Schwa in Moro Vowel Harmony

Some Moro roots containing [ə] trigger vowel harmony, while others do not; similarly, while the applicative and passive suffix both contain [ə] and trigger vowel harmony, Moro exhibits other suffixes containing [ə], such as the antipassive -əð, which do not. Accoustice studies confirm that the schwas which trigger vowel harmony in Moro show a significantly lower F1 formant than those which do not, and that schwas in raised vowel contexts in Moro also exhibit significantly lower F1 formants than those in non-raised contexts.^[8] As such, some scholars argue that Moro includes two schwa vowels: a high schwa, which triggers vowel harmony, and a low schwa, which does not.^[8]

Noun Classes

Moro can be categorized into 18 noun classes: 8 major, 5 minor and 5 unpaired.^[3] Most of these classes have their individual class prefix, singular prefix and concord as well as plural prefix and concord.^[9]

There are some identified rules for the construction of the plural according to its noun class:

-         If the noun starts with either “e, i, o” or “u” and the following is a “ð”, those to letters in the plural will form “nð-“

-         If the noun starts with either “e, i, o” or “u” and the following is a “r” or “ɽ”,  in the plural the vowel will be discarded

-         If the noun starts with “ɽ, ɽr” or “lɽr”, the first “ɽ” is dropped and the vowel that is inserted in the plural will most likely be “ə”^[9]

Adjectives

Moro language has many compound adjectives, that have their origin in the same root. One can find comparative adjectives as well as superlatives however, these are normally translated in “very, very”.^[10]

Compound adjectives are formed with a suffix as following:

To construct the comparative of a simple adjective, one must change the last vowel of the adjective into “-ə -“ and then add the suffix “-tu”:

To form the comparative of compound adjectives one must first form the comparative of the first part of the adjective and then add the suffix:

To construct the superlative there are several opportunities:

-         Repeat one or two syllables of the word (in this case, sometimes the vowel of the repeated syllable changes and a “-ð” is added)

Example: “geðe” (= green) turns into “geðeðe” (=very, very green)

Example: “gapa” (= light) turns into “gapapeð” (= very, very light)

-         Double a consonant or vowel

Example: “gafalo” (= low) turns into “gaffalo” (= very, very low) (2.1; 1-2)^[11]

Pronouns and agreement

There are eight Subject pronouns in Moro but each in two different variations. The exact meaning of these variations have not yet been determined.

Each subject pronoun has its own agreement prefix. These prefixes can vary in accordance to the tense or the aspect of the verb.^[12]

In the present and past tense they are attached to the particle “ga“ and used as (exemplified with the verb “tu” = “to drink”) following:

The morphophonology changes when the suffix “-r” is added to the end of a verb:

-         A verb ending in either “o” or “u” in the past tense will have its vowel replaced by “-r”

-         A verb ending in either “e”, “a” or “i” will add “-r” to its end

For the future tense the subject prefixes that are mentioned above will are added to the auxiliary of the future verb. The main verb of the future tense has different subject prefixes.

There have been identified following rules:

-         The vowel of the subject prefix is dropped if a verb starts with a vowel

-         The prefixes for “we dual” and “we inclusive” become “aɽ-“ if the verb starts with a “r-“ or “ɽ-“

-         Compound verbs (to be happy; to be sad etc.) are handled differently

The subject prefix of the future tense is exemplified in the following using the auxiliary “-gidi” and the verb “tu” (to drink):

Moro also has a set of eight object pronouns for each tense: In case of the past tense, the object infix will be added to the end of the verb, while in case of the present tense it is inserted between the tense marker “ga” and the verb stem.^[13]

Also with object pronouns there are some morphophonemic changes:

-         Verbs ending in “u” will turn their vowel into “i” (or “w” / “ə” before “aŋa”)

-         Verbs ending in “o” or “e” will turn their vowel into “ə” (in the case on “aŋa” it disappears)

-         Verbs ending in “a” will also drop their vowel in case of “aŋa”

In case of the past tense, the object infix will be added to the end of the verb, while in case of the present tense it is inserted between the tense marker “ga” and the verb stem:

Past tense; verb: “ma” – “gamənde” (= married us)

Present tense; verb: “ma” – “gandəma” (= marries us)

Future tense; verb: “ma” – “giði aŋəndəme” (= will marry us)

Again, compound verbs are handled slightly differently. While in the present and future tense they can take the same agreements as simple verbs, in the past tense the object pronoun is inserted before the “-alo” or “-ano”.^[14]

Adpositions

Researches could identify some pre- and postpositions in the Moro language. The postposition “-ŋa” can be translated to “with” and can be added at least to verbs:

Example: “ŋenŋa nəwujənu” means “talk with parables”

In other cases the prepositions “o-“ for singular and “lə-“ for plural can express that someone is from a certain place:

Example: “tofəgəlla” (= a place); “otofəgəlla” (= a person from that place); “lətofəgəlla” (= people from that place”^[15]

Tense

In Moro there are so far three identified tenses: the past, the present and the future. While the future- and the past tense take tense markers, the future tense comes with an additional auxiliary.^[16]

The past tense is usually used at the start of a story and often follows the word “when”. Additionally, it describes an action from the past that is still ongoing in the present. It is important to note that if a story is started with the past tense it indicates that other actions of the same time are in the past tense too. The present tense is used to describe actions that happened at the same time as the one before and if the word “when” is used, it changes its meaning to “while”. Finally, it describes new situations that have not been there before. The future tense is used for the expression of an intention to do something.^[17]

The tense marker for the past tense is “ga” and it comes with little exceptions:

-         If the verb starts with a consonant: “ga-“ + verb root

-         If the verb starts with a vowel: “g-“ + verb root

-         If the verb starts with “ci”, “co” or “j”: “gai-“ + verb root

For the present tense, the tense marker remains “ga-“ but there are more rules regarding the changes of vowels:

-         If the verb starts with a consonant: “ga-“ + verb root + last vowel changes

-         If the verb starts with “i”: “ga-“ + “b” + (“i” turns into “ə”) + verb root + last vowel changes

-         If the verb starts with “e”, “ë” or “a”: “ga-“ + “b” + verb root + last vowel changes

-         If the verb starts with “w”, “u”, “o” or “a”: “g-“ + verb root + last vowel changes

-         The changes of the last vowel work according to the following: “e” remains “e”; “i” changes to “ia”; “o” changes to either “a”, “ia” or “wa”; “u” changes to either “ia”, “a” or “wa”

Within the present tense they are also more rules regarding the compound verbs (to be happy; to be sad etc.). In Moro these verbs end with “-alo” or “-ano” and follow other agreements than simple verbs:

-         They do not change their last vowel

-         To differ from the past tense, there is a variation in tone in which the past has a high tone and the present has a low tone (here: ´ = high tone; ` = low tone)

The future tense is constructed by using the auxiliary “giði” which is then followed by the main verb. There are following rules:

-         Verbs starting with a consonant other than “ŋ”: “aŋə-” + verb root + last vowel changes

-         Verbs starting with “n”: “a-” + verb root + last vowel changes

-         Verbs starting with a vowel: “aŋ-“ + verb root + last vowel changes

-         The changes of the last vowel work according to the following: “u” becomes “i”; “o” becomes “e”; “a” and “i” remain the same^[18]

Basic constituent order

A simple Moro clause consists of the Subject – Verb – Object:

Trwí - ðʌdəri - trʌmbílí.

Policeman – stops – car.

The order of a noun phrase is in the order of: Noun – Demonstrative – Numeral – Adjective. Noun classes are common in Niger-Congo languages, especially in Bantu languages like Kikuyu or Swahili.^[19]