michaud, E.; Fauquert, J. L.; Caillaud, D.; Evrard, B. (10 April 2018). "An update on molecular cat allergens: Fel d 1 and what else? Chapter 1: Fel d 1, the major cat allergen". Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology. 14: 14. doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0239-8. PMC 5891966. PMID 29643919.
  2. ↑ "Cat allergies". www.aaswc.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  3. ↑ "Pet allergy-Pet allergy - Symptoms & causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  4. 1 2 Satyaraj, E.; Wedner, H. J.; Bousquet, J. (October 2019). "Keep the cat, change the care pathway: A transformational approach to managing Fel d 1, the major cat allergen". Allergy. 74 Suppl 107 (S107): 5–17. doi:10.1111/all.14013. PMC 7156987. PMID 31498459.
  5. ↑ "Allergen Search Results - Felis domesticus (F. catus)". www.allergen.org. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 Smith, W.; Butler, A. J. L.; Hazell, L. A.; Chapman, M. D.; Pomes, A.; Nickels, D. G.; Thomas, W. R. (November 2004). "Fel d 4, a cat lipocalin allergen". Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 34 (11): 1732–1738. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02090.x. ISSN 0954-7894. PMID 15544598. S2CID 20266013.
  7. 1 2 Chan, S. K.; Leung, D. Y. (March 2018). "Dog and Cat Allergies: Current State of Diagnostic Approaches and Challenges". Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 10 (2): 97–105. doi:10.4168/aair.2018.10.2.97. PMC 5809771. PMID 29411550.
  8. ↑ "Allergy to pets and animals". allergyclinic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 "WebMD - Cat Allergies". WebMD, LLC. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  10. ↑ "Human Allergies to Cats". Foster & Smith, Inc. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  11. ↑ Varney, V. A.; Edwards, J.; Tabbah, K.; Brewster, H.; Mavroleon, G.; Frew, A. J. (August 1997). "Clinical efficacy of specific immunotherapy to cat dander: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial". Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 27 (8): 860–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1997.1220903.x. PMID 9291281.
  12. ↑ Hedlin, G.; Graff-Lonnevig, V.; Heilborn, H.; Lilja, G.; Norrlind, K.; Pegelow, K.; Sundin, B.; Lowenstein, H. (May 1991). "Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts. V. Effects of 3 years of treatment". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 87 (5): 955–64. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(91)90417-m. PMID 2026846.
  13. ↑ "HEPA Filter - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  14. ↑ Avner, D. B.; Perzanowski, M. S.; Platts-Mills, T. A.; Woodfolk, J. A. (September 1997). "Evaluation of different techniques for washing cats: quantitation of allergen removed from the cat and the effect on airborne Fel d 1". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 100 (3): 307–12. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70242-2. PMID 9314341.
  15. ↑ "Is there a vaccine for cat allergy?". 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  16. ↑ "Cat Allergy Therapy Fails in Crucial Study". 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  17. ↑ "A Vaccine For Cat Allergies: Here Is The Latest". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  18. ↑ "Experimental cat allergy shots provide longer-lasting relief". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 31 October 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  19. ↑ "SRI - Siberian Research Inc. - Siberian Allergen Levels". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  20. ↑ "10 Hypoallergenic Cats". www.petmd.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  21. ↑ Weitzman, Gary (2 April 2019). National Geographic Complete Guide to Pet Health, Behavior, and Happiness: The Veterinarian's Approach to At-Home Animal Care. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-1-4262-1965-8. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  22. ↑ "Balinese". www.petmd.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  23. ↑ Venjara, Sana (17 July 2013). "World's First Hypoallergenic Cat: Scientific Breakthrough or Hype?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  24. ↑ "Lifestyle Pets". Allerca. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  25. ↑ Pepling, Racheal. (9 June 2006)."Hypoallergenic" Cats For Sale, U.S. Firm Announces. Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic News. Accessed 13 March 2010.
  26. ↑ Jalil-Colome, J.; de Andrade, A. D.; Birnbaum, J.; Casanova, D.; Mège, J. L.; Lanteaume, A.; Charpin, D.; Vervloet, D. (July 1996). "Sex difference in Fel d 1 allergen production". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 98 (1): 165–8. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(96)70238-5. PMID 8765830.
  27. ↑ full study Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine; cited in the Journal of the American Medical Association
  28. ↑ Hussain, S.; Bassett, C.; Kaplan, S.; Schneider, A.; Silverman, B. (January 2000). "Correlation between the color of cat hair and severity of allergic symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105 (1 Part 2): S5. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(00)90443-3. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  29. ↑ "cited by Allergy New Zealand". Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
  30. ↑ Siebers, R.; Healy, B.; Holt, S.; Peters, S.; Crane, J.; Fitzharris, P. (October 2001). "Fel d 1 levels in domestic living rooms are not related to cat color or hair length". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 108 (4): 652–3. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.118788. PMID 11590399.
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