Harari
ሀረሪ (hăräri)
Native toEthiopia
RegionHarari Region
EthnicityHarari people
Native speakers
27,000 (2007 census)[1][2][3]
Harari alphabet (Ge'ez script)
Language codes
ISO 639-3har
Glottologhara1271

Harari is an Ethiopian Semitic language spoken by the Harari people of Ethiopia. According to the 2007 Ethiopian census, it is spoken by 25,810 people. Most of its speakers are multilingual in Amharic and/or Eastern Oromo. Harari is closely related to the Eastern Gurage languages, Zay, and Silt'e, all of whom are believed to be linked to the now extinct Semitic Harla language.[4][5] Locals or natives of Harar refer to their language as Gēy Sinan or Gēy Ritma "language of the City" (Gēy is the word for how Harari speakers refer to the city of Harar, whose name is an exonym).[6] Wolf Leslau identified unique Cushitic loanwords found only in Harari and deduced that it may have Cushitic roots.[7]

Harari was originally written with a version of the Arabic script, then the Ethiopic script was adopted to write the language. Some Harari speakers in diaspora write their language with the Latin alphabet.

Phonology

Harari consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alv./

Palatal

 Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain emphatic
Nasal m n ɲ
Stop voiceless p t tʃ k q ʔ
voiced b d dˤ dʒ ɡ
ejective t’ tʃ’ k’
Fricative voiceless f θ s sˤ ʃ x ħ h
voiced v ð z zˁ ʒ ɣ ʕ
Trill r
Approximant l j w
Harari vowels
Front Central Back
short long short long
Close ɪ iː ɨ ʊ uː
Mid e eː o oː
Open æ aː

Grammar

Nouns

Number

Wolf Leslau discusses Harari–East Gurage phonology and grammar:[8] The noun has two numbers, Singular and Plural. The affix -ač changes singulars into plurals:

abōč, a man; abōčač, men.
wandaq, a servant; wandaqač, servants.
gar, a house; garač, houses.

Nouns ending in a or i become plural without reduplicating this letter:

gafa, a slave; gafač, slaves.
gubna, a harlot; gubnač, harlots.
liğği, a son; liğğač, sons.
mäqbärti, a grave; mäqbärtač, graves.

/s/ alternates with /z/:

färäz, a horse; färäzač, horses.
iraaz, toga; iraazač, togas.

Gender

Masculine nouns may be converted into feminines by three processes. The first changes the terminal vowel into -it, or adds -it to the terminal consonant:

rágá, an old man; rágít, an old woman.
buchí, male dog; buchít, female dog
wasíf, a slave boy; wasífít, a slave girl.

Animals of different sexes have different names. and this forms the second process:

bárá, an ox; lám, a cow.

The third and the most common way of expressing sex is by means of aboch, "male or man," and inistí: woman, "female", corresponding to English " he-" and " she-":

aboch faraz, a stallion; inistí faraz, a mare.
aboch č̣abar a he mule; inistí č̣abar, a she mule.

Pronouns

English Independent Object pronoun suffixes Possessive
suffixes
Direct Prepositional
Benefactive Locative/adversative
I ኣን
an
you (m. sg.) አኻኽ
äkhakh
you (f. sg.) አኻሽ
akhâsh
you (polite/formal) አኻኹ
akhâkhu
he/him አዝዞ
äzzo
she/her አዝዜ
äzze
s/he (polite/formal) አዝዚዩ
äzziyu
we ኢኛች
ignâch
you (pl.) አኻኻች
akhâkhâch
they አዝዚያች
äzziyach
Harari demonstrative pronouns
Number, Gender Near Far
Singular Masculine ዪ yi (i) የእ yäǝ
Feminine ኢትተ ittä የትተ
yättä
Plural ዪያች yiyâch የኣች Ya’âch
Person Singular Plural
1 ÁnInnách or Inyách.
2 AkhákhAkhákhách
3 Azo(383) Azziyách

The affixed pronouns or possessives attached to nouns are:

Singular.

1st Pers. – e, my or mine. : Gár-e, my house.
2nd Pers. – khá, thy or thine. Gár-khá, thy house.
3rd Pers. – zo, or – so, his. Gár-zo, his house.

Plural.

1st Pers. – zinya or sinya, our. : Gár-zinya, our house.
2nd Pers. – kho, your. Gár-kho, your house.
3rd Pers. – ziyu or siyu, their. Gár-ziyu, their house. (384)

In the same way attached pronouns are affixed to verbs:

Sit-ayn: give (thou to) me.
Sit-ana: give (thou to) us.

The demonstrative pronouns are:

Sing. Yí, this.
Yá', that.
Plur. Yíách, these.
Yá'ách, those.

The interrogative pronouns are the following:

Mántá: who?
Mintá: what?
Án atti'e hárkho: I myself went.
Akhákh attikha hárkhí: thou thyself wentest.
Azo attiizo hára: he himself went.

Verbs

The following are the two auxiliary verbs:

'to be'
Past Present Imperative
AffirmativeNegativeAffirmativeNegative
Person (s) 1 Án narkhú.Án alnárkhúm.Án halkho.Án elkhúm.
2 Akhákh nárkhí.Akhákh alnárkhím.Akhákh halkhí.Akhákh elkhím.Hal.
3 Azo nárá.Azo alnárum.Azo hal (<A>).Azo elúm.
(pl) 1 Inyách nárná.Inyách alnárum.Inyách halna.Inyách elnám.
2 Akhákhách narkhú.Akhákhách alnárkhúm.Akhákhách halkhú.Akhákhách elkhúm.Halkhú.
3 Aziyách nárú.Aziyách alnárúm.Aziyách halúAziyásc elúm.

Past tense

Sing. 1. I became: Án ikaní náarkho.
2. Thou becamest: Akhákh tikání nárkhí.
3. He became: Azo ikáni nárá.
Plur. 1. We became: Innách nikání nárná.
2. Ye became: Akhákhách tikání nárkhú.
3. They became: Aziyách ikání nárú.

Present tense

Sing. 1. I become: Án ikánákh.
2. Thou becomest: Akhákh tikánákh.
3. He becomes: Azo ikánál.
Plur. 1. We become: Inyách nikánáná.
2. Ye become: Akhákhách tikánákhu.
3. They become: Aziyách yikánálú.

Imperative

Become thou, "Kanni". Become ye, "Kánnú".

Prohibitive

Sing. 2. Become not, ikánnumekh.
Plur. 2. Become not ye, tikánnumekhu.

Past tense

(Affirmative form)

Sing. 1. I went, Án letkho.
2. Thous wentest, Akhákh letkhí.
3. He went, Azo leta.
Plur. 1. We went, Inyách letna.
2. Ye went, Akhákhách letkhú.
3. They went, Aziyách letú.

(Negative form)

Sing. 1. I went not, Án alletkhúm.
2. Thou wentest not, Akbákh alletkhím.
3. He went not, Azo alletám.
Plur. 1. We went not, Inyách aletnám.
2. Ye went not, Akhákách alletkhúm.
3. They went not, Azziyách alletúm.

Present tense.

(Affirmative form)

1. I go, Án iletákh 1. Inyásh niletáná.
2. Thou goest, Akhákh tiletínakh 2. Akhákhách tiletákhú.
3. He goes, Azo yiletál 3. Azziyách yiletálú.

(Negative form)

Sing. 1. I go not, Án iletumekh.
2. Thou goest not, Akhákh tiletumekh.
3. He goes not, Azo yiletumel.
Plur. 1. We go not, Inyách niletumena.
2. Ye go not, Akhákhach tiletumekhú.
3. They go not, Azziyách iletuelú.
Sing. 1. I will go, Án iletle halkho.
2. Thou wilt go, Akháhk tiletle halkhí.
3. He will go, Azo iletle hal.
Plur. 1. We will go, Inyách niletle halns.
2. Ye will go, Akhákhách tiletle halkhú.
3. They will go, Azziyách niletle halns.

Writing system

Harari was originally written in an unmodified and later modified Arabic Script.[9][10][11] The Ethiopic script was then adopted to write Harari.[12] There is a Latin version of the script used by the Harari diaspora.[13][14]

Modified Arabic script

Romanization IPA Arabic Script Harari Letter
a / ' ∅ / ʔ ا‎
b b ب‎
p p پ‎
t t ت‎
ṫ θ ث‎
j dʒ ج‎
g g ݘ‎
h ħ ح‎
kh x خ‎
d d د‎
dh ð ذ‎
r r ر‎
z z ز‎
zh ʒ ژ‎
s s س‎
sh ʃ ش‎
ch tʃ ڛ‎
ṡ sˁ ص‎
ḋ dˁ ض‎
t' t’ ط‎
ż zˁ ظ‎
c tʃ’ ڟ‎
ȧ ʕ ع‎
gh ɣ غ‎
f f ف‎
v v ڤ‎
q q ق‎
k k ك‎
k' k’ ڬ‎
l l ل‎
m m م‎
n n ن‎
gn ɲ ڹ‎
h h ه‎
w w و‎
y j ي‎

Vowel markings table

Romanization IPA Vowel markings independent Vowel combined with consonant ب (be)
a /ˌæ/ َ بَ
e /ˌe/ ٚ بٚ
i /ˌɪ/ ِ بِ
o /o/ ٛ بٛ
u /u/ ُ بُ
â /aː/ آ, َا با
ê /eː/ ٚي بٚي
î /iː/ ِي بِي
ô /ˌoː/ ٛو بٛو
û /ˌuː/ ُو بُو
ʼa /ˈæ/ َاٴْ باٴْ
ʼe /ˈe/ ٚيٴْ بيٴْ
ʼi /ˈɪ/ ِيٴْ بيٴْ
ʼo /ˈo/ ٛوٴْ بوٴْ
ʼu /ˈʊ/ ُوٴْ بوٴْ
ʼâ /ˈaː/ آءْ, َاءْ باءْ
ʼê /ˈeː/ ٚيءْ بٚيءْ
ʼî /ˈiː/ ِيءْ بِيءْ
ʼô /ˈoː/ ٛوءْ بٛوءْ
ʼû /ˈuː/ ُوءْ بُوءْ

Modified Ge'ez script

Harari can be written in the unmodified Ethiopic script as most vowel differences can be disambiguated from context. The Harari adaptation of the Ethiopic script adds a long vowel version of the Ethiopic/Amharic vowels by adding a dot on top of the letter. In addition certain consonants are pronounced differently when compared to the Amharic pronunciation.

The table below shows the Harari alphasyllabary with the Romanized & IPA consonants along the rows and the Romanized vowel markings along the columns.

Harari writing system
Romanization IPAa [æ]â [aː]u [ʊ]û [uː]i [ɪ]î [iː]e [e]ê [eː]o [o]ô [oː]∅/ə [∅/ɨ]
h h ሀሃሁሁ፞ሂሂ፞ሄሄ፞ሆሆ፞ህ
l l ለላሉሉ፞ሊሊ፞ሌሌ፞ሎሎ፞ል
ḣ ħ ሐሓሑሑ፞ሒሒ፞ሔሔ፞ሖሖ፞ሕ
m m መማሙሙ፞ሚሚ፞ሜሜ፞ሞሞ፞ም
ṫ θ ሠሣሡሡ፞ሢሢ፞ሤሤ፞ሦሦ፞ሥ
r r ረራሩሩ፞ሪሪ፞ሬሬ፞ሮሮ፞ር
s s ሰሳሱሱ፞ሲሲ፞ሴሴ፞ሶሶ፞ስ
sh ʃ ሸሻሹሹ፞ሺሺ፞ሼሼ፞ሾሾ፞ሽ
q q ቀቃቁቁ፞ቂቂ፞ቄቄ፞ቆቆ፞ቅ
b b በባቡቡ፞ቢቢ፞ቤቤ፞ቦቦ፞ብ
v v ቨቫቩቩ፞ቪቪ፞ቬቬ፞ቮቮ፞ቭ
t t ተታቱቱ፞ቲቲ፞ቴቴ፞ቶቶ፞ት
ch tʃ ቸቻቹቹ፞ቺቺ፞ቼቼ፞ቾቾ፞ች
gh ɣ ኀኃኁኁ፞ኂኂ፞ኄኄ፞ኆኆ፞ኅ
n n ነናኑኑ፞ኒኒ፞ኔኔ፞ኖኖ፞ን
gn ɲ ኘኛኙኙ፞ኚኚ፞ኜኜ፞ኞኞ፞ኝ
'/a ∅ / ʔ አኣኡኡ፞ኢኢ፞ኤኤ፞ኦኦ፞እ
k k ከካኩኩ፞ኪኪ፞ኬኬ፞ኮኮ፞ክ
kh x ኸኻኹኹ፞ኺኺ፞ኼኼ፞ኾኾ፞ኽ
w w ወዋዉዉ፞ዊዊ፞ዌዌ፞ዎዎ፞ው
ȧ ʕ ዐዓዑዑ፞ዒዒ፞ዔዔ፞ዖዖ፞ዕ
z z ዘዛዙዙ፞ዚዚ፞ዜዜ፞ዞዞ፞ዝ
zh ʒ ዠዣዡዡ፞ዢዢ፞ዤዤ፞ዦዦ፞ዥ
y j የያዩዩ፞ዪዪ፞ዬዬ፞ዮዮ፞ይ
d d ደዳዱዱ፞ዲዲ፞ዴዴ፞ዶዶ፞ድ
k' k’ ዸዻዹዹ፞ዺዺ፞ዼዼ፞ዾዾ፞ዽ
j dʒ ጀጃጁጁ፞ጂጂ፞ጄጄ፞ጆጆ፞ጅ
g g ገጋጉጉ፞ጊጊ፞ጌጌ፞ጎጎ፞ግ
t' t’ ጠጣጡጡ፞ጢጢ፞ጤጤ፞ጦጦ፞ጥ
c tʃ’ ጨጫጩጩ፞ጪጪ፞ጬጬ፞ጮጮ፞ጭ
ḋ dˁ ጰጳጱጱ፞ጲጲ፞ጴጴ፞ጶጶ፞ጵ
ṡ sˁ ጸጻጹጹ፞ጺጺ፞ጼጼ፞ጾጾ፞ጽ
dh ð ፀፃፁፁ፞ፂፂ፞ፄፄ፞ፆፆ፞ፅ
f f ፈፋፉፉ፞ፊፊ፞ፌፌ፞ፎፎ፞ፍ
p p ፐፓፑፑ፞ፒፒ፞ፔፔ፞ፖፖ፞ፕ
ż zˁ ⶰⶳⶱⶱ፞ⶲⶲ፞ⶴⶴ፞ⶶⶶ፞ⶵ
Romanization IPAa [æ]â [aː]u [ʊ]û [uː]i [ɪ]î [iː]e [e]ê [eː]o [o]ô [oː]∅/ə [∅/ɨ]

Modified Latin script

Latin Harari script capital letter Latin Harari script small letter International phonetic alphabet
A a æ
 â aː
Ȧ ȧ ʕ
B b b
C c tʃ’
Ch ch tʃ
D d d
Dh dh ð
Ḋ ḋ dˁ
E e e
Ê ê eː
F f f
G g g
Gh gh ɣ
Gn gn ɲ
H h h
Ḣ ḣ ħ
I i ɪ
Î î iː
J j dʒ
K k k
Kh kh x
L l l
M m m
N n n
O o o
Ô ô oː
P p p
Q q q
R r r
S s s
Sh sh ʃ
Ṡ ṡ sˁ
T t t
Ṫ ṫ θ
U u ʊ
Û û uː
V v v
W w w
X x x
Xh xh k’
Y y j
Z z z
Zh zh ʒ
Ż ż zˁ

Numerals

  • 1. Ahad
  • 2. Ko'ot
  • 3. Shi'ishti
  • 4. Haret
  • 5. Ham'misti
  • 6. Siddisti
  • 7. Sa'ati
  • 8. Su'ut
  • 9. Zahtegn
  • 10. Asir
  • 11. Asra ahad
  • 12. Asra ko'ot
  • 13. Asra shi'ishti
  • 14. Asra haret
  • 15. Asra ham'misti
  • 16. Asra siddisti
  • 17. Asra sa'ati
  • 18. Asra su'ut
  • 19. Asra zahtegn
  • 20. Kuya
  • 30. Saasa
  • 40. Arbîn
  • 50. Hamsein
  • 60. Sit'tin
  • 70. Sa'ati asir
  • 80. Su'ut asir
  • 90. Zahtana
  • 100. Baqla
  • 1,000. Kum or Alfi

References

  1. ↑ Harari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ Ethiopia 2007 Census, p. 115
  3. ↑ https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada
  4. ↑ Gebissa, Eziekel (2004). Leaf of Allah. Ohio State University. p. 36. ISBN 9780852554807. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  5. ↑ Braukhamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. LITverlag. p. 18. ISBN 9783825856717. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  6. ↑ Leslau 1959, p. 276.
  7. ↑ Leslau 1959, pp. 290–291.
  8. ↑ Leslau, Wolf (1999). Zway Ethiopic Documents: Grammar and Dictionary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04162-1.
  9. ↑ "Harari language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  10. ↑ "Harari". Endangered Language Alliance Toronto. 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  11. ↑ "Harari-Texte in Arabischer Schrift : Wagner, Ewald : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. 1983. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  12. ↑ "Harari language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  13. ↑ "Harari". Endangered Language Alliance Toronto. 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  14. ↑ "Saay Harari Afocha". saayharari.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20.

Works cited

  • Abdurahman Garad and Ewald Wagner. 1998. Harari-Studien : Texte mit Übersetzung, grammatischen Skizzen und Glossar. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03937-X.
  • Cerulli, Enrico. “La lingua e la storia di Harar” in Studi Etiopici, vol. I, 1936 (Roma).
  • Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Etudes d'éthiopien méridional. Paris. pp. 243–354.
  • Andrew Cunningham (2011). Harari Harfi (PDF). State Library of Victoria and the Australian Saay Harari Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-10.
  • Gardner, Simon and Ralph Siebert. 2001. "Sociolinguistic survey report of the Zay language area." SIL Electronic Survey Reports, 2002-024. PDF
  • Leslau, Wolf (1937). "Contributions a l'etude du harari (Abyssinie meridionale)". Journal Asiatique. 229.
  • Leslau, Wolf. 1958. The verb in Harari : (South Ethiopic). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Leslau, Wolf (1965). Ethiopians speak: studies in cultural background. University of California Press. ISBN 9783515036573.
  • Leslau, Wolf (1959). "An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary". Annales d'Ethiopie. 3 (1): 275–298. doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310.
  • Mondon-Vidailhet, Casimir (1902). La langue Harari et les dialectes Ethiopies du Gouraghê. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
  • Wagner, Ewald. 1983. Harari-Texte in arabischer Schrift : mit Übersetzung und Kommentar. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.
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