IHH
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesIHH, BDA1, HHG2, indian hedgehog, Indian hedgehog signaling molecule
External IDsOMIM: 600726 MGI: 96533 HomoloGene: 22586 GeneCards: IHH
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3549

16147

Ensembl

ENSG00000163501

ENSMUSG00000006538

UniProt

Q14623

P97812

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_002181

NM_010544
NM_001313683

RefSeq (protein)

NP_002172

NP_001300612
NP_034674

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 219.05 – 219.06 MbChr 1: 74.98 – 74.99 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Indian hedgehog homolog (Drosophila), also known as IHH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IHH gene.[5][6][7] This cell signaling protein is in the hedgehog signaling pathway. The several mammalian variants of the Drosophila hedgehog gene (which was the first named) have been named after the various species of hedgehog; the Indian hedgehog is honored by this one. The gene is not specific to Indian hedgehogs.

Function

The Indian hedgehog protein is one of three proteins in the mammalian hedgehog family, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and sonic hedgehog (SHH).[8] It is involved in chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation and maturation especially during endochondral ossification. It regulates its effects by feedback control of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP).[9]

Indian Hedge Hog, (Ihh) is one of three signaling molecules from the Hedgehog (Hh) gene family.[10] Genes of the Hh family, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) and Ihh regulate several fetal developmental processes.[10] The Ihh homolog is involved in the formation of chondrocytes during the development of limbs.[10] The protein is released by small, non-proliferating, mature chondrocytes during endochondral ossification.[10] Recently, Ihh mutations are shown to cause brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1), the first Mendelian autosomal dominant disorder in humans to be recorded.[10][11] There are seven known mutations to Ihh that cause BDA1.[11] Of particular interest, are mutations involving the E95 residue, which is thought to be involved with proper signaling mechanisms between Ihh and its receptors.[11] In a mouse model, mice with mutations to the E95 residue were found to have abnormalities to their digits.[12]

Ihh may also be involved in endometrial cell differentiation and implantation. Studies have shown progesterone to upregulate Ihh expression in the murine endometrium, suggesting a role in implantation.[13] Ihh is suspected to be involved in the downstream regulation of other signaling molecules that are known to play a role in murine implantation.[14] Mouse models involving Ihh null mice demonstrated failure of attachment and decidualization.[14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163501 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000006538 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ "Entrez Gene: IHH Indian hedgehog homolog (Drosophila)".
  6. ↑ Marigo V, Roberts DJ, Lee SM, Tsukurov O, Levi T, Gastier JM, Epstein DJ, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Seidman CE (July 1995). "Cloning, expression, and chromosomal location of SHH and IHH: two human homologues of the Drosophila segment polarity gene hedgehog". Genomics. 28 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1104. PMID 7590746.
  7. ↑ van den Brink GR, Bleuming SA, Hardwick JC, Schepman BL, Offerhaus GJ, Keller JJ, Nielsen C, Gaffield W, van Deventer SJ, Roberts DJ, Peppelenbosch MP (March 2004). "Indian Hedgehog is an antagonist of Wnt signaling in colonic epithelial cell differentiation". Nat. Genet. 36 (3): 277–82. doi:10.1038/ng1304. PMID 14770182.
  8. ↑ Kumar S, Balczarek KA, Lai ZC (March 1996). "Evolution of the hedgehog gene family". Genetics. 142 (3): 965–72. doi:10.1093/genetics/142.3.965. PMC 1207033. PMID 8849902.
  9. ↑ Vortkamp A, Lee K, Lanske B, Segre GV, Kronenberg HM, Tabin CJ (August 1996). "Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein". Science. 273 (5275): 613–22. Bibcode:1996Sci...273..613V. doi:10.1126/science.273.5275.613. PMID 8662546. S2CID 27737023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Ma, G., Yu, J., Xiao, Y. et al. Indian hedgehog mutations causing brachydactyly type A1 impair Hedgehog signal transduction at multiple levels. Cell Res 21, 1343–1357 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.76
  11. 1 2 3 Lodder EM, Hoogeboom AJM, Coert JH, de Graaff E. 2008. Deletion of 1 amino acid in Indian hedgehog leads to brachydactylyA1. Am J Med Genet Part A 146A:2152–2154. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32441
  12. ↑ Gao, B., Hu, J., Stricker, S. et al. A mutation in Ihh that causes digit abnormalities alters its signalling capacity and range. Nature 458, 1196–1200 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07862
  13. ↑ Qingxiang Wei, Eric D. Levens, Lilja Stefansson, Lynnette K. Nieman, Indian Hedgehog and Its Targets in Human Endometrium: Menstrual Cycle Expression and Response to CDB-2914, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 95, Issue 12, 1 December 2010, Pages 5330–5337, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0637
  14. 1 2 Kathryn Smith, Redab Alnifaidy, Qingxiang Wei, Lynnette K. Nieman, Endometrial Indian hedgehog expression is decreased in women with endometriosis, Fertility and Sterility, Volume 95, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 2738-2741.e3, ISSN 0015-0282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.018.

Further reading

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